Nabywanie świadomości narodowej na wsi polskiej i jej przekształcenia – casus Żmiącej
Michał Łuczewski "Odwieczny naród. Polak i katolik w Żmiącej"
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Michał Łuczewski "Odwieczny naród. Polak i katolik w Żmiącej"
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In this paper I analyse the transformations that have taken place within utopian thinking since the beginning of the century. I claim that the idea of “the death of utopia” – which was widely discussed at the end of the 20th century – may be considered right in one of its forms only. This particular one is characterized by a will to create a model of an unchangeable, perfect, universal world where the disciplinary mechanism would play a crucial role. In contrast to such ideas some other visions of the future have been developing dynamically in recent years. Three types of such visions – as far as I am concerned the most important ones – are presented in this paper. The first group are iconoclastic utopias that authors withdraw from delineating detailed plans for the future in favor of both emphasising a need to transcend the existing reality and indicating the main directions of the changes. The second group are the “Dyonisian” utopias that are oriented towards the individual needs and are characterized by permanent changeability. The third group are retrospective utopias in which the historical events are the point of reference for creating the visions of better future. I argue that utopian thinking is not only developing these days, but that we are witnessing its reneissance and far-reaching evolution.
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The article explores the way of conceptualizing Decembrism in the Soviet historiography of the mid-1950s. The narrative of Soviet historians about the goals of the Decembrist movement is taken as an example. It is shown that such signs as people, freedom and progress in the texts of Soviet historians enabled to correlate the characteristics of the Decembrists with the ideology of the campaign against cosmopolitanism. As a result of these correlations, the historical narrative acquired additional semantic depth – besides the scholarly level, it also had a culturally determined level. The texts of Soviet historians testified not only to the revolutionism of the Decembrists, which is quite obvious if these texts are considered at the level of the denotative sign system. Due to the presence of the elements of an anti cosmopolitan code, these texts contain the connotations of the undoubted patriotism of the Decembrists. Moreover, it was said that the Decembrists’ patriotism was typologically similar to the Soviet one. It is therefore possible to say that the conceptualization of Decembrism was carried out at the level of the connotative sign system. Soviet historiography of Decembrism in the mid-1950s was characterized by undoubted polysemanticity. Therefore, the analysis of the works of Soviet historians of this period cannot be complete without taking into account the corresponding cultural and semiotic code.
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The focus of this paper is a comparative sociolinguistic analysis of Serbian and Spanish proverbs on marriage. Proverbs have been analysed bearing in mind that they reflect the social and cultural background of people who use them (or did so in the past), containing information on the ways of thinking and behaving in a certain community. Both Serbian and Spanish societies and cultures historically belong to the patriarchal cultural model based on a hierarchical male-female social organisation. In order to find out how this patriarchal cultural model is reflected in Serbian and Spanish proverbs, we have selected and analysed those proverbs that show desirable qualities and virtues women should possess (or had to in the past) in order to get married, as well as the roles of male family members in choosing an adequate wife or husband for their children. The analysis indicates women were restricted to a private domain and supposed to stay at home and take care of their family. They had to be hardworking, generous and obedient if looking for a husband. They also had to offer a dowry. Both Serbian and Spanish proverbs, being created and used in the past, illustrate the social background of these communities and confirm dominant male social roles and subordinated male-dependent female roles. This paper is written with the aim of raising an awareness of a cultural and linguistic heritage in proverbs and sayings because these examples of popular wisdom on marriage are a way of legitimising and maintaining the hierarchy of power when it comes to gender roles.
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Background. The challenge of building a strong territorial brand is an area of growing interest among practitioners and academics alike. Culture, which is an important element of local identity, is increasingly used as a basis for building a territorial brand. Its important creators are local cultural institutions, such as theatres, museums, or galleries. In Poland, public cultural institutions have a high degree of autonomy towards local authorities / local administration and their effective inclusion in the processes of building a territorial brand requires adopting an adequate approach. Research aims. The aim of the paper is the identification of ways in which cultural institutions can cooperate with local administration to build a brand of a city. On account of the varying roles of individual types of cultural institutions in the process of communicating the city brand, our deliberations have been limited to theatres. Methodology. To implement this goal the authors used the case study method. The analysis considered two cities: Bialystok and Lodz. The selection of these cities was connected with the clearly accented role of culture in the development strategies of these two urban centres. The case study made use of individual in-depth interviews with theatre managers as well as with heads of municipal office departments responsible for promotion within the two cities covered by the analysis. Key findings. In the paper, the authors: determine the types of shared projects implemented by theatres and local administration contributing to the development of a city brand, diagnose the benefits resulting from this type of cooperation for both parties, as well as formulate conditions for the success of this type of cooperation.
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The review of: Heidi Beryt. Byliśmy uchodźcami. Wspomnienia Polaka i Niemca. FSC C105338. B.m.w., b.r.w., 156 s., 38 zdjęć czarno-białych, 9 kolorowych
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Research on divided cities in the Balkans focuses mostly on ethnic/national divisions. Is this perspective, however, truly viable and sufficient for the description of post-conflict cities in the Balkans? The question is posed not only because of the fact that every city is somehow divided or fragmented. More noteworthy, and not widely known, is the fact that the unstable structure of a city’s population is much more complex with its intergroup relations becoming much more complicated – a fact commonly disregarded due to the importance assigned to ethnic/national rifts which have dominated the narrative of the divided city. Underestimating the importance of other relations within society and the dynamics of a highly changeable social structure, one cannot uncover the actual nature of intergroup relations in a divided city.
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The paper describes the structure of the local space of the Croatian villages of Chunovo and Jarovce, and the Slovak (earlier predominantly Hungarian–German) village Rusovce (Southern Slovakia, the region of Bratislava) in the form in which it conceptualities in the minds of local residents. The material was oral records on the results of the field survey of villages in May 2018. It is noted that the specificity of the structuring of local space in the villages was influenced by their complex geographical and sociohistorical peculiarities since the villages are located within the capital of Slovakia and at the same time they became part of the state only after 1947. It is shown that each of the three villages is characterized by orientation to a certain type of space which is significantly transformed with the passage of time. Thus, in Chunovo, which is located closer to the Hungarian border, the mythological and sacred space is supported. The natural space in the village is closely intertwined with the mythological, and the domestic is subordinated to the sacred, while the historical space does not play any significant role. Rusovce, located five kilometres towards the capital, is a completely different type of spatial organization, a significant imprint on Rusovce was imposed by the deportation of indigenous people after the Second World War. The disintegration of the ethno-cultural tradition is perceived by the remaining indigenous people as a traumatic experience. Sacred space in Rusovce is the subject of the opposition “real (old)” and “fake (modern)”. Domestic space is characterized by the deprivation of former buildings from their household functions, while they are turning into symbols of the past. The transformation of the village takes place not on the principle of expanding its borders but on the principle of concentration, filling the old coordinates with new objects. Natural space bears traces of human intervention and is associated with the consequences of the territory’s accession. In the structuring of the mental map of the old residents of Rusovce, the opposition “real” and “false” plays a significant role. The false, artificial, is associated with modernity, and the signs of the present remain within the village but either lose their direct function or are “lost” as a result of the concentration of the village space by objects which are similar in form and but foreign in origin. The village of Jarovce, which is the closest to Bratislava, is dominated by a focus on specific historical events and on the functional relevance of the locus. The sacred space in the village is subordinated to the historical, and the domestic, in turn, is subordinated to the sacred, the dominants of which structure the village and at the same time are clearly associated with specific events in the relatively distant past. Mythological space in Jarovce is almost not structured but natural topos serves for orientation about weather events or specific localities.
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The dimension achievement vs. ascription asks whether status is acquired by a person through individual performance or whether the status is more attributed to it by origin or affiliation. In achievement-oriented cultures, personal commitment and hard work are rewarded and are crucial for the social standing of the individual. A person’s worth is determined on the basis of their performances and how well they perform their tasks. Ascription-oriented cultures emphasize the social circumstances in which an individual was born. Characteristics such as origin, age, gender, social connections, education, and work determine this status. When someone from an achievement-oriented culture does business with people from an ascription-oriented culture, it is advisable to deploy older, more experienced people who are familiar with formal customs and manners and who respect established titles. Achievement vs. ascription can also be recognized in the execution of advertisements, the interactions between the characters and the type of persons represented, as well as in the way the message is conveyed and how the target group is influenced and reached in the different cultures.
More...A FOCUS ON THE INTERCULTURAL DIMENSION OF THE TRANSLATION COMPETENCE
In the context of today’s globalized market, the success of a translator depends, to a large extent, on a number of skills which make up what is generally described as (inter)cultural competence. The present paper focuses on the complex nature of the translator’s intercultural competence, examining it from various perspectives: theoretical, sociolinguistic, textual and interpersonal. The author relies on both theoretical and research evidence, with the ultimate goal of arriving at conclusions of relevance for the field of translator training.
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A key feature of thin populist ideology is a sharp division of the social world into “good people” and “bad elites.” Populist ideology “thickens” when it is combined with another ideology, for instance, when this basic distinction is formulated in terms of a nativist or religious discourse with the aim of defining “aliens” or “enemies.” Ideological thickening of populism is boosted by and contributes to the cultural process we call symbolic thickening. Thin symbolic systems, congruent with some forms of populism, have relatively few symbols with rather simple connotations, are amenable to many interpretations, and are thus potentially attractive to a large group of people. They can be “thickened” by adding new symbols and suggesting tight interrelations between them. The resulting “thick” symbolic system offers a narrower definition of collective identity and thus attracts a narrower group of people. Our central argument is that a powerful cultural-political feedback loop has emerged in Poland. A gradual symbolic thickening of the Polish public culture through the intensification of Catholic and nationalist discourses resulted in the expansion of the discursive opportunity structure. This produced conditions conducive to the thickening of populist ideologies and helped to increase the legitimacy of populist movements and parties. The rising legitimacy and popularity of the increasingly vigorous “thick” populism, in turn, contributed to the further symbolic thickening of public culture. The argument is based on detailed descriptions and interpretations of four performances and visual displays.
More...Organisationen und Parteien der ethnischen Minderheiten
Der Umgang mit der Vielfalt in Rumänien erfolgt integrativ. Diepolitische Auseinandersetzung mit der Minderheitenproblematik ist bemerkenswert, vor allemwenn wir die Tatsache in Betracht ziehen, dass Rumänien vor 1990 fast vierzig Jahre langkommunistisch – und das heißt eigentlich in nationalistischer Gesinnung – regiert wurde. Inden letzten 28 Jahren wurden sehr viele bedeutende Maßnahmen zugunsten der nationalen Minderheiten ergriffen und vor allem wurden eine Reihe von Regierungsorganisationen, diefür das Bewahren der Rechte und der kulturellen Identität der Minderheiten zuständig sind, eingerichtet.
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This study looks at a new perspective of anti-Semitism during the interwar period, based on the rich source of information provided by Wilhelm Filderman’s Diary. The study reveals the causes of the rise of anti-Semitism at the time: the new state that was formed after 1918 was imposed the political culture of the Old Kingdom; the ”sacredness” of the nation-state as a form of government and the diffusion of xenophobia across the political spectrum. The article draws attention to the particular features of Romanian anti-Semitism at the time, namely the primacy of physical violence. Thus, given its large-scale in space and time, one can refer to a permanent pogrom ambiance in interwar Romania. In the case of Greater Romania, its 20 years of existence could not lead to a cultural, political and social integration of the different regions, but anti-Semitism was one of the few elements of fusion that implicitly helped create a national Romanian identity.
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In this article, we define a schema for the class structure of Hungary, in which we consider a case for an Eastern-European capitalist system emerging from post-communist societies. Our schema is based on the findings of the Hungarian Class Survey, 2014. Using six measures of Bourdieusian economic, cultural, and social capital and applying the methodology of latent class analysis (LCA), we have constructed a model of eight LCA-based classes: upper class, cultural middle class, affluent middle class, young urban consumers, network-embedded rural workers, young drifters, middle-aged deprived, and the precariat. Hungarian society seems to be quite hierarchical but is also fragmented within the upper and lower strata. Status inconsistency in terms of possessing economic, cultural, and social capital is strongly present even for the middle classes. There is a clear divide in our class model between the upper four and the lower four classes, in terms of vertical and nonvertical aspects of social stratification. We also compare our new multidimensional class typology to the traditional occupation-based one and demonstrate its added value for class analysis in Hungary.
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This article’s main aim is to propose a novel model explaining the continuous domination of identity issues in modern Polish political discourse. The model proposed here may also appear useful as an explanation of similar tendencies in some other Central European countries. It is based on a specific reading of the modern history of the region—one relying on a structural perspective and specifically using Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of a “field of power.” In conclusion, the article suggests that the perspective it proposes may challenge what it calls simplistic accounts of processes of long duration.
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In this brief introduction to the special forum on the topic of “Recursive Easts, Shifting Peripheries: Whither Europe’s ‘Easts’ and ‘Peripheries’?” the author lays out the conceptual framework for the forum’s contributions. The forum takes as its starting point the supposed “obsolescence” of both the notion of Eastern Europe and the scholarship dedicated to this topic, which flourished in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War’s end. The author argues, instead, the continued urgency and value in studying the operation of easternisms and processes of peripheralization within the European context. In particular, the author highlights the recursive nature of easternisms and peripheries.
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Oral literature is a significant part of written literary tradition, particularly when it comes to writers such as Ivo Andrić who often tend to thematise the historical past and folk culture. In his opus, oral literature emerges throughout various forms and it has different artistic functions. In this paper, the focus is on short forms of oral literary tradition in his fiction. The emphasis is on concrete examples of short forms in his novels and short stories, such as catchphrases, sayings, proverbs, curses, spells, predictions, toasts, alongside the cursory review of both lyric and epic oral poetry. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the multifunctionality of different modes of oral literary heritage in Andrić's prose oeuvre.
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The author of the article analyses the dowry inventories from Bessarabia (19th – early 20th century), the main document that provided with dowry and which marked the woman’s statute within marriage. Drafting the dowry inventory and endowing was one of the cultural institutions that shaped the social statutes, mentality, social representations and imagery concerning women. In Bessarabia, during tsarism, thanks to local customs and laws, woman continued to have the same special statute regarding dowry, like in the Moldova Principality. From the analysis of dowry inventories, the author mainly infers a series of rights that assign a high social status for a woman: dowry could not be alienated without her will; the right to regain the dowry in case it was sold by the husband, without wife’s will; the right to bequeath it, if necessary etc. The proof for these equality rights, used by women in Bessarabia, is the frequency of dowry inventories from the 19th century, given by women to their sons and daughters. In practice, the husband managed the estate within marriage. But wisdom and the local tradition offered women possibilities to manage her own estate.
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The article depicts what are the main causes and effect that the modernization process had upon traditional culture in Basarabia. With the mechanization of the agricultural inventory, there seems to be a change in the system of values of the peasant. Because his basic occupation was agriculture, the modernization of the working tools had a big impact. First of all, having more sparing time and more finances, people will value more their comfort to the detriment of the traditional methods of working. Thus, country households suffered many changes regarding furniture, interior design, clothing, musical repertoire, etc. This is society’s natural evolution, but they still lost a lot regarding what we nowadays call tradition and traditional.
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