Музикалнодиалектни особености на фолклорния вокален стил и маниер на изпълнение

Author(s): Galya Grozdanova-Radeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

Working out the specifics of the vocal styles and manners of performance in the different folk music districts in Bulgaria is prompted by an actual necessity, proved on the one hand by the decreasing number of the existing traditional folk practices and the limited contact of young people with these practices and on the other, by the revived interest in mastering such practices (mostly vocal and dance). The manner of performance is an established empirical practice, honed in the tradition of the past as a ‘model to follow’ and mastered intuitively. Now, however, it could be described, shown and taught. It is necessary to present in detail its specific aspects in each larger or smaller territories of the established folk music districts in Bulgaria so that to make its knowledge and mastering easier. The article deals with the folk musical dialects in Bulgaria presented in two major parts following the introduced by Elena Stoin territorial classification: eastern and western. The twelve folk musical dialects or regions are described in terms forming two groups of elements: vocal elements (speech reflex, speech specifics, sound qualities, sound generation, resonance, onset of sound, performative practice, vocal range); elements of the music language (voice-leading – strokes, ambit of the songs, ornamentation). The specifics of the vocal style and manner of performance are accentuated. On the basis of the outlined specifics of the traditional vocal practice in the folk music districts, generalizations are made, true to one degree or another of the national, territorial and regional music language.

Molisan cuisine (names of dishes) as an example of multiculturalism and multilingualism

Author(s): Adrianna Słabińska / Language(s): English Issue: 06/2015

Today Croats can be found living in many parts of the world. The process of Slavic migrations started in the 7th. Diasporas can be found in Austria, Slovakia, Romania, Czech Republic (Moravia and nowadays Prague), Serbia, Italy, even across the oceans in the USA, South America, RSA and Australia. The Croatian minority in Molise is the smallest Croatian minority in the world. Croatian is spoken there by about 2000 to 2400 people in three isolated mountain commu¬nities. They settled in villages, Kruč, Mundimitr and Filić possibly between the 14th and 15th century. Several Turkish invasions took place during this period, so Croats were forced to hide from the Sultan’s armies and they found refuge on the Apennine Peninsula. The country of Croatia, occupied with its battle against the infidels, has forgotten about its fellow countrymen, who had been living in the region of Molis, for a long time. In every day Croatian speech one can hear multiple loan-words. A particular problem can occur when writing some names of dishes which have been passed down but orally only. Molisan-Croatian cuisine and culinary names are part of Croatian cuisine that was created during the time of the Croatian Diaspora.

Райна Кацарова: слънчевата дама на българската етномузикология и етнохореология

Author(s): Lozanka Peicheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

Raina Katsarova’s work is of an intrinsic value to the establishing and the development of Bulgarian ethnomusicology and ethnochoreology. She was a renowned Bulgarian researcher in the 1920s, but also through the 1980s, an authoritative champion of collecting and preserving traditional lore in the form of tens of thousands of Bulgarian folk songs. This study systematises biographical data of Raina Katsarova’s life, integrating various voices in one story and offering a general rethinking of her personality and activities. The events and the facts interpreted in this statement have been selected from various in terms of their size, genre and content source material: a variety of published sources (Raina Katsarova’s publications; other publications related to her life, personality and career; interviews with her; Raina Katsarova’s memories), archive material (fieldwork notebooks, diaries, photos, letters, etc.), talks with her nearest and dearest. Biographical resear​ch method was applied as a rewarding scientific strategy and a tool of representing the fluid dynamics of life, of providing an insight into her figure and work and of the unique historical significance of Raina Katsarova to the domains of ethnomusicology and ethnochoreology. The systematic arranging of the selected facts and materials is grouped in the following thematic lines: 1). A timeline of her life in a chronological narrative of facts and events, stages and processes; 2) A brief overview of her major studies and achievements; 3). The essence of her fieldwork; 4) Her contribution to the creation of an ethnomusicological environment at the National Ethnographic Museum and BAS.

Райна Кацарова и най-ранните теренни звукозаписи на традиционна музика от България

Author(s): Ventsislav Dimov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

This study presents the earliest resources of the folk music archive of the Institute of Art Studies, BAS: fieldwork recordings of traditional music made in the period 1938–1950. The text is part of a project, Raina Katsarova and the beginnings​ of recording activities in Bulgarian ethnomusicology. The study is based on the folk music recordings made by Raina Katsarova in 1938–1950, and by her collaborators Ivan Kachulev and Elena Stoin (1948–1950), using a Presto recorder and instantaneous discs. The study presents the earliest recordings (231 metal core acetates: 142 12-inch and 89 8-inch), digitised by Alex Nushev) containing songs, instrumental music and rarely, verbal folklore. There are 1,570 items or about 31 hours of recorded music in store for describing, identifying and studying (by the author and Dr Galina Denkova) The interpretation, apart from the recorded sound, includes handwritten fieldwork notebooks or other fieldwork material from the verbal folk music archive and the personal archive of Raina Katsarova (kept at the archive of the Institute of Art Studies), papers by Raina Katsarova delivered during her trips to several Bulgarian regions and places in 1941– 1944 (kept at the archive of The Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum, BAS), pictures from academic and personal archives, publications in periodicals. It is the first attempt to make such a comprehensive and full presentation with a detailed chronological description of the earliest fieldwork recordings in Bulgaria. The second part of the study seeks to make analytical readings of the recording database. Two views of the early recordings are offered: exploration of the areas of the recorded voices and music (places and regions, where the recordings have been made and where the informants and repertories belong) and of the tradition bearers on the grooves (analysed by age, sex, education, settled way of life, ethnic group, profession, etc., mostly by the classifying columns and ‘marginal notes’ in the fieldwork notebooks). The conclusion underscores that by using recorders in the 1930s and the 1940s Bulgarian science joined the mainstream of the West-European ethnomusicology. Raina Katsarova was the founder of fieldwork sound recording presenting songs, instrumental music, manufacturing of instruments, ring dances and games through their cultural functioning, their role in the life of the community and men. She set the beginning of the anthropological and culturological turn in Bulgarian folk music studies. Raina Katsarova’s legacy and that of her collaborators on fieldwork recording, Ivan Kachulev and Elena Stoin still holds unexhausted potential for informational content, creativity and future insights. That is why it is worth completing the process of their digitisation and cataloguing, publishing more extensive information about them and about the initial stages of their exploration.

Живот, посветен на българската народоука

Author(s): Elena Ognianova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

The author, a writer, folklorist and ethnographer, offers her views on​ the scope of Raina Katsarova as a researcher and a person, citing her works, academic and social activities and mostly, her own contacts during their close friendship and cooperation of four decades. The patriotism of Raina Katsarova, a woman from Koprivshtitsa, is highlighted along with her role in promoting folk songs on the radio, the press, training aids, books, and song collections. The article provides interesting facts about Raina Katsarova’s cooperation with Academician Mikhail Arnaudov regarding a research area, pioneered by Katsarova in Bulgaria, that of ethnochoreology. Raina Katsarova’s social activities are highlighted along with her scientific contribution and international weight.

Милена Шушулова Павлова: „Музика и публики. Нови концепции за отвореност“

Author(s): Elisaveta Valchinova-Chendova,Todor Petev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

The book deals with topical contemporary musical practices and processes of musical communication. The fundamental to the art of music problem of communication is commented on. Music is communication and in this light, actual processes and contemporary musical and cultural practices in the field of the so-called ‘classical’ or ‘art’ music are treated. Drawing on serious literature, related directly or indirectly to the subject matter, the author formulates and considers in all their bearings several significant issues pertaining to the digital breakthrough, the role of the social media, public interest, analysis of audiences, etc., as social and cultural phenomena of enormous psychological effect, shaping new practices and audiences. Contemporary music education and that of young audiences are highlighted. The sociological survey conducted by the author and her analysis of the results is central to the study. The text is dialogical, intended for various readerships, which is yet another advantage to this book. Apart from the viewpoint of the musicologist, we provide the opinion of Prof. Dr Todor Petev, a renowned Bulgarian sociologist, the doyen of mass communications studies (1944–14 October 2015). In his opinion, the analysis of good cases and the innovative music educational endeavours (al fresco grand concerts in public areas in Europe) is the book’s strong side. Another fresh thematic line is that of the young audiences (the analyses of the survey of students, Ch. 10). It is gratifying to see that the author leaves the ending open to interpretation by readers, enabling them to continuously provide an infinite amount of new examples.

Bulgarian Catholics in Macedonia (1879–1912): An Attempt for Statistical and Demographic Overview

Author(s): Stanislava Stoytcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2014

After the Congress of Berlin (1978) which divided the Bulgarian lands, the bulk of the Bulgarian Catholics remained within the Ottoman Empire – mostly in Macedonia and less in Eastern Thrace. Using interdisciplinary methodology, the study traces the geographical distribution, size and demographic indicators of the Bulgarian Catholics (respectively Uniates) in Macedonia in the period 1879-1912, which has not been a subject of specialized scientific research so far. For this purpose it analyzes the above mentioned parameters according to official statistics of the Ottoman Empire, data of the Bulgarian Exarchate, Catholic data (such as the mission of the Lazarites, etc.), and Greek and Bulgarian official sources. It presents the differences in the national statistics about the number of Bulgarian Uniates and the attempts to manipulate the data by the Greek and Turkish side with the aim to demonstrate their “real” nationality. Last but not least it traces statistically traced the waves of ebb and flow of the Uniate movement in the 19th-20th centuries. As a result, the conclusion is made that although the registered outflow from the union in the late 19th – early 20th c., on the eve of the First Balkan War (1912) is observed strengthening and certain extension of the positions of Catholicism among the Bulgarians in Macedonia. This is confirmed both by the data from Catholic sources, and those of the Bulgarian Exarchate for 1911–1912.

Wydrukowanie tekstu — wydrukowanie literatury. O konsekwencjach tekstualizacji przekazów oralnych

Author(s): Agnieszka Karpowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The article concerns the impact of language textualization processes on the origin of literary and artistic categories. I argue that the creation of typographic, visual forms of works which previously functioned rather as performances is one of the basic practices of print culture. By analyzing selected Polish works, which are treated as „literary monuments”, I demonstrate the role and significance of these visual transformations.

Tradycja ustna versus pisana. Ustalanie obrzędowości i (re)konstruowanie tradycji w klasztorach żeńskich na przykładzie działalności s. Domiceli Barbary Fox, klaryski starosądeckiej

Author(s): Igor Borkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

In the context of chronicle records, personal documents and monasterial practice, the paper reconstructs the manner of transferring the content of oral tradition connected with historical and ceremonial customs of the monasterial community into written form. The documented process of writing down oral accounts of the foundation of the monastery, its architecture, the purpose of its different rooms as well as their function and its evolution throughout centuries, can be observed in the self-reflection of a Poor Clare nun from Stary Sacz, who is very passionate about history. A similar process applies to the realm of tradition, customs and habits formed in the community, which have been successfully captured in the process of transforming from the oral to the written tradition. Verifying the oral tradition, assessing oral and written accounts, as well as writing down and verifying the content of written records as analysed in this paper relate to archival resources that have not yet been published. They remain at the disposal of the Poor Clares Monastery in Stary Sacz and date back to the mid-19th century.

Residuum oralności a wizja świata w romansie staropolskim — casus „Fortunata”

Author(s): Aleksandra Bobrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The article discusses the issue of the co-existence and correlation of different traditions – orality and literacy – in the 16th century old-Polish romance. The deliberations are based on the case study of Fortunat, which is a translation of a popular German novel. One of the key assumptions made in the article is the fairy-tale character of Fortunat, indicating this work’s connections with primarily oral forms of narration. The study of romance, including among others the analysis of composition, narration and characterization, shows that at the beginning of print culture the marks of oral poetics are interwoven with features of literacy. The ultimate question raised by the article is, however, what are the consequences of shifting from orality to literacy to the vision of the world as depicted in the romance.

Techniki inkorporacji literatury oralnej w literaturze popularnej

Author(s): Bogdan Trocha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The author in this article presents and discusses the techniques of introducing elements of oral literature by authors of popular literature. The starting point of this article is a discussion of the technique of using a magic fairy in fantasy. Starting from a very wide range of treatments, various motifs are in operation which are derived from magic fairies, before we move on to the analysis of the mechanisms used in stylistic re-narrations of content. We then discuss the techniques used in introducing archaic myths to fantasy literature . Here we present simple re-narration, ornamental operations, and interesting proposals related to mythopoeic literary speculation. Another type of reference to oral literature is the archaic epic, largely used in the context of aesthetic appeal, but there are also re-narrative and speculative novels in which the amount of information needed to understand the story forces the recipient of popular literature to return to the sources. The final mechanism discussed shows the functions of oral literature in science fiction.

Izokrates — pisarz czy mówca? Kilka uwag o kompozycji „Panegiryku"

Author(s): Joanna Janik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The combination of written and oral styles remains one of the most striking features of Isocrates’ work; the purpose of this article is to present a general outline of this phenomenon in Panegyricus.

Narratywizacja doświadczenia w historii ustnej — przykład „Dziejów” Herodota

Author(s): Iwona Wieżel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

In the present article the problem of experience and its narrativization in ancient historiographical texts is discussed. The teleological outline of the Histories as proved by Grethlein (2013), leading to reexperiencing the past on the part of the text recipient, strengthens the present approach to the natural and experiential characteristics of Herodotus’ stories (cf. Labov 1972). Also the performative valour of the examples cited in this paper suggests the possible emotional engagement of the listener/reader of the stories. This engagement is primarily based on the religious bias towards to theion, which actively affects the lives of the protagonists in the course of the events told. The provenience of the stories within the Histories is mainly oral, which sheds light on the form and structure of this text towards the natural (Fludernik 1996) and oral mode of gathering the historical data by the historian, and the presumptive oral proclamation of some parts of the Histories in front of the audience.

Oralne fundamenty wielkanocnej wiary Kościoła — zarys perspektywy

Author(s): Eligiusz Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth is the foundation of the Christian faith. The research into its origins does not only serve the purpose of satisfying human curiosity, but it aims to discover its essence. The texts of the New Testament serve as the foundation of the Easter faith and the Christophany. The interpretations of the above realities, relying on the same texts, lead researchers to sometimes completely contradictory conclusions. On the one hand we deal with the historicity and the certainty of the empty tomb; on the other hand with the indication of its legendary character. Then we are dealing with firstly the material certainty of the corporeality of the Risen, and secondly with the subjective and mysterious character of His presence. Throughout this historical process research into the oral lore prior to the record of the biblical text proves to be extremely useful. In this way we may reconstruct the events which gave birth to western civilization.

„Historia Brittonum” — między oralnością a piśmiennością. Preliminaria

Author(s): Ewa Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The following paper considers the oral and literary sources which might have served as a basis for the History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum), putatively attributed to the 9th century Welsh author Nennius. Given the legendary nature of some of the matter included in the History, such as stories from the Arthurian cycle, as well as the compilatory and in some instances self-contradictory character of the text, the work is supposed to be rooted in the tradition of orally transmitted lore. This tradition preserved knowledge of past events through the dark, i.e. illiterate age following the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain. On the other hand the literary sources used by the author of the History have been traced and the work seems to be imbued with the style of ancient annalists, notably Saint Jerome. As such Historia Brittonum should be regarded as being fixed on the verge between the age of oral tradition and that of actual written history.

Rigels Halili, „Naród i jego pieśni. Rzecz o oralności, piśmienności i epice ludowej wśród Albańczyków i Serbów”, Warszawa 2012 (ss. 506)

Author(s): Jędrzej Soliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Orality and literacy. Unmarked and marked elements in verbal communication: Introductory comments marking the occasion of an international conference on orality and literacy, University of Wrocław 2019.12.04–06

Author(s): Gregory Nagy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Voice and Letter: The First Made Last?

Author(s): John Zemke / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The author argues that while all narratives, traditional or otherwise, are verbal, their strategies are mental. Oral traditions are neither more nor less than a particular hyponymy of language.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE HISTORICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE ETHNIC HUNGARIANS IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF BUCOVINA (1775 - 2021)

Author(s): Tiberiu–Constantin Ambrosie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The Hungarians were characterized as one of the most isolated ethnic communities in Bukovina, living almost exclusively in the five colonies in the south of the province. The communities of the Hungarians (Szeklers) were among the first to be established in Bukovina, being conservative, rural communities, attached to traditions and customs, and the Hungarian colonists founded the following localities in the southern part of Bukovina in the years: Istensegíts (1776), Fogadjisten (1776), Józseffalva, (1785), Hadikfalva (1786) and Andrásfalva (1786). In the 19th century, the Hungarians in Bukovina experienced a spectacular demographic growth due to the positive natural balance manifested by a tripling of the number of ethnic Hungarians in Bukovina, between 1820 and 1880, respectively from 3004 ethnic Hungarians to 9387 ethnic Hungarians, at the end of the interval. A decrease followed at the end of the 19th century between 1880 and 1890 due to ethnic migration to Transylvania. At the beginning of the 20th century, migratory flows of ethnic Hungarians followed towards the North American continent, more precisely towards Canada and the United States of America, where ethnic Hungarians from Bukovina founded colonies. In the interwar period, according to the 1930 Population Census, 11,881 ethnic Hungarians were located in Bukovina, but the drastic decrease in the number of ethnic Hungarians occurred in the political circumstances of World War II, when the Horthy government annexed part of Yugoslav Vojvodina. Thus, the Hungarian government proposed populating that area with ethnic Hungarians, and in the spring of 1941, a large part of the inhabitants of the five Hungarian colonies in Bukovina were relocated to the Backa region of Vojvodina, and later recolonized in the former villages of Tolna County, Hungary. In Bukovina, there were 84 ethnic Hungarians counted in the 1948 census, and then the demographic growth of Hungarians in this area was achieved due to migrations from Transylvania, especially from Bistrița and Mureș counties, reaching a number of 676 ethnic Hungarians in 1956. After 1956, there was a demographic decline of the ethnic Hungarian population in the southern part of Bukovina: 534 ethnic Hungarians in 1966, 360 ethnic Hungarians in 1992, 233 ethnic Hungarians in 2002, 148 ethnic Hungarians in 2011 and 77 ethnic Hungarians in 2021.

ASPECTS OF BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN ROMANIA AND SUDAN IN 1972 AND 1973

Author(s): Bogdan Iulian Ranteş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The present paper aims to analyze the relations between Romania and Sudan between 1972-1973. These years are important because, we can say, that is when the relations between them truly began. At the beginning, a brief history of Sudan until independence and the first echoes of them in the Romanian press in the 19th century will be made. Then, the way in which relations between the two countries developed from the moment Sudan gained independence from 1956 to 1972 will be presented. Next, Ceaușescu's visit to Sudan in 1972 and Nimeiry's visit to Romania in 1973 will be analyzed. We will also present the main objectives of cooperation between the two countries established during the two visits, the most important being the participation of the Romanian state in the construction of the Parliament building in Sudan, which began in 1973 and ended in 1978.