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In this article, we analyze the process of development of philosophical ideas at Kazan University during the Soviet and post-Soviet period and their reflection on the pages of the journal Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. We reveal areas of research carried out at the Department of Philosophy and make a conclusion that Uchenye Zapiski adequately reflected the level of philosophical thought at Kazan University in the given period.
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Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, it has been recommended to follow up with modern and modern meanings and has tried to incorporate the appropriate ones into their own within them. Members of the United Nations, especially the international supranational organizations, have made membership. The Turkish Republic initiated the membership application process to the European Economic Community during the Adnan Menderes period in 1959. Several negotiations and protocols between the EU and Turkey have been signed during this period, which has reached nearly sixty years. Despite the fact that membership negotiation process has been passed in the ongoing negotiation process, there is still no more full membership. In the study, the membership application process between the European Union and Turkey between 1959 and 2010 was tried to be critically evaluated. Qualitative research methods were utilized during the study conducted by searching and analyzing the sources. Even though full accession negotiation processes have been passed, the Republic of Turkey has not fulfilled its sufficient socio-cultural, political and economic requirements, although its membership has still not been fulfilled, and the European Union's prejudiced attitudes have resulted in the delayed process.
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Not very long ago, scholars saw it fit to name a new and quite widespread phenomenon they had observed developing over the years as the “judicialization” of politics, meaning by it the expanding control of the judiciary at the expenses of the other powers of the State. Things seem yet to have begun to change, especially in Migration Law. Generally, quite a marginal branch of the State's corpus iuris, this latter has already lent itself to different forms of experimentations which then, spilling over into other legislative disciplines, end up by becoming the new general rule. The new interaction between the judiciary and the executive in this specific field as it is unfolding in such countries as the UK and Switzerland may prove to be yet another example of these dynamics.
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Compared to its past structure, Turkey is now a country with low levels of fertility and mortality. This junction that Turkey now has reached is associated with a number of risks, such as an ageing population, and a decreasing working-age population. The antinatalist policy era of Turkey was followed by a period of maintenance, yet the recent demographic changes formed the basis of a pronatalist population policy from the government’s view. This study discusses the link between demographic change and population policies in Turkey. It further aims to position Turkey spatially in relation to selected countries that are in various stages of their demographic transitions with different population policies, using a multidimensional scaling approach with data on 25 selected countries from the UN. The analysis is based on a 34-year period, 1975-2009, so as to better demonstrate Turkey’s international position on a social map, past and present. Our findings suggest that Turkey’s position on the social map shifted towards developed countries over time in terms of demographic indicators and population policies.
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The aim of this study is to analyze and replicate the reflection of the plane crisis between Turkey and Russia on 24 November 2015 to the Russian economy. In addition, interaction within the context of the two countries' economies has been observed. Trade relations between the two countries are briefly the methods of screening and evaluation of data obtained according to the researches on the earth.
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Turkey and Greece has firstly encountered in the mid of 1950s following the resolution of conflicts stemming from Losanne Agreement. They have engaged in disputes sourcing from Aegean Sea since 1960s. Greece tried to manage power balance against Turkey’s power superiority in line with her traditional threat perception on her neighbor. In that basis, Greece searched alliances to the disadvantage of Turkey and increased her armament. In Cyprus, there is no had solution yet since Turkish peace operation on island. EU membership of Greece and Greek Cypriots made no contribution into the disputes between two countries and complicated with the involvement of other actors into discussions instead. Beginning from 1990s to present, exploratory talks at lower levels of state consultiations have been another method in generatiing solution to the conflicts. There is no comprehensive resolution in political horizon. The stability of Greece paves great importance to maintain essential political determination for negotiations. Fallacious policies and huge defence expenditures of have also contributed into recent the economic crisis. The collapse of Greek economy may cause the rise of nationalist movement and antidemocratic regime in that country.
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Ülkü, carries the same meaning as the word of idealism in western languages. Ülkü (Idealism) is, as a nation, to imagine the most beautiful goals and achieve these goals and to work relentlessly with a great desire for this sacred goal. Turkish ideal is a thought of morality, spirituality, human sense and the highest level in the science and technology, justice, education and to have the world's advanced nations on human rights and economically developed, established modern agriculture and industry, society still to come in prosperity, to protect her national interests and sovereignty continuously by only her own power and is to be a to be a nation listened anywhere in the World. This ideal is freeing the all Turks from foreign rule, all becoming independent and eventually all being united and establishing the “Turkish Union”, to be superior to all nations and be advanced in all respects.
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The aim of the research is to investigate population growth migration industrial development and to research the global integration results and solving ways of global ecological pollution with Azerbaijan sample.. The research deals with the ecological environmental pollution of Azerbaijan and focused on the reasons of immigration, industrial development and unjust war. The pollution fresh water basins of Kur and Araz rivers at the same time, generally, soil, air atmosphere, pollution, and population migration are connected with Armenian aggressive policy to Azerbaijan and the solution ways of these problems have been revealed in the article. The implicit and explicit use of chemical weapons to the civil population of Azerbaijan by Armenian unjust war has been pointed out. The Azerbaijan Government invited the organizations as OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) for judicial investigation of unjust war and for global environmental protection.
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The aim of the study is to examine the causal relationship between the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), oil price, dollar index, and BIST-Tourism index in the context of the Global Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) between February 1997 and September 2022. To achieve this aim, the Fourier Toda Yamamoto (TY) causality test and the fractional Fourier TY causality test were used. The Fourier TY causality test results show that there is a one-way causative relationship between the dollar index and the BIST-Tourism index, between the VIX index and the global EPU index, and between the dollar index and oil price. In addition, it is seen that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between the dollar index and the global EPU index. According to the results obtained from the fractional Fourier TY causality test, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between BIST-tourism and global EPU and between BIST-tourism and oil price. In addition, a one-way causality relationship was found from the VIX index to the BIST-Tourism index, from the dollar index to the BIST-Tourism index, from the global EPU to the VIX index, and from the oil price to the dollar index. These results show that the shocks are permanent. Overall, the findings suggest that the interaction between stock prices and both national and global macroeconomic indicators is mainly a consequence of financial globalization. In other words, the liberalization of fund transfers as a result of the liberalization of money and capital markets has led to the emergence of a multidirectional interaction between many variables.
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The long-term success of liberalism from the 18th to the 20th century – including the American experience of an open and liberal society that attracted millions of immigrants seeking a second chance at freedom, regularly invoked by the protagonists of liberal thought – is coming into question at the beginning of the 21st century. In the context of the general ideological and political crisis of liberalism, our focus is the loss of popularity of the gravitational values of economic liberalism - supporting a market economy based on individualism, economic freedom, private ownership and limited government interference. Contrary to the expected generation of economic prosperity, the application of economic liberalism shows a slowdown in economic growth. It did not help that the political acceptability of economic liberalism was paired with democracy, which was supposed to mitigate the inequalities created by "market failures". Now this concept of democracy is "attacked" by populism and nationalism, while it is increasingly revealed, which liberal thinkers do not contradict, that the (neo)liberal economic order is not capable of dealing with fundamental social asymmetries.
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As we know, poverty and wealth are relative concepts, depending on the social, political, economic, cultural benchmarks of those who evaluate these states. However, in the objectives of sustainable development and in the policies and strategic programs of the EU, there are a series of indicators that can measure, in a relatively appropriate manner, the state of poverty or wealth of the population. Thus, the article does not aim to point fingers, it does not analyse the paradox of resources - the conflict between the wealth of resources and the poverty of the population, but rather tries to investigate why some states are unable to provide sufficient social protection compared to others at the level EU27. The pandemic crisis of COVID-19 seriously hit all the economies of the world, as well as the economies of the EU27, but some recovered faster, others more difficult, the social transposition of the recovery being practically non-existent within the social parameters in certain EU countries. Thus, the article tries to investigate why and proposes a series of solutions for fixing this state of affairs.
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From the history of the economic development of England in the 16th-18th centuries, it is very important to study the history of the origin, activities, management bodies of one of the bond companies, namely Levant, and evaluate its role in the economic development of the country. The Levant Company originated in 1581 and maintained its monopoly in the Levant countries until 1753. In the middle Ages, the countries of the Mediterranean Sea - Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Greece belonged to the countries of the Levant, which were part of the Ottoman Empire. The Levant Bond Company, together with other companies: East India, West India, Moscow, East, Virginia, played an important role in the economic development of England. The Levant Company was one of the joint-stock companies, which differed from the early (1506) London Company of Merchant Adventurers. In addition to the Londoners, the provincial merchants were united in the Levant Company, and also most of them in three or more companies. If it were not for the large capital of the merchants, they would not be able to participate in the trade affairs of several companies at the same time. A member of the Levant Company had to be a bitumen trader or of seven years' service, under 25 years of age, and had to pay £25, and over that age twice that, £50. Each of them, upon entering the company, had to take an oath that he would not send goods to the Levant, except at his own expense, would not transfer the goods to persons without them, but would only transfer them to the representatives and factors of the company (persons equipped with trust-I.B.). The charter of 1661 defined the rule of the company's management. According to the charter, the company manager (governor), who had a deputy and assistants, was elected annually at the general meeting. The company also appointed its consuls. The company had a court or board in London, consisting of a manager, a deputy manager, and twelve directors or assistants, who actually had to live in or around London. They also had a deputy governor in every town and port where members of the company had to be. It turns out that the Levant shipping company was a rich one, whose geographical area was quite wide and included ports in Turkey, Italy, Spain, France, Catalonia and other countries. The company exported a large quantity of coarse wool, which was in great demand, especially in Turkey,. From where the Janissary corps was sewn to Faraja. Finally, the English cloth trade in the countries of the Levant left a large profit for England. Also, the import of oriental goods (raw materials) silk, cotton contributed to the development of relevant production, which led to the economic advancement of the country.
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This study examines the productivity and efficiency spillovers in the presence of trade linkages in 27 European Union countries from 1990 to 2019. The European Union is one of the largest trading blocs in the world and has implemented costly policies and reforms to improve productivity growth. Meanwhile, tradeinduced productivity and efficiency spillovers have often been overlooked in the literature, and examining them could provide further clarity to the productivity puzzle. Using a spatial Durbin model and a bilateral trade matrix, this study estimates a spatial stochastic production frontier model using data from the Penn World Table and the World Integrated Trade Solution. We decompose production frontier estimates to obtain the spillover effects of total factor productivity growth and technical efficiency from a network of bilateral trading partners. Our results provide evidence of productivity and efficiency spillovers; however, the gains are uneven. Policy implications are discussed.
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The size of the informal economy in Poland is estimated by means of the Currency Demand Approach (CDA). Using quarterly data for the period 1999–2019, we adopt two separate econometric approaches. First, we specify a single equation model to estimate it with the Fully-Modified OLS method. Second, the CDA coefficients are treated as a cointegrating vector in a cointegrated VAR. The size of the informal economy in Poland is found to have diminished from about 32% of GDP in 2000 to about 12% of GDP in 2019. We provide confidence intervals for our estimates which, to our best knowledge, are rarely presented in the literature; their width ranges from 3 to 7% of GDP.
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Review of: The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War Nicholas Mulder. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2022. Backfire: How Sanctions Reshape the World against U.S. Interests Agathe Demarais. New York: Columbia University Press, 2022. Sanctions: What Everyone Needs to Know Bruce W. Jentleson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. The Political Economy of Sanctions: Resilience and Transformation in Russia and Iran Ksenia Kirkham. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
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Bosnians show little faith in their state-level institutions, and with good reason, as the country ranks poorly on measures of corruption, regulatory quality, and government efficacy. However, the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CBBH) is a notable exception. In a country where the state is still often paralyzed by ethnically aligned obstructionism, the Central Bank is widely lauded as an effective state-level institution, and it backstops, and oversees, a stable, trusted, pan-Bosnian banking system. To explain the Bank’s success, we draw on rational choice and institutionalist literature to propose and test a theory of the “CBBH as referee” in its three main functional areas: currency board maintenance, payment system operation, and the coordination of banking supervision. We find evidence for this mechanism in the context of currency board operations, and we also document a Haas-ian neofunctional process, in which the Bank has interacted cyclically with foreign banks to unintentionally de-ethnicize the Bosnian financial sector. Initial Bank reforms facilitated foreign banks’ market entry, and their subsequent lack of interest in hewing to prior ethnic divisions served to cement a unified Bosnian financial space. We substantiate this argument with data drawn from interactive interviews with Bosnian policymakers, financial sector experts, and banking sector participants, and in so doing, also show how the commercial behavior of transnational actors can have unexpected policy impacts.
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The article examines how deindustrialization as economic restructuring and housing regime changes evolved interconnectedly in Romania during the Great Transformation from state socialism to neoliberal capitalism. This article also explores how they acted as conditions for the emergence of a real-estate-development-driven housing regime (REDD-HR) alongside other factors. The analysis is from the perspective of the geographical political economy on the variegated pathways of these phenomena across borders and secondary statistical data collected by two research projects conducted in Romania in the past two years. In the Eastern semiperiphery of global capitalism or a country of the Global Easts with a socialist legacy, after 1990, the state restructured the economy by privatizing industry and public housing. During state socialism, the housing regime supported industrialization-based urbanization, whereas deindustrialization-cum-privatization in emerging capitalism facilitated the appearance of real estate development. On the one hand, the article enriches studies on deindustrialization by highlighting the role of housing in the transformation of industrial relations; on the other hand, the paper revisits housing studies by analyzing deindustrialization as a process with an impact on the changing housing regime. Altogether, deindustrialization-cum-privatization and the changing housing sector are analyzed as prerequisites of the REDD-HR.
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The study aims to explore the economic and political consequences of the introduction of generative artificial intelligence, characterized by its ability to create any type of content. Its object is the generative artificial intelligence, and the subject is about the changes it brings to economy and politics. Politico-economic approach is applied to investigate the interactions of technology with the economy and politics. It is based on the understanding that changes in technology depend on politics and economics, but at the same time they cause changes in both. The study begins with the definition of generative artificial intelligence and its differences from other types of artificial intelligence, what it can do and what its limitations are. The implications for the economy, production, exchange, distribution, consumption are then considered. The questions about the prospects, fears, social controversies it brings are also analyzed. It ends with the role of politics in the development, regulation, limitation, implication, management of generative artificial intelligence, because the social contradictions it brings might become dangerous for the society and politics. The scope of the research is global, and from this comes the main conclusion that the development of artificial intelligence is a global problem that requires global solutions.
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International trade agreements contribute to the development of international trade and services. The European Union is currently modernizing the system and structure of international agreements related to international trade, investment and services. The aim of the scientific study is to clarify and identify the characteristic features of the agreements of new generation that are concluded between the European Union and non-EU member states. Based on the facts, we can confirm that trade policy supports, among others, values such as the protection of human rights, the protection of labor rights, the environment and the fight against climate change. Such an approach of the European Union to the liberalization of world trade through comprehensive trade agreements is also supported by the strategy of the European Commission „Trade for All”.
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