«Рабочие мне угрожали убийством за назначение Баязитова…»: М.-С. Баязитов и дело ленинградских мулл 1932 года

Author(s): Renat Irikovich Bekkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 29/2019

In the focus of the article is a criminal case which was instituted by OGPU (Obyedinennoe Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie) against the ministers of Islamic religion in Leningrad in 1932. One of the accused was the last mufti of the Russian empire, Mohammed-Safa Bayazitov (1877–1937). Besides Bayazitov and the members of the so-called “dvadtsatka” (the congregational council of the mosque), the investigating authorities also arrested underground mullahs who had unofficially conducted religious rites among the Muslims of Leningrad. The latter activity caused serious apprehensions among OGPU by virtue of the very fact of its existence, since it was practically beyond the control of the authorities. The criminal case of 1932 is interesting not least because it puts into circulation new data concerning the biography of M.-S. Bayazitov (in particular, details about his work as imam-khatib of the Leningrad Cathedral Mosque in 1931–1932). Despite the image of a secret officer of the imperial security service (ohranka) that Bayazitov had in Soviet times, he continued to enjoy authority among a certain part of believers in Leningrad. The case materials are also a valuable source of information about the daily life of the Muslims of Leningrad in the second half of the 1920s — early 1930s. In particular, as can be seen from the testimony of the accused and the witnesses who were involved in the case, the principle of fellowship in the period under review continued to be of great importance to Tatars in Leningrad.

Wokół idei stronnictwa katolickiego w Królestwie Polskim

Author(s): Ilona Zaleska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2013

After 1905 political sympathies amongst Catholics in the Kingdom of Poland were divided between two parties: the National Democracy and the Party of the Realistic Policy (SPR), which was a group with conservative-amicable direction. Despite the fact that “realists”, how members of SPR were being named, had contacts and support from representatives of the polish episcopacy, the political dominance amongst lay and clerical Catholics belonged to the National Democracy. The ideology of the National Democracy in religious-church issues was not accepted by some members of the Catholic environment, even by priests who until than were supporting the National Democracy. The biggest critic of this party was the “group of Czestochowa” – a main part of the ultraconservative environment in the Kingdom of Poland. This group demanded from leaders of the National Democracy program changes. In case of the failure of this undertaking they have a plan of establishing a new, alternative political party for Catholics. This idea became more and more popular in the Catholic environment. Some of them believed that neither the National Democracy, nor SPR were able to represent businesses of Catholics sufficiently.

Wolność, władza i wspólnota w świetle nauczania II Soboru Watykańskiego

Author(s): Janusz Królikowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2 (11)/2014

The author assumes that the power and freedom aren’t often well understood, and thus they cannot perform the appropriate functions and suitably shape human life in the community. The author proposes therefore reflection on issues referring to freedom and power in the teaching of the Second Vatican Council. The teaching is the basis of a proper understanding of sacra potest as that is an indispensable part of the saving mission of the Church, which is addressed to the human. The author believes however, that the indications formulated in the teaching of the Council could greatly enrich today’s view on the power and the ways of governing in the politics.

WOMEN AND GENDER EQUALITY: JUSTICE OR CIVILIZATION?

Author(s): Mustapha Alhaji Ali,Halima Ali Buratai / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2020

The issue of gender justice has drawn the attention of gender scholars as does gender equality a justice or civilization. Because of this, the paper examined women and gender equality justice or civilization. In discussing these gender issues, several documents, reports, newspapers, magazines, archives, articles, journals, among others, were systematically reviewed to support the argument. Two theories were used in supporting the argument. These are Islamic Feminist and Liberal Feminist theories. The assumptions of these theories centered on gender equality and gender justice in society. The study found that gender equality is not civilization but justice. This is of the fact that both men and women are born equal and need equal justice for the development of the nation. The paper recommended that men and women should be given equal opportunity in all aspects of life in order to ensure gender justice. Parents and religious leaders should adhere to the principles of gender equality for the betterment of society.

Wpływ nauczania Soboru Watykańskiego II na rozwój zakonów na rządzonej przez Sowietów Litwie

Author(s): Arūnas Streikus / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

The article presents an outline of the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Lviv in 1953-1959. It discusses the history of individual parishes in that city, as well as all attempts at influencing and exposing those religious communities made by the Soviet authorities, for religious activity was especially interesting to Soviet notables. The text also presents the Church’s situation in the light of Soviet legislation. At the time, the term “Catholic” in former Eastern regions of the Polish Republic almost always referred to a person of Polish nationality. Thus, the article can be considered as a presentation of the life of Poles who remained in Lviv until the “second repatriation”. It was the last moment when that community was relatively numerous. As a large proportion of the believers left in the second half of the 1950s, the Polish element became considerably weaker. It obviously led to a change in the Roman Catholic Church’s situation. Nevertheless, a slow suppression of religious activity began much earlier. It grew stronger during the period delimited in the text. The sources on which the article is based include the documents of Soviet provenance (mostly secret internal documents of the local Religious Cult Plenipotentiary). A large portion of them appear in a scholarly publication for the first time.

Wprowadzenie

Author(s): Agnieszka Gajda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Współdziałanie państwa i Kościoła katolickiego w łagodzeniu problemu bezrobocia w Polsce po 1989 roku w świetle zasad katolickiej nauki społecznej (zarys problemu)

Author(s): Jan Wiszniewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2007

Wspólnota religijno-etniczna kimbangistów a procesy modernizacji w Demokratycznej Republice Konga

Author(s): Krzysztof Bielecki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2011

Współpraca cerkwi grekokatolickiej z ukraińskim ruchem wyzwoleńczym w Karpackim kraju Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów (1945 – 1954)

Author(s): Wasyl Ilnycjkyj / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2015

The society in Western Ukraine generally remained deeply religious. No prohibitions, threats, nor terror could have separated men from his church and religion. In their everyday life the populace stuck to the religious norms. Besides, the struggle against the liberation movement was tightly connected with the liquidation of the Greek Catholic church altogether, because it hindered the sovietisation of the region and constituted a part of the Resistance Movement. Hence, the most serious problem for the Soviet regime was the collaboration of the Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian liberation movement. The former recognized, the Orthodox rite, but did everything it could to strictly control the activities of the Orthodox clergy. The churchmen’s work was restricted, as well as those of the monasteries, church lands and constructions were confiscated and transferred to cultural, economic or administrative buildings. The priests assisted the OUN men both spiritually and materially, hid the men underground in their homes and stored weapons and ammunition in their churches. In spite of all the repressive measures, the secret agents continued to discover the nationalists’ hiding places in the homes of the GCC priests, whereas in the churches the weapons and bullets were found. It is worthy of note, that a considerable part of the Unia Church members not only supplied the nationalists with food, clothes, money, and hid them in their own homes, but also propagated the ideas.

Yahudi Diasporası Diaspora Çalışmalarında Bir İdeal Tip Olarak Kalmalı Mı?

Author(s): Utku Yapıcı / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2016

The major intellectual forerunners of the diaspora literature had considered the Jewish diaspora as an “ideal type”, and assigned the characteristics of the Jewish diaspora as criteria for labeling diasporas. However, in recent studies, flexible definitions of diaspora emerged in reaction to the scientific idealization of the Jewish diaspora example. This study firstly classified diaspora literature according to its reaction towards the idealization of the Jewish example and sought to give a meaningful answer to the question “Should Jewish diaspora stay as an ideal type in diaspora studies?”. The study also proposed an approach that remarked the intra-heterogeneity of diaspora groups - which were often incorrectly and/or incompletely defined with an emphasis on their so-called monolithic ethnicity. In order to overcome the difficulties caused by the over stretching of the term “diaspora” in line with the proposed approach, the term “diasporic consciousness” is suggested as a criterion in labeling diasporas.

Yemen Crisis – The Legacy of Alī Abdullah Ṣāliḥ

Author(s): Marko Gagić / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

Yemen is witnessing what is often described as the worst humanitarian crisis in the World. Even in the past, it was usually considered to be the poorest Arab country, but the problems dramatically escalated since the beginning of the Saudi-led intervention which started in March 2015. Alī Abdullah Ṣāliḥ ruled the country between 1978 and 2011, but in the following years he returned on the political scene and once again became a very important figure in socio-political life of Yemen. On 4 December 2017, Ṣāliḥ was assassinated by a group called Anṣār Allah thus opening a new chapter of South Arabian politics. This paper gives the review of Ṣāliḥ’s policy from the beginning of his presidency until his death, with a goal to explain his contribution to the creation and escalation of the ongoing crisis in Yemen. It is based on the results of two field studies, interviews as well as on the comprehensive analysis of pre-existing studies on this topic.

Za życiem, byle konsekwentnie

Author(s): Charles C. Camosy / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 666/2016

W życiu publicznym współczesnych społeczeństw narasta zapotrzebowanie na nowy rodzaj polityki. Takiej, która konsekwentnie stanie po stronie najsłabszych i najbardziej kruchych. Konsekwentnie za życiem. Konsekwentnie bez przemocy. Konsekwentnie po stronie osób marginalizowanych i pozbawionych przywilejów. Uważam, że podstawą takiej polityki powinien stać się sposób myślenia, który w USA nazywamy konsekwentną etyką życia.

Zabrana nošenja islamske marame u evropskom pravu

Author(s): Senad Ćeman,Mario Jašić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 10/2020

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Convention) guarantees through Article 9. freedom of thought, conscience and religion. While all European countries have accepted Convention, and many other documents which in theory guarantee many human rights and freedom of religion, in practice they do not applyequally to all groups of people. As Muslims are a growing group in Europe, it will of ten come into question their way of dress on work and public places. By studying the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (The Court), particularly the cases Dahlab, Lautsi and other, it is evident discrimination to the Muslim part of the population in European countries. The Court interpreted differently religious symbols but also when it comes to Islamic symbols, prohibit them, while other dominant religion symbol sallows. In addition, the European Court of Justice’s case - law has also recently appeared in thiscase in two cases

Zagadnienia migracji w nauczaniu Kościoła katolickiego

Author(s): Maciej Zaborski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

The phenomenon of migrating the population – migration of people (Latin: migratio) has been known since time immemorial. Its purpose is to change the place of stay of an individual or group. Displacements are historical, cultural, social, political, but also religious. The purpose of migration is to change the place of residence for various reasons, including for economic, political and social reasons. The Word of God states that “the earth belongs to me, and you are the strangers and settlers with Me” (Lev 25:23). The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Lumen Gentium (n. 9) teaches that “this people, though it does not currently include all people, and sometimes even turns out to be a small fl ock, is after all a powerful germ of unity, hope and salvation for the whole human race”. Also today, the Church, in response to the current international – political and economic migration situation, takes a stand in this matter. The article presents the issue of migration in teaching the Catholic Church also as a social problem. The author, striving for maximum reliability and showing the merits of the issue, considered the analytical method to undertake analytical and critical research of sources, referring to conciliar teaching and statements by Pope John Paul II and his successors on migration, emphasizing the moral and social aspect of this phenomenon.

Zagrożenia i bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe w perspektywie teologii politycznej Reinholda Niebuhra

Author(s): Jarosław Rokicki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

Reinhold Niebuhr, known as pastor of Bethel Evangelical Church, theologist, philosopher, political scientist and political activist had enormous influence on American political thought from the early 1920s to the early 1950s. He was able to successfully explain the roots of the atrocities of WW II and the Cold War period.

Zaštita ljudskih prava kao imperativ bezbednosne funkcije države

Author(s): Gojko Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3/2011

The paper deals with the development of state functions and activities which they are achieved. Particularly noteworthy is the security functions of the state in its classical sense, ie as an activity of the police on providing security to citizens. This function is yet in modern liberal and social democracies evolved into one of the most important tasks of all constitutional orders: the constitutional, judicial and administrative protection of a number of personal, political, labor, property, religious, ethnic, cultural and other rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The paper also referred to international legal and constitutional guarantees of human rights, and mechanisms for their protection, and the security function of the state is determinated.

Zjawisko islamskiego terroryzmu samobójczego kobiet

Author(s): Mateusz Zulczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

The direct objective of the suicide bomber is not only to bring their own death, but to cause the largest possible number of casualties among the community of potential adversary. The death of the executive intensifies the feeling of fear, because it shows complete intransigence of bomber and his willingness to submit biggest sacrifice in the form of his life. When planning terrorist attacks, the terrorists are counting primarily on the psychological effect, and it is much greater when made by woman, in many traditional environments identified as vulnerable, fragile, unable to harm. Article aims to describe the phenomenon of female suicide Islamic terrorism, on selected examples that clearly show similarities and differences among female suicide bombers in the various communities.

Zloporaba religija u nasilnim ideologijama

Author(s): Ivo Marković / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 74-75/2016

Kao muslimane potičemo vas i pozivamo da uđete u džihad protiv američkih i izraelskih okupatora. To su pothvati koje poduzimamo kao religioznu obvezu. Svevišnji Allah nam je zapovjedio u mnogim ajetima Kur’ana da se borimo na Njegovu putu i da potičemo vjernike da čine tako. Među tim riječima su i ove: “Borite se na Allahovu putu, vi ste odgovorni samo za sebe, i potičite vjernike, Allah će obuzdati moć otpadnika, Allah je jači i u moći snažan kada dosuđuje kazne.” Zakleli smo se Allahu da ćemo nastaviti borbu dokle god kola krv u našim venama i dokle naše oči vide i molimo Allaha da nas čuje i usliša do naše pobjede, nas i sve muslimane.1

Značenje kršćanske demokracije u aktualnom političkom trenutku Republike Hrvatske i geneza projekta Hrvatske kršćanske demokratske unije

Author(s): Marko Veselica / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04/1994

The author is of the opinion that Croatia has a singular tradition of Christian democracy which is represented by the political program of the Croatian Party of Rights after 1894, by the populist politics and the policies of the Croatian peasants’ party. The European experience in post-totalitarian societies shows that Christian democracy is a sine qua non for the renewal of the legal system and the system of values and should be taken into account in Croatia. Following the 1989 collapse of communism in Croatia only a national-populist party could have gained political clout. That was why the Croatian Christian-democratic party of Ivan Cesar was envisaged as a long-term political project. By bringing together ail Christian-democratic and populist parties within the Croatian Christian-democratic union, a genuine political power could sprout which might be a force to reckon with when outlining Croatian future political identity.

Zoila Combalía, Ma del Pilar Diago Diago, Alejandro Gonzáles-Varas Ibáñez (eds.): Derecho e Islam en una sociedad globalizada. (Law and Islam in the globalized society)

Author(s): Věra Stojarová / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

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