VÄÄRTUSKRIIS EESTIS JA MAAILMAS: VABADUSE METAMORFOOS

Author(s): Illimar Ploom / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 9/2020

Viimasel aastakümnel oleme näinud enda ees rahutut maailma ning adume ühe selle allhoovusena läänemaailma sisemist ja välist nõrgenemist. Seda muutust saab kirjeldada väärtuste kriisina. Peavoolu liberaalne vaade näeb vabaduse progressi peatumist või isegi tagasilangust, kuid radikaalse alternatiivse käsituse järgi on allakäik tabanud traditsioonilisi läänelikke väärtusi. Need jooned iseloomustavad nii vanu euroopalikke ühiskondi kui uusi Ida-Euroopa demokraatlikke riike.

Václav Havel wobec społeczeństwa obywatelskiego – koncepcja i jej krytyka

Author(s): Wojciech Święch / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

The main purpose of this article is to present the views of Václav Havel (1936-2011) in the field of civil society. After the fall of communism and then dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the former dissident found himself in a new role. As president of the Czech Republic, Václav Havel obtained the opportunity to openly propagate his own views about the role that civil society plays in building and strengthening democracy. So the question arises – what vision of civil society emerges from the output of Václav Havel and how this concept is perceived.

VLAST, GRAĐANSTVO I SLOBODA: OD POLITIČKE KONTINGENCIJE DO TRANSFORMACIJE POLITIČKOG

Author(s): Elvis Fejzić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 3/2017

In political practice of democratic states at certain points it is difficult to reconcile the interests of the citizens and the will of the state government. Moreover, it of tenhappens a kind of paradox, produced by misinterpretation of the right to freedom of assembly and association that democratic government guarantees its citizens. In such a controversial notion of freedom of assembly, the borders between nonviolent activity and political violence in democratic regimes authorities are lost. Itcan spark violent protests of citizens against state authorities. When civil disobedience grows in political violence, it always leads to the decline of the democratic process. Abuse of the freedom of assembly can permanently destabilize the political order and produce the fear of violence by the crowd. Violent protests of citizens in democratic countries are often covertly directed by competing political groups in order to realize their particular demands or exact the dismissal of the elected government and bring an early election. However, in the era of polycentric politics, we cannot regard political parties any longer as only sovereign representatives of the will of citizens, since there are other actors of political process which appear as representatives of particular interests of citizens.. The Public activity of social movements and interest groups in contemporary politics has very much strengthened the overall power and influence of citizens and expanded the milieu of fundamental political freedoms, but – simultaneously- it has so greatly increased antinomical tension between the needs of the citizens and the will of the authorities.

Vliv klimatu školní třídy a jejího socioekonomického složení na občanské znalosti a postoj k volební účasti

Author(s): Aleš Kudrnáč / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 02/2017

Research to date indicates that there is a positive association between the family-based socio-economic status (SES) of students and pupils’ own level of civic knowledge and attitudes toward voting. Many scholars think that social stratification of the electorate may lead to differential political representation of social groups thereby weakening the legitimacy of democracy among the lower social strata who participate least in politics. In this respect, it is often argued that one of the roles of schools is to reduce the difference in civic participation among students coming from families in different social strata. In this vein, this article examines if (a) type of classroom learning operationalised as ‘open classroom climate’ and (b) the socioeconomic composition of the class help to explain differences in students’ level of civic knowledge and attitudes toward voting. The data used in this study comes from the International Citizenship and Civic Education (ICCS) survey of 8th-grade student carried out in 2009. The multilevel modelling results show that the SES of a students’ family does help to explain differences in pupils’ civic knowledge and attitudes toward voting, and this classroom effect is especially strong among low SES students. In contrast, the presence of an open classroom climate has no significant effects on knowledge or attitudes to voting. This article concludes with a discussion of how these findings shape current understanding of how contrasting educational trajectories may have political consequences over the long-term.

Vliv občanského sektoru na regionální rozvoj

Author(s): Vladimír Hyánek,Zuzana Prouzová / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the ways of influencing the regional development by the nonprofit sector. While evaluating this influence; authors emphasize the public services, incoming financial means, voluntary work and the donation, and public support of the nonprofit organizations above all. Authors also consider relations between the nonprofit institutions and public administration as a whole, their cooperation, competition or partnership. Statistic data are being used, especially the outputs of the satellite account of the nonprofit institutions. The results can be used for the comparison with the Slovak republic situation.

VOJISLAV ŠEŠELJ – PROBLEM ETIKE I ODGOVORNOSTI

Author(s): Sonja Biserko / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 1/2015

VOJISLAV ŠEŠELJ – THE QUESTION OF ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITY

Author(s): Sonja Biserko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Volby do Poslanecké sněmovny 2013

Author(s): Otto Eibl,Miloš Gregor,Lenka Hrbková,Tomáš Maceček,Roman Chytilek,Peter Spáč,Vlastimil Havlík,Michal Nový,Kamil Gregor,Michal Pink,Petr Voda,Eva Kneblová,Jakub Šedo / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 2014

This paper offers a comprehensive look at the early parliamentary electionsof 2013. Analyzing the platforms of the individual political parties reveals increasing areas of commonality in their platform statements. This raises the question of whether it is still worthwhile to create and read such platforms. This is particularly true in view of the documented weakness of the relationship between Czech voters and political parties in general. Equally interesting is the contradiction between the meaning still accorded the platforms by voters, who may consider them an important factor in their decision-making process, and the details of the individual platforms themselves. It would appear that people tend to expose themselves only to those ideas with which they agree a priori. The level of exposure may then even end up strengthening their existing views (and this is also true for the opposite case: a confrontation with information which contradicts the original viewpoint may paradoxically strengthen that viewpoint).

Volunteer Movement in Ukraine in the Situation of External Aggression

Author(s): Olga Tkach,Anatoly Tkach / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

The paper analyzes volunteering as a factor in the self-organization of society in period Joint Forces Operation, a new social need. It is proved that during the period of democratic transit the volunteer movement became a factor of civic activism. It is emphasized that volunteering has become a political institution of Ukrainian society, an element of the political system. Volunteering contributes to the transformation of civil society. Volunteering acquired the status of a political institution, due to its great importance in political life and significant activity in the political sphere; at present it belongs to social and political movements, which in a certain sense can be considered as groups of political pressure; partnership with the state in solving important matters. A weighty function of volunteering was the compensatory replacement of the state in the logistic support of the front line during the Russian aggression against Ukraine. In volunteer activities, significant financial and material resources were involved, it acquired a mobilization character. The number of volunteers and volunteer organizations has increased many times. Volunteering has become a nationwide cause. Experts in information technology, mechanics, weapons and military equipment specialists are involved in it. The motivation for volunteering has become patriotic, civil and moral.

Volunteering as a Vector of EU Youth Policy

Author(s): Marina A. Naidych / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2015

The article deals with the legal framework of the European Union, aimed at regulation and promotion of volunteering. We investigate the availability of legislative documents in the community of each country and analyze the factors that influence the willingness or reluctance of young people to get involved in volunteer projects. The basic problems on the way of popularizing volunteer activity and the core issues of youth volunteering in Ukraine are determined.

Voter policy emphasis and party electoral manifestos: Assessing parties’ reflections of voter policy shifts in the 2010 and 2013 Czech parliamentary elections

Author(s): Lenka Homolková / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

The party manifesto is a crucial document identifying a party’s ideological position. Measuring the response of political party manifestos to both the mean voter as well as party constituency positions remains extensively difficult given the lack of available data, but also the complex political realities and factors which the parties must take into consideration e.g. the economy, globalization, the demands of the market, and pressure from rival parties. In spite of these complexities, this article analyses the extent to which political parties reflect voter policy emphasis in their political manifestos. Through the content analysis of electoral manifestos the article determines the policy positions of Czech political parties during the 2010 and 2013 elections to the Lower House of the Parliament. Identifying also key voter policy preferences the article looks into the possible congruence between shifts in voter emphasis and changes in party electoral manifestos. Employing an approach not yet fully applied in academic research, the article examines shifts within ideological space, while focusing also on specific key policy areas. It concludes that in the short term – from the 2010 to 2013 parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic - political parties responded to shifts in voter policy emphasis in just one quarter of cases. The responsiveness differed significantly from one party to another.

Vrijeme post-istine

Author(s): Marcel Gauchet / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 23/2018

»Postifikacija« opet udara, a ako je suditi po prijašnjim štetama, njezin novi uspješni proizvod ima razloga dočekivati s oprezom. Od »postmoderne« preko »post-politike« do »post-demokracije«, ne možemo reći daje ta metodajeftine konceptualne konstrukcije pridonijela prosvjetljivanju duhova u pogledu naše nove povijesne situacije. No isto je iskustvo jednako tako pokazalo daje pozivanje na taj prefiks - odveć komotan da bi bio pošten - svejedno odgovaralo na potrebu imenovanja jedne doista kompleksne realnosti, u kojoj se različitost smješta u sličnost - i dalje je moderna, ali ipak je to nešto drugo; više nego ikad demokracija, ali uz svoju suprotnost; privid politike, ali bez supstancije itd. Oprez, dakle. [...]

Vybraní trenčianski richtári zo 17. storočia vo svetle prozopografických výskumov

Author(s): Peter Brindza / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2015

The urban elite that was unquestionably formed by the mayors and other leading representatives of the municipal administration and intellectuals, was a characteristic part of any modern free royal town in the Kingdom of Hungary. This distinctive elite community was based on their own laws. From the other parts of the population were different on the basis of assets, educational levels and a coherent and sophisticated wedding strategy particularly based on the affinity links. Purpose was to maintain the social status, influence and to keep urban authorities that managed the city. By analyzing of the background of five detailed profiles of Trenčín’s mayors in 17th century, their different origin, religion and external circumstances, brings new facts of life in cities and present less known aspects of our history.

Využitie prostriedkov vonkajšej reklamy v predvolebnej kampani na post primátora mesta Prešov v roku 2010

Author(s): Irina Kozárová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2012

The study focuses on the use of outdoor advertising media in the 2010 Presov mayoral election campaign. It aims to outline the theoretical framework underlying the research, describe the methodological approach to the research, and provide the results of analysing and comparing the use of outdoor advertising by the mayoral candidates in the campaign. The pieces of data for this research were acquired in three phases: at the beginning of the campaign, in the middle of it and at its end. The author of the study comes to the conclusions that a wide variety of outdoor advertising media was used in 2010 Presov mayoral election campaign; the way of using the advertising media was specific to one candidate, however, the way of using the advertising media by other candidates was similar in many aspects and it cannot be ruled out that their campaign strategies were reactive or interactive in character.

Vývoj lidských práv a jejich inklusivita od 18. století po současnost

Author(s): Zdeněk Vopat / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2016

In my article I attempt to map a development of human rights from the 18th century up to the present. I am focusing on the inclusivity of human rights. I argue that the scope of human rights has become broader up to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, where human rights are granted to all human beings. However, after the events of September 11 2001 one can detect certain reversal in this trend, when certain groups of people are being denied the protection of their human rights.

Vývoj participatívnej demokracie: Komunitné organizovanie v postkomunistickom kontexte

Author(s): Gabriela Mezeiova,Pero Maldini / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2016

The article deals with the concept of community organizing. The concept is first explained from the theoretical point of view, in terms of political (civil) participation as a key prerequisite of substantive democracy and in context of its crisis, both in old democracies and post-communist societies. Later it is considered as practice in its birthplace, in the American context, where community organizing is remarkably popular and effective. Subsequently, the article is focusing on research the possibility of using this concept in post-communist context, especially in the Slovak society. It shows that the lack of structural base (vibrant civil society in particular) and political legacy of authoritarianism are the main inhibitory factors in the development of civic political culture, which is the key sociocultural prerequisite of political participation, and consequently of community organizing.

Výzkum al-Káidy nikdy nebyl snazší.

Přehled zdrojů primárních dat

Author(s): Petr Zelinka / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2015

There has never been so much primary data on al-Qa'ida publicly available. Nevertheless primary data are still not used enough, despite the fact that their omission had a clearly detrimental effect on the quality of research on al-Qa'ida. The article's goal is twofold: to lay out an overview of the publicly available sources of primary data on al-Qa'ida and by highlighting interesting aspects of their content to demonstrate their usefulness for the research in general. The article deals particularly with outputs of public institutions, al-Qa'ida's members' publications, al-Qa'ida's members' communication that has been made public and leaked classified information. The topic how to use the sources of primary data will be discussed briefly. The article aims at encouraging the academic and expert community to use primary data more broadly when researching al-Qa'ida.

Výzkum demokratizace a lidských práv: metody a trendy

Author(s): Michal Mochťak,Hubert Smekal / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Výzkum demokratizace se v posledních letech dostal do stavu, kdy množství produkované literatury vytváří korpus jednoho z nejkomplexněji studovaných fenoménů sociálních věd. Tato situace logicky plyne z více než dva a půl tisíce let starého úsilí pochopit procesy, které s budováním demokracie souvisejí a v podstatě je definují [Coppedge 2012: 1]. Svébytný trend je možné sledovat i dnes, kdy do výzkumu demokracie vstupují nové, „ne--tradiční“ dimenze, které nacházejí inspiraci v různých historických etapách (např. rané období moderní Evropy), strategických přístupech (teorie her), kulturách (Asie, arabský svět), dědictvích (postkolonialismus, postkomunismus) nebo samostatných otázkách, které s demokratizací stále více souvisejí (válka a mír) [Coppedge 2012: 2; Sadiki 2009]. Toto horizontální rozšiřování, které je založeno na zahrnutí širšího okruhu témat a výzkumných problémů, je doplňováno prohlubováním vertikální dimenze, jež odkazuje na čistě metodologické debaty v rámci sociálních věd. Dochází tak k neustálému rozvoji a doplňování výzkumných nástrojů [King, Keohane, Verba 1994; Geddes 2003; George, Bennett 2005; Brady, Collier 2010].

Výzva tolerancie v 21. storočí – islam v Európe

Author(s): Diana Chudíková / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2012

The article analyses socio-political issue of tolerance and its development in the 21st century. It focuses on the tolerance phenomenon from the point of view of integration of Islamic integration in Europe, particularly in the Federal Republic of Germany. The article explores specific tolerance problems of Muslim minority, especially in educational system and religion. It describes various meanings of Islam and its features in social life. It also states reactions of majority population on religious and cultural manifestations of minority group. The article anticipates development tendency of tolerance and proposes a solution in a form of intercultural dialogue between both privies.

Vztah voleb a demokratizace: dvě strany jedné mince?

Author(s): Michal Mochťak,Petr Preclík / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Demokracie jako forma vlády předpokládá jistou míru participace, která je ve své nejběžnější podobě ztělesněná soutěží idejí ve volební aréně. Prostřednictvím voleb dochází k delegaci moci, která vzešla z vůle lidu, a získala tak legitimitu zpětně vykonávat akty donucení na tom samém subjektu [Sartori 1984: 30]. Demokracie je v tomto kontextu speciální formou vertikální závislosti vysokého významu, jejíž součástí je soutěživý prvek, který zajišťuje, aby umělý vztah nadřazenosti nebyl objektem monopolizace [Schedler 1999]. Volby lze v tomto kontextu vnímat jako prostředek nebo hodnotu samu o sobě, přičemž jejich vztah k demokracii je možné převést i do kontextu výzkumu demokratizace (i když s menšími výhradami; viz níže). Samotný vztah je předmětem politologického výzkumu již řadu let, což dokazuje i dlouhý seznam prací, které význam voleb zohledňují. V tomto kontextu je možné tvrdit, že žádná moderní definice demokracie nemůže existovat bez odkazu na volby, které jsou tak postaveny do pozice konstitutivního elementu v procesu budování demokratické vlády. V jistém slova smyslu můžeme o volbách mluvit jako o definičním znaku demokracie, který v schumpeterovském pojetí umožňuje výběr elit pro veřejné funkce [Schumpeter 1976; Dahl 1971; Held 2006].