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This article aims to present in summary form the problem of the specific features and expressions of fear in childhood. The object of this article are the psychological characteristics of fear, its manifestations – what causes and what prevents the fear, fear mechanisms and opportunities to overcome it.
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The purposes of the research are to find out the peculiarities of the special theater and to analyze its structure, nature and its role in the process of the social and cultural rehabilitation of the participants of the theater. Methodology. The author uses the interdisciplinary approach, which includes theatrical studies, cultural studies, philosophy, history, psychology, pedagogics etc. The systematic approach allowed the author to analyze different elements of the special theater system and their links. The author uses the social and cultural approach to reconstruct the total picture of the functioning of various kinds of theaters for people with limited possibilities in the social and cultural processes. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of the article is the analysis of the nature and structure of the special theater as the general title of different collectives of people with psychic-physical problems. The special features of a theater of blind people, a theater of deaf people, a theater of unsophisticated people, integrated theater and inclusion theater are highlighted. The categorical and concept apparatus is detailed and considered. The special theater’s effective influence on the social and cultural rehabilitation of its participants is proved. The author shows the upbringing of the tolerant attitude to the people with development problems. Conclusions. The development of the theater system for the people with health problems needs state support, creating of the favorable environment and professional training of the directors, who have to unite in their activities such roles as a good psychologist, teacher and master.
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The research involves the search for a scientific approach to understanding of the origin, place and importance of perception in the art of acting. Some aspects of functioning of the actor’s perception in the role, since the founder of the art of acting emotion Stanislavsky to this day, are insufficiently investigated in the context of acting psychotechniques and work on the image of the character. The methodology of the study consists in application of analytical, logical and systematic approach – with the understanding of the phenomenon of so-called actor's "reverse" perception; structural-functional and typological approaches (in the process of identification of psychological acting "entities" and their relationship in the process of the actor's emotion in the role). The scientific novelty of this work is to clarify the mechanism of functioning of the perception of the actor in the role. The research studies the actor’s incarnation during the play and gives the grounds for the way of revealing of contemplative actor’s nature in the act of experience. It shows some practices, through which the combination of acting incarnation with the viewer's position happens. The study reveals the peculiarities of the actor's reverse perception in the role and motive nature of acting in the role. Conclusions. Actor’s perception in the role differs from the perception of an average person and it is opposite to the usual perception. The essence of this perception is to concentrate on the proper motions of the actor in the actions of the character. Because of this perception there is a split of the actor in the role into two incarnations – one playing a role and the other watching the performance.
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The link between the mechanisms of compensation and culture has been intensely investigated in humanities, which study life (life-asserting factor) and in psychoanalysis (factor of self-perfection). However, this phenomenon is still being segmented in different scientific discourses and its reception in cultural studies is to give a possibility if not to ac-knowledge it, then at least to draw near the comprehensive vision, as modern vision of culture is understanding of its integrity, based upon the wide inter-discipline approach to its study.That’s why integration of the notion of compensation into the cultural discourse promotes humanization of the cultural practices, which are the basis of individual’s self-perfection and self-development. The compensation mechanisms are formed within the objects, which interact and possess back reaction for the system they appeared. The direction of their development may change under some conditions. Direct compensation may be turned into overcompensation or de-compensation. The meaning of the notion of compensation includes the signs (characteristic features) of a person and the signs (characteristic features) of the entire culture. The compensation processes occuring in culture on the one hand allow to reach the state of equilibrium of the socium as a dynamic system and on the other hand they allow to reach the level of individual’s personal integrity, it being possible under certain conditions. Compensation in a wider sense and compensation as substitute of personal integrity are dialectically interrelated processes.The concept of "compensation" is widely used in biology, medicine, psychology, remedial pedagogy, sociology, political sciences, literature and etc. However, in reproduction mechanism of the functioning of society and culture in it, the scientific concept of compensation has considerable heuristic potential, which has not been fully used yet. The comparative analysis of compensation concepts in psychology, psychoanalysis, sciences of culture shows that compensation is a "core" of the whole person concept, and the idea of compensation is given the dominant role.The feeling or awareness of little value arises due to the individual defect enables him to evaluate his life position feature that is the main driving force of mental development. The way to perfection is led through overcoming obstacles; the complications function is an incentive to improve it. Scientists see a kind of compensation reserve in the functioning of the human senses, burdened with disabilities. This understanding of the psycho-cultural category is quite common in the research literature. However, it has not established full and comprehensive compensation theory, but in a number of separate spheres of organic life, these phenomena are studied so much that we can rightfully speak about the compensation as an established fact in human life. Analysis of conceptual-categorical apparatus of the concept shows that the integration of the concept of compensation cultural discourse promotes the humanization of social and cultural practices that are the basis of self-improvement and self-development of the individual.Psychoanalytic interpretation of the functions of culture includes two aspects. The first aspect covers all knowledge and skills of people to master the forces of nature and get any material goods to satisfy vital needs. The second one consists of the required settings of the order of interpersonal relationships, primarily related to the allocation of functions domination. The founder of psychoanalysis Z.Freyd opens a phenomenon of interdependence desires and coercion that leads to action repressive mechanisms of culture. In his opinion, the basis of society is the satisfaction of the primary needs of the individual, on these grounds there is objective values of interpersonal relationships where desires become symbolic elements of materialized and exchange.Z. Freud stresses, every individual is a priori hostile to culture, since the latter makes the offering of human victims in the form of forced labor and denial of the primitive instincts of incest, cannibalism and a desire to murder. The objection of the primitive impulses shows that the development of the human psyche goes toward transition into external coercion and its integration into the structure of "superego." The implementation of the process turns people into followers of the media culture.The meaning of "compensation" includes the features of the person and the characteristics of the culture. Compensation in the cultural processes allows us, on the one hand, to achieve equilibrium of society as a dynamic system, on the other hand to reach specific conditions on the possible level of personal integrity of the individual.
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In given article are considered particularities of the application at products of decorative art in interiors design of specialized institutions for children who require social rehabilitation. It is analyzed influence color on the child’s mental health, which live there.
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The paper presents a psychological rationale for training psychologists to interact with autistic children.
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The purpose of the research is to consider historical landscape objects in the context of their influence on human mood. The methodology of the research consists in the application of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Scientific novelty of the work consists in identifying features of the creation of spaces in the history of landscape architecture that affect the psycho-emotional state of a person. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of scientific research, the author determined the features of creating spaces that affect the psycho-emotional state of a person, causing certain psycho-emotional states (fear, elevation, oppression, irritation, melancholy etc.). By evoking appropriate emotions in humans, landscape architecture helps humanity to cope with its phobias, fears, and depressions. In psychology, there is an opinion that if a person “meets” with his psychological states, or even problems, there is a high probability of “healing” from depression, fears, phobias. Therefore, research and modern introduction of landscape objects that affect the psycho-emotional state of a person is relevant.
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The research shows only the formation of these crucial thoughts, not the entire philosophy of Vladimir Solovyov. The fundamentals of this paper are the master and doctoral dissertations of the Russian philosopher and the development aims to present the possibilities and abilities of moral philosophy on the way to great ideas and the unity of mankind.
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The understanding that the social imaginary is not the “opposite” of the real, but a peculiar reality, is among the most important social insights of the last century. For today century, the anxiety of the advance of the imaginaries remains. The article traces their evolution – from collective representations generated in structured communities and reference groups, through virtually formalized subjects, constituted in media, to various forms of narration in virtually collective non-entity. The focus of attention are precisely the “subjectless stories” (conspiracies, social tendencies, social desirability), the imaginary ones launched through them, and the participation of contemporary media in the legalization of arbitrary relationships.
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The discourse of current reasoning presents an analysis of the methodological concepts of an idea for a new critical psychology, proposed by the Bulgarian professor Ludmil Georgiev. The rebellion of this psychology is given arguments not only against traditional psychology, but also against the mechanism of functioning of western social cognition in the totality of his theoretical constructs, empirical data and practical actions.
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Schools are trying to cope with and manage the behavioral problems of schoolchildren by improving discipline in class. This accomplished analysis draws the attention on approaches in practice in our country which are reactive and whose punishing character do not stop the acts and even nurtures their manifestation. Educational reform opens a place for school support and proactive ways of dealing with problem behavior and for more adequate actions by the school. Supporting the emotional well-being of students, creating a positive psychological climate of concern, caring and cooperative relations will contribute to a holistic orientation of the school with the inclusion of more and different responsible participants. Against this background, the role of school psychologists for finding more effective answers of the school side is more recognizable.
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The article analyzes the study results of adolescents' attitudes toward extremism. The participation in protest situations is perceived by adolescents as a special form of adulthood manifestation. Because of that, a protesting behavior can become significant in personality formation and influence the adoption of deviant behavior. The study oversees: the prevalence of extreme ideology in the micro-social environment of adolescents; adolescents' view of extremism as a special form of social behavior (which is characterized by emerging into a value-normative system of a personality) and adolescents' attitude to the violence legalization problem as whole.
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The presented research includes ranging of the reasons for the positive students' attitudes towards different school subjects — interests, manner of teaching, necessity of educational activity, stage of difficulty, required resources, entertainment, parent's requirement, studies satisfaction, desire for university appliance, etc. The reasons for students' negative attitude towards subjects are discussed also: knowledge useless in life, inadequate manner of teaching, difficulties in understanding, lack of common interests between students and teachers, parents' disapproval, negative emotions caused by the manner of teaching, etc. The research is cross-cultural and compares the study motivation of Bulgarian and Yemeni students.
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Introduction. The paper deals with the problem of the relationship between leadership and social activity of a person, determined by the specifics of the socially active person’s self-identification with social and group leadership, and their types, on the example of young people involved in socially significant activities. The aim of the study is to reveal the specificity of the socially active youth’s attitude to leadership as a social phenomenon and to the behavioral model in a social group. Materials and Methods. The study involves the assessment of the following indicators reflecting the attitude of socially active youth to leadership: self-identification with social and group leadership, their types, and the value of leadership status in the group and self-evaluation of characteristic personal traits. The collection of empirical data was carried out using the questionnaire method, which was conducted by the authors among the participants of “Slavic Commonwealth” International Camp of Young Activists in 2016. The number of respondents was 120. The study sample was target. The statistical analysis of primary data (in SPSS Statistics 20.0) was carried out by methods of frequency distribution, grouping, and contingency analysis; respondents' answers to open questions were processed by the content analysis method. Results. The research revealed the socially-active youth's characteristic ideas of leadership, their self-identification with social leadership, and the type of leadership (general or situational). The study revealed youth's attitude to group leadership, the types of leadership in the group, selected according to the predominant function in the leader's activity (leader-organizer – leader-initiator – leader-master, etc.) and tasks (strategic – tactical – operational leadership). The value of group leadership for socially active youth has been revealed. The place of leadership qualities in the socially-active youth's psychological portrait is characterized. Conclusions. The authors make conclusions about socially active youth's significant differentiation according to their attitude to social and group leadership, which allows to distinguish between social activity associated with participation in the activities of social institutions and organizations, implementation of socially significant events, and leadership. The ambivalence of socially active young people’s attitude to leadership as a terminal and instrumental value is revealed: on the one hand, the majority of this youth's category demonstrate high personal value of leadership status; on the other hand, they reveal the underdevelopment of such personality traits as initiative and desire to be a leader.
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People live in “collective relationships of harm and vulnerability”. This social-theoretical concept focuses on the fact that people interact as vulnerable subjects and subjects capable of violence whose vulnerability, solidified in dispositions, may be considered the result of violence sustained and inflicted in historical constellations. Following an outline of psycho-analytical research results, the author presents the concept of transgenerational transmission of serious (traumatic) injuries and emphasizes the importance of enactments as a special form of unconscious actional retrospection in social situations. It is argued and illustrated that these and other traces of collective violence – even those dating back to the early centuries – are eminently manifest in modern immigration societies (e. g. in interactions with political refugees). From a normative perspective, the author advocates a heightened sensibility towards harm that presupposes a differentiated concept of violence that also includes symbolical and psychological forms. After giving a short explanation of two modes of symbolical and psychological injury that are important in migration societies – “dyspresentation” and certain forms of omission, namely silence –, the author finally discusses the ‘danger’ of promoting a dubious “tribunalization” of psycho-social realities through an increasing (scientific) sensitization for relationships of harm and vulnerability.
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The effects of aggressive predispositions on academic motivation have been traced based on Friedman and Rosenman’s model 1974; Friedman & Kewley, 1988, Morris, 1990, measured after Gordeeva T.O. 2013, adapted for the Bulgarian conditions by Petkov, Mitevska, 2017. In addition, the impact on life satisfaction and the feeling of happiness among students has been studied. The research has been done based on the responses of 189 people, 51,9% of whom male and 48,1% female between 14 and 49 years of age. The results received demonstrate significant correlations between the aspects of academic motivation for achievements, self-esteem and self-perfection and the aggressive behavioral predispositions of type A. The assumption that the moderate type of behavior as well as the type A behavior positively affect academic motivation has been confirmed. The research results can be used in the sphere of education in order to optimize the interpersonal communication.
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Sadistic tendencies are defined as a combination of behavioral, cognitive, and personality characteristics, related to dispositional proneness to inflict physical and emotional pain to others, with the aim to control/subjugate or humiliate them. Aim of present study is to present the process of Bulgarian adaptation of one contemporary elaborated self-descriptive instrument: Comprehensive Assessment of Sadistic Tendencies (CAST). The original structure of CAST distinguishes direct physical and verbal forms of sadistic tendencies (tendency to derive pleasure in pain inflicting actions), and indirect/vicarious forms (pleasure seeking in watching such actions undertaken by others). Two hypotheses, referring to factor structure and construct validity of CAST in adolescent non-clinical sample are tested: (a) two forms of indirect sadism - watching a real hearting behaviors, and watching a fictional violence (i.e. films and video games) should be empirically confirmed, after inclusion of additional items to the scale; (b) the tendency to watch real violence is expected to show stronger correlations with direct forms of sadism (with both CAST and other independent measure of sadism). Factor structure of CAST is assessed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, on two independent samples. For assessment of second hypothesis correlations with direct forms of sadistic tendencies (CAST) and Bulgarian adaptation of Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP) are analyzed. Results supported the anticipated four factor structure of CAST with two indirect forms of sadism and hypotheses risen.
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The report represents a survey about language coding of regular and irregular forms of the plural nouns with children with dyslexia. This research is based on Chomsky's theory about language structure and on Slobin's theory about operating principles for the construction of language. There is a special focus on the language performance of the nouns in plural in Bulgarian language. An original experimental treatment study has been used to collect initial data. The data has been processed by using the SPSS statistical package (frequency distribution, analysis of two-dimensional distribution, ANOVA, MANOVA). The experimental results indicate that dyslexic children have a specific language behavior in the language performance of plural nouns. The results demonstrate usage of incorrect forms, e.g. over generalization errors, usage of non-existing phonetic rules, no clear distinction between the different forms of plural. These errors reveal not only specific language deficit in the investigated population, but also the mechanisms or strategies which young children use to acquire this part of Bulgarian grammar.
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This study is provoked by one of the most significant cases of abuses over the last two decades in Bulgaria - the bankruptcy of CCB (Corporate Commercial Bank), the fourth largest bank in the country. After the 1996-1997 crisis, when one third of the banks went bankrupt, the country's banking sector collapsed. This is the second case in which huge financial resources "evaporated" and the negative consequences affected a wide range of public institutions and private subjects. The emergence of periodically recurring financial crises, with multiple impacts on public, economic and political life, motivates Transparency International Bulgaria to look for a systematic response to the problem and look beyond the specific case. The present book is based on the analytical approach of the international anti-corruption organization Transparency International "National Integrity System" which assesses clearly defined criteria, the capacity, functioning and management of sectors and institutions with key importance in counteracting corruption. The study is based on an analysis of the legislation and practical actions of the investigated institutions, a wide range of documentary sources, reports, assessments, media publications, and interviews with experts and public figures that have had direct observations and touch with the CCB case. It reflects an attempt to formulate an impartial, objective assessment of the functioning of the banking supervisory system in the 2009-2014 periods but also pursues another objective - to serve as a starting point for policies and strategic actions to give an adequate systemic response to established deficits. Viewed through this prism, this publication expresses the ambition of the Transparency International Bulgaria to not only prevent future crises of this nature, but also to contribute to the institutional strengthening of the system of supervisory institutions in Bulgaria.
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