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Neujednačenost i Neefikasnost Sistema Besplatne Pravne Pomoći i potreba donošenja zakona o Besplatnoj Bravnoj Pomoći na nivou Bosne i Hercegovine

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

U januaru 2010. godine potpisan je Memorandum o uspostavljanju mehanizama za praćenje i ocjenu provođenja Strategije za reformu sektora pravde u Bosni i Hercegovini (SRSP-a) između Ministarstva pravde BiH i pet organizacija civilnog društva, i to Asocijacija za demokratske inicijative, Helsinški komitet za ljudska prava BiH, Udruženje „Vaša prava BiH“, Biro za ljudska prava Tuzla, Centra civilnih inicijativa, a ovih pet NVO u toku 2011.godine pridružila se NVO PAR Excellance. Memorandumom je utvrđena odgovornost i obaveza ovih organizacija, da svaka u okviru pojedinog stuba SRSP-a sistemski prati i ocjenjuje provedbu reformskih mjera i aktivnosti Akcionog plana Strategije za reformu sektora pravde u BiH. Udruženje „Vaša prava BiH“ je zaduženo za praćanje Stuba 3. Pristup pravdi Akcionog plana SRSP-a. Kao strateški cilj, između ostalih, utvrđeno je da se naprijedi sistem besplatne pravne pomoći i uspostavi jačanje i održavanje sistema kojima se garantuje jedank pristup pravdi u BiH. Programi iz reformske oblasti „ pristupa pravdi“ koji će se rješavati u okviru petogodišnje strategije, podjeljeni su u slijedeće segmente: međunarodna pravana pomoć i saradnja, besplatna pravna pomoć i pristup pravnim informacijama, briga o koriasnicima suda i uloga civilnog društva u pitanjima koja se tiču pristupa pravdi. Koristeći se višegodišnjim zagovaračkim iskustvom u oblasti demokratizacije i zaštite ljudskih prava, te poznavanje problematike u sektoru pravde u BiH, ove su se organizacije uključile u proces sveobuhvatnog izvještavanja o provedbi AP SRSP-a sa ciljem da doprinesu izgradnji nezavisnog, koordiniranog i efikasnog sistema pravde u BiH koji je odgovoran prema svim građanima BiH, potpuno usklađen sa EU standardima i najboljom praksom, te garantuje vladavinu zakona. Jedna od predviđenih aktivnosti vezanih za monitoring i ocjenu implementacije SRSP u BiH je i izrada ove studije slučaja kojom se želi prikazati neujednačenost i neefikasnost sadašnjih rješenja u oblasti besplatne pravne pomoći u Bosni i Hercegovini, te potreba za donošenje sveobuhvatnog Zakona o besplatnoj pravnoj pomoći za što kao osnova služe konkretna iskustva, naučene lekcije i praktični primjeri iz svakodnevnog rada Udruženja „Vaša prava Bosne i Hercegovine“ koje već više od 14 godina radi sa korisnicima na pružanju besplatne pravne pomoći.

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WRITTEN COMMENTS of the European Roma Rights Centre Concerning France (For Consideration by the Human Rights Council, within its Universal Periodic Review, at its 29th Session January–February 2018)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) hereby submits this report to the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) for the universal periodic review of France’s compliance with its human rights commitments. This report focuses on housing, forced evictions, access to water and sanitation.

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WRITTEN COMMENTS BY THE EUROPEAN ROMA RIGHTS CENTRE AND PRAXIS, CONCERNING SERBIA (For Consideration by the Committee on the Rights of the Child at the Concluding Observations of the 74th Session 16 January to 3 February 2017)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) and Praxis respectfully submit their written comments concerning Serbia for consideration by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) at its Concluding Observations of the 74th Session, which will be held from 16 January to 3 February 2017. The ERRC and Praxis have undertaken regular monitoring of the human rights situation of Roma in Serbia and this report reflects the current priorities in our work in Serbia. According to current official estimates, Roma in Serbia make up approximately 2.05% of the total population or 147,604 Roma. This makes Roma the second largest minority after Hungarians. However, a verified and accurate count remains elusive. Unofficial sources suggest that the number of Roma in Serbia is significantly higher, ranging between 250,000 to 500,000. In addition to the autochthonous groups, approximately 4,000 –50,000 Roma fled during and after the conflict in Kosovo to Serbia; only half of whom registered as internally displaced persons (IDPs). However, it is not known if all of them remained in Serbia or left for destinationsin Western Europe. Furthermore, thousands of Roma have been returned to Serbia from Western Europeancountries in the last years as failed asylum seekers; including Roma who were originally from Kosovo.Roma are the youngest ethnic group in Serbia. The average age is 27.5 years, compared to 40.2 years among the general Serbian population. According to UNICEF, the primary school completion rate for non-Roma children is 94.5% and the transition rate to secondary school is 96.5%, while for Roma children the primary school completion rate considerably lower - 63%, while the numbers for secondary school for Roma youngsters is even lower - 55.5%. Illiteracy rates range between age groups from 13.7% amongst adolescents to 57.2% among the elderly. Romani women are extremely disadvantaged when it comes to education achievements; illiteracy is estimated to reach up to 80%.

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WRITTEN COMMENTS of the European Roma Rights Centre and Center for Civil and Human Rights, Concerning Slovakia (For Consideration by the Committee on the Rights of the Child at the 72nd Pre-Sessional Working Group 5 - 9 October 2015)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The Center for Civil and Human Rights (Poradňa pre občianske a ľudské práva, hereinafter also referred to as „Poradňa“) and the European Roma Rights Centre (hereinafter also referred to as “ERRC”) hereby jointly submit this report to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter also referred to as “Committee”) for the consideration to the 72nd Pre-Sessional Working Group (05 Oct 2015 - 09 Oct 2015). The report focuses on issues disproportionately impacting Romani children in Slovakia including: - discriminatory legislation; - discrimination of Romani children in education; - sterilization of Romani girls without parental and informed consent; - segregation of Romani patients, including children, in hospitals; - adequate standard of living; - police ill-treatment and harassment; - Romani children in institutional care. In its 2007 Concluding observations (CRC/C/SVK/CO/2) , the Committee touched upon most of the abovementioned issues. The submitting organisations are concerned that Slovakia has done little to address the Committee’s concerns and recommendations and that progress in complying with the Convention on the Rights of the Child is slow and insufficient. Altogether more than 40 per cent of Roma in Slovakia live in segregated settings either outside of municipalities or on their peripheries. Many of those families live in substandard living conditions facing the threat of eviction. Residential segregation usually affects educational attainment and future employment possibilities. Discrimination against Romani children is twofold in education: they are overrepresented in special schools and classes for children with mild mental disabilities and also segregated in separate classrooms and schools within mainstream education. Romani children are also significantly overrepresented in State childcare institutions and disproportionally affected by the legislative framework regulating the social security system. In recent years, the submitting organisations have recorded a growing number of verbal and physically violent attacks and incidents of harassment committed by police against Roma, including minors, which have not been investigated effectively. Submitting organisations have also advocated for effective investigation of the practice of sterilization of Romani women and girls without parental and informed consent in Slovakia and adequate compensation for affected women and girls, which the Slovak Government fails to conduct.

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WRITTEN COMMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN ROMA RIGHTS CENTRE, MENTAL DISABILITY ADVOCACY CENTER AND PLATFORM FOR SOCIAL HOUSING, CONCERNING THE CZECH REPUBLIC

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

This joint written submission outlines key issues of concern with regard to the Czech Republic’s implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (hereinafter the “CERD Convention”). These key issues of concern are the following: a. general legal framework on discrimination; b. housing and adequate living conditions; c. inclusive education; d. ill-treatment and harassment; and e. involuntary sterilisations. 2. The purpose of this joint submission is to inform the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (hereinafter the “Committee”) of legislation, policies and practices implemented bythe Czech Republic which violate the CERD Convention. We are also recommending the Committee to remind the State Party that, when acting upon the Committee’s recommendations, it has to take into consideration the entire body of UN human rights jurisprudence (rather than looking at separate treaty-based bodies) and respect all the obligations it has assumed by ratifying numerous UN human rights treaties. To this end we are providing, where relevant, information on the jurisprudence and practices of other UN human rights bodies. 3. This joint submission has been prepared by the European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC), the Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC)2 and the Platform for Social Housing.

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WRITTEN COMMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN ROMA RIGHTS CENTRE CONCERNING ROMANIA (For consideration by the United Nations Committee Against Torture, at its 54th session 20 April to 15 May 2015)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

1. The European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) respectfully submits written comments concerning Romania for consideration by the Committee Against Torture at its 54th Session. The ERRC is an international public interest law organisation engaging in a range of activities aimed at combating anti-Romani racism and human rights abuse of Roma, in particular strategic litigation, international advocacy, research and policy development, and human rights training. Since its establishment in 1996, the ERRC has endeavoured to provide Roma with the tools necessary to combat discrimination and achieve equal access to justice, education, housing, health care, and public services. 2. Regular monitoring of the human rights situation of Roma in Romania has been undertaken by the ERRC and other NGOs. The analysis of the Romanian legal framework is informed by our extended litigation experience in both domestic and international forums. 3. After a brief overview of anti-Roma attitudes in Romania, this submission follows the order in the List of Issues Prior to Reporting. While the issues highlighted are often of a general interest, the ERRC is convinced that they have a disproportionate impact on Roma, given Romania’s history of discrimination against and exploitation of Roma, as well as enduring stereotypes and hostility towards them. The present document does not aim to address all issues of relevance to the implementation of the Convention or its provisions in Romania, nor is it a comprehensive summary of all human rights issues facing Roma in Romania. 4. According to current unofficial estimates, Roma in Romania make up approximately 9% of the population (approximately 1,850,000). However, a verified and accurate count remains elusive. According to the final results of the 2011 Census of the Population and Households published on 4 July 2013 by the National Statistics Institute, Romania had a total population of 20.12 million. Among the 18.88 million respondents who self-reported their ethnicity, 621,600 were Roma (3.3%, an increase from 2.46% in the 2002 census). 5. Deeply entrenched anti-Roma attitudes can be vividly seen in the annual surveys carried out by the National Council for Combating Discrimination (NCCD): in 20052 61% of respondents thought that Roma were a source of shame for Romania, while 52% of respondents went further to say that Roma should not be allowed to travel outside the country. These attitudes have not improved much: in 20133 48% of respondents said that they did not want a Roma work colleague, 41% would not want a Roma neighbour, and 38% would not want any Roma in their municipality. Public authorities are not insulated from these wide-spread and pernicious attitudes; in the absence of robust safeguards these attitudes may translate into violations of the Convention. 6. In recent years international monitoring bodies have expressed particular concern about the rise in anti-Roma rhetoric and racism in Romania. For instance, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) noted in its 2014 report that “Stigmatising statements against Roma are common in the political discourse, encounter little criticism and are echoed by the press, the audiovisual media and on the Internet. No effective mechanism is in place to sanction politicians and political parties which promote racism and discrimination.” Similarly, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”) stated in its 2010 Concluding Observations on Romania that it was “concerned at reports of the spread of racial stereotyping and hate speech aimed at persons belonging to minorities, particularly Roma, by certain publications, media outlets, political parties and certain politicians”. 7. CERD also expressed its concern regarding “the excessive use of force, ill-treatment and abuse of authority by police and law enforcement officers against persons belonging to minority groups, and Roma in particular”. 8. The climate of impunity for hate speech, stigmatisation, and discrimination is compounded by the absence of a robust framework to address anti-Roma violence, in particular violence perpetrated by the police. Again according to ECRI, as of 2014 “No significant steps have been taken to ensure compliance with the principle of non-discrimination by the police or to enquire as to the reasons why no complaints have been lodged against police officers”.

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WRITTEN COMMENTS BY THE EUROPEAN ROMA RIGHTS CENTRE CONCERNING TURKEY (Regarding EU Accession Progress for Consideration by the European Commission during its 2014 Review)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

1. Anti-Discrimination and Other Human Rights Law 2. Political Developments 3. Attacks on Roma 4. Legal Threat to Housing Rights

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WRITTEN COMMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN ROMA RIGHTS CENTRE, CONCERNING ROMANIA (For Consideration by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights at the 53rd Session 26-30 May 2014)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

According to current unofficial estimates Roma in Romania make up approximately 9% of the population (approximately 1,700,000). However, a verified and accurate count remains elusive. According to the final results of the 2011 Census of the Population and Households published on 4 July 2013 by the National Statistics Institute, Romania had a total population of 20.12 million. Among the 18.88 million respondents who self-reported their ethnicity, 621,600 were Roma (3.3%, an increase from 2.46% in the 2002 census). The ERRC’s research on Roma in Romania shows that Roma continue facing discrimination in all areas of social life, including housing, education, employment and health. In December 2011, the Romanian Government adopted the Strategy for the Inclusion of the Romanian Citizens belonging to Roma minority for the period 2012 – 2020 in the context of the European Commission’s Communication on adopting an EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020 (hereinafter the Strategy). The Strategy focuses on four areas, namely access to housing, access to health, education and employment. However, it has been highly criticised by NGOs, which were not consulted prior to its adoption. Moreover, the Strategy lacks clear indicators on measuring its impact, reducing the possibility of effective implementation and of improving Roma inclusion policies through lessons learnt.

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WRITTEN COMMENTS of the European Roma Rights Centre and Chiricli, Concerning Ukraine (For Consideration by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights at the 52nd Session 28th April to 23rd May 2014)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) and Chiricli respectfully submit written comments concerning Ukraine for consideration by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) at its 52nd Session from 28th April to 23rd May 2014. Regular monitoring of the human rights situation of Roma in Ukraine has been undertaken by the ERRC and Chiricli, and the work of both organisations is reflected in this submission. The present document does not aim to address all issues relevant to the implementation of the Covenant or its provisions in Ukraine, nor is the document a comprehensive summary of all human rights issues facing Roma in Ukraine. With this submission, the ERRC and Chiricli aim to present the results of research in several areas of relevance to the Covenant in order to complement the information provided in the State Report. The information reflects the current priorities of the submitting organisations in their work in Ukraine. According to the 2001 census, the most recent census data, the population of Ukraine is about 45,453,000 people, among them 47,587 Roma. However, unofficial estimates suggest that the number of Roma in Ukraine is between 120,000 and 400,000. Nationwide, comprehensive data on the socio-economic situation of the Roma in Ukraine do not exist. While nationwide statistics are in general based on the census results, the majority of Roma – for reasons that should be clear from what follows – do not disclose their identity in census-taking which creates a serious obstacle for the production of reliable data. Roma in Ukraine face everyday discrimination and social exclusion. Available data, often collected by civil society organisations, indicate that many Romani communities in Ukraine live in conditions of extreme poverty, often in segregated settlements with little or no access to services such as the education system, health system and other essential services. A number of overarching issues and developments have an impact on the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights by Roma in Ukraine. These include the Strategy for the Protection and Integration of the Roma national minority into Ukrainian society up to 2020 and the National Action Plan on Roma Inclusion, both adopted in 2013 as well as recently-introduced anti-discrimination legislation. Other major issues of concerns also addressed in this submission are the lack of personal documents and the consequences thereof when trying to access essential services, the lack of comprehensive or reliable ethnic data, and particular obstacles faced by Roma in Ukraine in relation to accessing education and housing.

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Izvještaj Mreže pravde u Bosni i Hercegovini za 2. Univerzalni periodični pregled o stanju ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

(B/H/S edition) The Justice Network in BiH is an informal network of 64 non-governmental organizations established in January 2010 to support development of efficient, independent, and accountable judiciary, in order to instigate more efficient protection of human rights and establishment the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). To this end, the Network launched monitoring of the implementation of UPR recommendations in BiH in the same year. During the last 4 years, i.e. in period from January 2010 to March 2014, based on the monitoring, evaluation and research activities conducted by the members of the Network gathered around the Working Group for monitoring the implementation of UPR recommendations, we have published 4 annual reports on implementation of UPR recommendations pertaining to the justice sector. The reports were submitted to an extensive number of the justice sector stakeholders and the international community. The process of monitoring and evaluation was based on the methodology which included the identification of measurable indicators for each UPR recommendation, data collection and processing in a period of 6 to 8 months, and drafting the report and additional recommendations for the local decision-makers to ensure that UPR recommendations are adequately and timely implemented. This summary, which was the subject of extensive consultations within and outside the Network, was prepared on the basis of the aforementioned reports.

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Joint Report of the Justice Network in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the 2nd Universal Periodic Review on Human Rights Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

(English edition) The Justice Network in BiH is an informal network of 64 non-governmental organizations established in January 2010 to support development of efficient, independent, and accountable judiciary, in order to instigate more efficient protection of human rights and establishment the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). To this end, the Network launched monitoring of the implementation of UPR recommendations in BiH in the same year. During the last 4 years, i.e. in period from January 2010 to March 2014, based on the monitoring, evaluation and research activities conducted by the members of the Network gathered around the Working Group for monitoring the implementation of UPR recommendations, we have published 4 annual reports on implementation of UPR recommendations pertaining to the justice sector. The reports were submitted to an extensive number of the justice sector stakeholders and the international community. The process of monitoring and evaluation was based on the methodology which included the identification of measurable indicators for each UPR recommendation, data collection and processing in a period of 6 to 8 months, and drafting the report and additional recommendations for the local decision-makers to ensure that UPR recommendations are adequately and timely implemented. This summary, which was the subject of extensive consultations within and outside the Network, was prepared on the basis of the aforementioned reports.

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Family Policy: Parental and Maternity Leave in the Context of Work-Life Balance and Equal Opportunities for Women and Men

Author(s): Jiřina Kocourková,Linda Sokačová,Alena Křížková,Hana Maříková,Alexandra Jachanová Doleželová,Kateřina Machovcová / Language(s): English

Family policy in the context of parenting and equal opportunities is a system of provisions, programs and policies sharing the common goal of supporting families and other types of partnerships. They are financial, material and legislative instruments that influence people’s decisions about family and having children. The foundation of family policy is the form of maternity and parental leave, possibly including the provision of father leave . The goal of family policy in regard to parenting should be the creation of a family-friendly environment in which people can freely decide whether they want to have children and how many. In such an environment people need not worry about their and their children’s socioeconomic situation and about their future, and can therefore freely decide to have as many children as they really wish. In the long term, this approach to parenting support is more effective than temporary pro-population measures which typically aim to stimulate the birth rate of some age groups but do not create stable conditions for parenting in the long run. Creating and fostering a positive environment is also more useful than implementing policy approaches based on penalizing one-child or childless families as some family policy or retirement concepts propose. Family policy that observes equal opportunities principles and promotes work-life balance, allows for a variety of life strategies both for those who decide to balance work and family as well as for those who prefer to look after their families full-time. Neither social group should be neglected or discriminated against – be it by the system of maternal and parental leave or by an associated policy (the retirement system, for instance), as it happens today. A good system of maternity and parental care is grounded in anti-discrimination principles which actively prevent discrimination of parents and other caregivers and promote equal opportunities. Ideally, a family policy that provides equal opportunities does not support only the types of idealized family units that are in accord with the party lines of the governing political party. On the contrary, a fair family policy understands families are dynamic entities that take many of well-functioning and responsible forms. [...]

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What works, what doesn't: International perspectives on balancing work and care

Author(s): Nina Bosničová,Jitka Kolářová,Linda Sokačová,Julia Kubisa,Mária Jacková,Oľga Pietruchová,Theresa Baumeister,Kateřina Jonášová,Pavla Frýdlová,Simona Hanusová / Language(s): English

Dear readers, This publication will present you with examples of work-life balance provisions in several European countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and Poland. International perspectives from countries which are geographically, culturally and historically related to the Czech Republic can lend direction and inspiration to the policy makers who shape the family, social and employment policies in the Czech Republic now and in the future. Although we culturally share many notions on gender roles and the position of women and men with our neighbors, the texts in this publication show there are great differences among the specific policies in each country and their impact on the real lives of women and men. Julia Kubisa from Poland, for example, describes the development of family policy in Poland in the last decade and its effects, including the legal aspects regarding professional babysitting, the abolishment of the parental allowance, and the policy of paternity leave. Good practices in these areas are discussed by Oľga Pietruchová and Mária Jacková, who describe work-life balance provisions and flexible parental allowance mechanisms in Slovakia. In addition, examples from Germany illustrate a well-conceived and stable approach to family policy. A series of interviews with Czech women living abroad gives a comparative perspective on work-life balance policies in different countries and the ways these policies affect families’ choices and living conditions. [...]

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Women on the Labour Market: Today and in the Future

Author(s): Vladimír Špidla,Kateřina Jacques,Agnieszka Rochon,Ewa Lisowska,Helena Skálová,Alexandra Jachanová Doleželová,Marie Valentová,Radka Dudová,Kairi Talves,Alice Červinková,Marcela Linková,Monika Bosá,Jasna A. Petrović,Heike Jensen / Language(s): English

Dear readers, We are pleased to bring to your attention Women on labour market: today and in the future, a book, which is one of the outcomes of the project Fit for Gender Mainstreaming - Gender-Sensitive Transcending of Borders between East and West. Based on cross-border qualification initiatives for multipliers and public events in all countries participating in the “East-West Dialogue”, the goal of the project is to advance gender mainstreaming strategies on a local level and enhance exchange of experiences and qualifications. The publication follows up the international conference Future of Women on the Labour Market, which took place under the auspices of Kateřina Jacques, a Member of Parliament, in Prague in October 2007. Our goal is to assess situation of women on the labour market, refer to persisting inequalities and inspire discussion about the future. We are aware of the fact that gender equality policies need a thorough evaluation to prevent biased application, which may lead to cementing gender stereotypes instead of disrupting them. Our texts address not only decision-makers, but they also represent a call for solidarity between women, since its lack often stands for a barrier in achieving equality. Thus, we decided to focus some of our current activities especially on women.

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BETON - Kulturno propagandni komplet br. 236, god. XVI, Beograd, sreda, 20. oktobar 2021.

Author(s): Dušan Grlja,Aleksandra Sekulić,Ebony Stewart / Language(s): Serbian

MIKSER, Dušan Grlja: O jednoj drugoj pandemiji – Ekonomska ideologija nezavisnosti i širenje bolesti zavisnosti; ŠTRAFTA, Aleksandra Sekulić: Oktobrova nesetnica; ZID, Novo doba: Robodoba; VREME SMRTI I RAZONODE, Eboni Stjuart: Volim ponedeljke

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Protokol o postupanju, prevenciji i zaštiti od nasilja u porodici

Author(s): Olja Stojanović,Biljana Zeković / Language(s): Montenegrine

Nasilje u porodici je najčešći, ali i najskriveniji, vid nasilja koji postoji koliko i samo čovječanstvo. Vijekovima se smatralo da je nasilje prema članovima porodice porodična, privatna stvar, pa su samim tim njegove razmjere bile nevidljive. Razvojem svijesti o ljudskim pravima, te pravima djece, žena i starijih u porodici u posljednje četiri decenije srušeni su brojni stereotipi o idealnoj porodici, kao što su na primjer uvjerenje o djetinjstvu kao najsretnijem razdoblju života, uvjerenje da su počinitelji seksualnog zlostavljanja najčešće osobe nepoznate žrtvi, uvjerenje o dostojanstvenoj starosti u krugu najbližih. Posljednjih decenija je nasilje u porodici postalo predmet šire društvene rasprave, naučnih istraživanja, briga brojnih društvenih i državnih institucija, a naročito nevladinih organizacija koje su istakle da je porodično nasilje (u kome su žrtve najčešće žene) jedan od najdrastičnijih oblika kršenja ljudskih prava. Klinička iskustva i empirijska istraživanja su pokazala da porodica kao osnovna jedinica društva nije samo podržavajuće okruženje koje pruža emocionalnu, socijalnu i materijalnu podršku članovima, već može biti i nasilno okruženje, pa sopstveni dom za koji kažemo da je utočište od surovog spoljnjeg svijeta postaje najopasnije mjesto u kojem se na najbrutalniji način krše osnovna ljudska prava njenih članova. Nasilje u porodici možemo odrediti kao skup ponašanja čiji je cilj kontrola nad drugim osobama upotrebom sile, zastrašivanjem i manipulacijom. Takvo određenje nasilja može se primijeniti u svim oblicima porodičnog nasilja – fizičko zlostavljanje, psihičko zlostavljanje, seksualno zlostavljanje i materijalno i radno iskorišćavanje. Nasilje u porodici predstavlja model ponašanja, u kome uglavnom muškarac, ostvaruje nadmoć i kontrolu nad drugima, korišćenjem fizičke ili psihičke prisile. Nasilju u porodici mogu biti izloženi svi članovi porodice, ali su najčešće žrtve ovog nasilja žene, djeca i starije osobe. Tolerisanje nasilja u porodici ima duboke korijene u kulturnim i patrijarhalnim obrascima ponašanja, koji podrazumijevaju rodno zasnovane strukture moći, podređenu poziciju žene, upotrebu fizičke snage kao legitimnog sredstva kontrole i moći prema ženi i slabijim članovima porodice. Patrijarhalni kulturni obrasci, koji su potpuno uspostavljeni i široko rasprostranjeni, su takvog karaktera da direktno i simbolički izražavaju i odražavaju autoritet i dominaciju muške grupe nad ženskom. Svi postupci muškaraca prema ženama i djeci, prema članovima porodice iz „nižih nivoa hijerarhije“, shvataju se kao pravo i obaveza „vaspitača“ da disciplinuju i uređuju unutrašnje odnose, da kažnjavaju neprivilegovane članove. Nasilje u porodici je izuzetno ozbiljan i složen problem sa kojim se susrijeću kako same porodice, tako i obrazovne i socijalne ustanove, organi unutrašnjih poslova i institucije pravosudnog sistema, nevladine organizacije. Ali, zakonski propisi, te pojedini strateški dokumenti, koji u svojim segmentima tretiraju problem nasilja, u praksi su teško primjenjivi jer ih nije pratilo: osiguranje infrastrukture koja je pretpostavka za sprovođenje zakona, osiguranje potrebnih sredstava, edukacija kadrova, umrežavanje nadležnih subjekata za primjenu legislative, uspostavljanje jedinstvene statističke baze podataka o žrtvama nasilja u porodici.

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Evropa u mom gradu - O čemu pregovoramo i što nam pregovori sa EU donose?

Author(s): Ana Vujošević,Boris Marić,Chiara Gaia Iascone,Daliborka Uljarević,Danilo Ajković,Eliška Veselá,Jelena Žugić,Marko Sošić,Milan Marković,Mladen Perazić,Nemanja Tepavčević,Nikola Djonović,Petar Đukanović,Snežana Kaluđerović,Tamara Milaš,Vera Šćepanović,Vučić Ćetković / Language(s): Montenegrine

Crna Gora će proći do sada najzahtjevniji i najsloženiji put pregovora sa Evropskom unijom (EU). Činjenica da će pregovori početi poglavljima 23 – Pravosuđe i temeljna prava i 24 – Pravda, sloboda i bezbijednost, kao i da će ova poglavlja ostati otvorena do samog kraja, ukazuje na veličinu izazova sa kojim će biti suočena Crna Gora tokom pregovaračkog procesa. U publikaciji pred vama je kratak osvrt na ono čime će se veliki broj ljudi uključenih u pregovore po raznim osnovama, a posebno crnogorske nadležne institucije, baviti kroz usklađivanje crnogorskog pravnog okvira sa komunitarnom tekovinom EU, ali i kroz riješavanje raznih nivoa problema tokom cijelog procesa pregovora i nakon njih. Naša je namjera da približimo široj javnosti sadržaj pregovaračkih poglavlja projektujući ih na crnogorski model pregovora. Naime, jedna dimenzija ovog složenog procesa je to što će hiljade ljudi konkretno, dugo i naporno raditi na ispunjavanju preporuka EU i usklađivanju pravnog okvira sa standardima EU, odnosno izgradnji institucionalnih i demokratskih kapaciteta crnogorskog društva. Ali, druga, podjednako važna dimenzija jeste što će se paralelno svi građani i građanke Crne Gore, polako ali sigurno, kretati ka razumijevanju i prihvatanju konteksta koji će oblikovati pregovori po ovim poglavljima, a što će pratiti učinkovite reforme. Poglavlja su kreirana po društvenim oblastima i cio proces je vrlo precizno razrađen da prvo skenira stanje društva koje treba da postane punopravni član EU, kroz eksplanatorne i bilateralne sastanke, nakon kojih se kroz napredak i realizaciju akcionih planova dolazi do mjerila za otvaranje pojedinih poglavlja koje prati dalji napredak i efikasnost i efektivnost realizacije utvrđenih zadataka do dostizanja mjerila za zatvaranje pojedinih poglavlja. Ova procedura pregovora može asocirati i na pravila neke društvene igre. Ko prođe sve baze na koje naiđe pobijedio je. Lijepo bi bilo da su pregovori igra, ali oni su najzahtjevniji i najizazovniji proces sa kojim se crnogorske institucije sistema, pa i crnogorsko društvo, u cjelini suočavaju. Dešava nam se da stavljamo svoje kapacitete na provjeru na način koji nam do sada nije bio svojstven. Provjeravamo mogućnosti pune izgradnje institucionalnih kapaciteta, istražujemo sopstvene demokratske potencijale, suočavamo se sa razbijanjem tabua i predrasuda, otvaramo se za drugosti, postajemo spremni da preuzmemo odgovornost. Možda se nekom čini da smo ovo nekada ili makar nešto od ovoga već radili. Pokušaja jeste bilo, ali sistemskog pristupa izgradnji funkcionalne demokratije i nečega što kratko možemo definisati kao evropeizaciju društva zasigurno nije bilo. Danas i Unija ima brojne probleme, a posebno su izraženi problemi ekonomske prirode. Sumnjičavi bi mogli postaviti pitanje da li je uopšte opravdano kretati se ka evropskim integracijama, da li su iste možda prevaziđene? Kvalitet evropskih integracija je upravo u tome što je Unija uspjela da izgradi mehanizme demokratskog rješavanja svih pitanja. A taj kvalitet je vrlo potreban na ovim prostorima. EU nije samo uspješna ekonomska priča, ona je prije svega uspješna demokratska priča. Sve i da, hipotetički gledano, Crna Gora odustane od evropskih integracija, ona ne bi imala budućnost funkcionalne i prosperitetne demokratije bez pretresanja i izgradnje društveno-političke i ekonomske osnove na vrijednosnoj osnovi izgrađenoj u Uniji.

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Възможност за трансформация по отношение на финансирането на здравното осигуряване в България

Author(s): Teodora Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The complicated financial situation in healthcare in Bulgaria is determined by demographic and socio-economic factors. The rapid rate of population aging, the decrease in the number of people of working age and the increased levels of migration are one of the reasons for the formation of high costs for compulsory health insurance in the country. Therefore, not enough high revenues from health insurance contributions are accumulated to meet the regularly rising annual health costs. The situation with the spread of Covid-19 infection over the past two years has exacerbated the negative financial effects in the health insurance sector. Transformation is needed through a radical proposal for a health development scenario. The main direction is to lay three pillars of the insurance model.

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Фасилити решения при ваксинационния процес във Военномедицинска академия – София

Author(s): Anton Pramatarov,Georgi Kukushev,Silvia Trifonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

At the end of 2020, in Bulgaria the vaccination process against COVID-19 started, according to the National Vaccination Plan approved by the Minister of Health. As of February 10, 2022, more than 2 million people have been fully vaccinated with the approved vaccines in Bulgaria – Moderna, BioNTech/Pfizer, Janssen, Astra Zeneka. The aim of this study is to analyze the measures and solutions in terms of the theory of Facility Management, which are designed to help both the good management and proper reconstruction of the space in the central building of the Military Medical Academy – General Hospital for Active Treatment, Sofia, as well as for the organization and provision of the vaccination process of the population. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the key aspects of the National Vaccination Plan in the Republic of Bulgaria, the development and use of safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19, the vaccination campaign against coronavirus infection in Bulgaria and the results of the vaccination process. The number of vaccinated persons with completed vaccination course against COVID-19 in Bulgaria is monitored.

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An Empirical Study of Perceptions of Investment Plans as Pension Alternatives - Evidence from Bulgaria

Author(s): Miroslav Kamdzhalov,Hristosko Bogdanov,Petya Angelova,Georgi Marinov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Pension systems all over the world, and particularly in Europe, are under tremendous pressure. The global demographic shift toward longer life expectancy and lower fertility is the primary source of tensions on pension systems, with the traditional pay-as-you-go type becoming more questionable in its efficiency. In this study, we explore the perceptions toward this issue in Bulgaria, as well as what are the possible outcomes as results of different actions. Our survey was conducted with an online form, among respondents from Northeastern Bulgaria. We explore primarily the opinions of young people, since we expect them to be the most active and the most strongly concerned in the process. Our findings show the Bulgarian public is still relatively reluctant to newer types of investments.

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