We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
A synthesis that presents the problems of strategic management in Bulgaria's defense policy. It discusses defense planning topics and how to implement rearmament policies in the context of developing modern perceptions of warfare and war
More...
Author made the socially-philosophical analysis of the essence of military security, place and role of state military establishment to prevention the external and internal threats in this article.
More...
Problem setting. At the time when states and societies are undergoing significant social and political transformations, there is a substantial increase in the role and significance of a mythological component of the public awareness. Violent political, economic and state transformations, social and military conflicts, inability of adequate rational explanation of the social and political climate in the state and definition of future prospects for development, lack of developed national ideology are actualizing the tendency to mythologization of citizens ’public consciousness. Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of social and political mythologization, its use in manipulative technologies, role and meaning in functioning of the society is actively discussed in the political, sociological and philosophical discourse. Paper objective. The article is aimed at revealing the essence of the social and political myth and its modifications (stereotypes, «fake») and revealing their significance in manipulating Ukrainian citizens ’public consciousness in the context of information warfare. Paper main body. Crisis processes in the modern Ukrainian society, connected with hostilities in the East of the country, annexation of the Crimea, economic and social in-stability, existential uncertainty, loss of social guidelines and priorities, social disappointments of a significant part of people are determining the process of social and political mythologization. Under these conditions, there is an urgent necessity to define social functions of mythology which has a positive character consolidating the nation, awakening national and civic consciousness, nurturing the national identity and ensuring the historical and ideological connection of generations as well as negative one which manifests itself in hyper-trophied perception of the role of a separate political leader or certain political force, fueling interethnic hostility and active political manipulation. Political mythology plays a significant role in uniting the country’s population around a certain political force which does not always use the political energy of the public in the interests of the state and society. Under modern conditions, the mythologization process is impossible without use of mass media and Internet resources that have an impact on both citizen’s individual consciousness and public awareness. Conclusions of the research. Under conditions of social and political instability and military threat, Ukraine also suffers from information warfare that affects the strategy of the country’s foreign and domestic policy. In the circumstances, it is necessary to take into account the significance of social and political mythologization, use all the possibilities in order to direct its influence to maintain national interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.
More...
Europe must have the military power to defend and impose its interests and protect its values. Military force with built structure capable of functioning in a multilateral security organization with common operational procedures and an effective command and control, efficient logistic support, major transport facilities and well trained and capable of interchanging armed forces.The main problems related to the establishment of joint armed forces are: lack of a unified vision of the member states about such a need; complexity of the relationship "NATO and the European Union"; difficulty agreeing on geographical areas of operation; US policy; costs and others.
More...
Из једног интервју-а с адмиралом Симсом — W. S. Sims —, главним заповедником америчких морских снага у Светском Рату, који je нзишао у њујоршкој ,,Review of Reviews“ за мај 1927
More...
This paper deals with motorization process in the Royal Yugoslav Cavalry. The first ideas on this topic among high ranked Yugoslav officers has appeared in the same time as the process of transformation and motorization of cavalry unites started in the armies of the great European and World powers. The first initiative of this has been shown by general Milan Nedic, at the beginning of 1934. Short time after that he had taken position of the Chief of Main General Staff . The main reasons why Yugoslav cavalry units’ motorization process has been late was in the consequences of the great economic crises, and partial security of Kingdom of Yugoslavia borders, because it was part of two military alliances (Little Entante and Balkan Treaty). Yugoslavia also didn’t have its own Motor Car Industry. General Nedic as a reform maker had lost his position in March 1935, very soon after King’s Alexander assassination. First light cavalry tanks were bought in Czechoslovakia in 1937, but only for the experimental purposes. At the same time, the state was surrounded by very weak unfriendly neighbors (except Italy) until 1938, when the Third Reich reach Yugoslav borders on the North, and the Little Entante was terminated. After that the plan on motorization of one Cavalry Brigade in each of three Royal Yugoslav Cavalry Divisions had been appeared. The contract was signed with the Italian industry in the end of 1939, and the fi st small shipments of the transport vehicles started to come in Yugoslavia during 1940. In the period when all European nations were preparing for war, this state didn’t buy all armament and motor vehicles which were needed for the transformation of the cavalry unites, even thou it was enough money for this purpose. There was also not enough time for the training of the troops for the future mechanized Cavalry unites. Until the war in Yugoslavia had been started, Yugoslav Royal Army achieved to include the motorization only in one cavalry brigade (Third Cavalry Brigade of Third Cavalry Division), but not having the armored cars, heavy motorized artillery and tanks. Because of that this unit didn’t achieve any success during short episode of war in Yugoslavia in April 1941, although its offi cers and soldiers had showed a lot of courage.
More...
The first decades of the XXI century have shown that mankind has once again suffered disappointment in optimistic forecasts, promising peace and harmony to the people. Increasingly, symptoms are manifested that contradict solidarity: increased distrust, centrifugal tendencies, the desire to leave unions and associations, the growth of violence, the spread of the threat of terrorism – all this indicates the growth of destructive trends in the modern world. In this situation, reliance on force (whether hard or soft) seems much more preferable than trying to reach consensus. It is not surprising, therefore, that almost all theoretical models that focus on the rationale for consensus strategies, have faced a serious crisis of legitimacy if not lost their impact on real policies. The article analyzes the base theoretical foundations of the solidarity concepts of the second half of the twentieth century, identifies their vulnerable positions, which served as a target for criticism in modern political science and political philosophy, and traces the possible vectors of their transformation.
More...
In this article, attempt is made to cover several questions related to mercenary armies in Serbia during the reign of King Stephen Uroš II Milutin (1282–1321): origins of the mercenaries, the events in which they took part, their organization, expenses and finally causes of their frequent and numerous presence. The basic and the most visible trait of these mercenary armies is their heterogeneity. Sources speak of the three ethnically distinct groups of mercenaries: those from surrounding lands, Orientals and Westerners. Bulgarian and Greek mercenaries were used in the campaign against Byzantium in 1284 and in later events during Serb-Byzantine war. They also participated in the struggle for the throne between Milutin’s sons Constantine and Stephen in 1321–1322. The Orientals (Turkopoles, Cumans, Alans and Tatars) are mentioned in sources during the civil war between Milutin and Dragutin in 1310–1311, in which they provided crucial help for Milutin’s side, as well as in several subsequent episodes. Western mercenaries were also present in Serbia at the time, but evidences are scanty; the only confirmed example is the case of Francesco de Salomone оf Treviso, who was knighted by Milutin in 1304. The most important of all these groups in military context were the Orientals. Two thousand Cumans who served as king’s bodyguards and 1.500 Turkopols under the leadership of Constantine Malik were the most numerous mercenary contingents, not only during the reign of Milutin, but in Nemanjić state in general. Hiring of the mercenaries was the task given only to the most confidential people; even Milutin’s designated successor Constantine was directly involved. Hiring was expensive and frequently it put the state in great financial straits. Since funds of the state treasury were not sufficient to cover the costs of the mercenary armies, extraordinarily financial measures were taken. In 1310, Orientals were partly equipped and financed from the treasury of Hilandar monastery, while in 1320, in order to secure funds for hiring Greek mercenaries, special financial contribution was requested from authorities of Republic of Ragusa, Numerous and frequent presence of mercenary armies in Serbia at the end of Thirteenth and at the beginning of the Fourteenth century may be linked to internal difficulties and precarious position of the ruler himself. Therefore, due to the unreliability of domestic army who was recruited from the ranks of frequently unfaithful aristocracy, employment of the mercenaries was the need and the necessity. The way in which Stephen Uroš II Milutin used foreign soldiers is an important indicator of the means and ends of the state policies. It is also a vivid testimony of his statesmanlike abilities and qualities.
More...
It is wrong to assess influence of certain foreign military literature on Serbian one merely by number of translated titles. In this particular case statistics can lead us on wrong conclusions. Success on the battlefield, new thoughts in arts of war, and new technical solutions used to have greatest response and influence on development of military literature. Initially, Serbian military literature used to develop under strong influence of French military literature which used to be considered as best one all away from the times of Napoleon Bonaparte. In military terms, unified and enlarged Germany after victory over France 1870/71 became model for almost all European states. Serbia was no exception either. German influence on Serbian military literature during 70’s and 80’ of the 19th century was strong and dominant. Instructed by its own experience Serbian officers corpse begins to search for models in literature of other European countries. Real stimulus represented political changes after the abdication of King Milan in 1889. In addition, new subject, Russian language was introduced in curriculum at Military academy in 1890. In town of Niš, new society for learning of Russian language and literature named as “Russian circle” has been established. So, by the end of 19th century number of titles from French and Russian military literature equaled with those in German. To a certain extent Serbian authors can be denied originality while they could be characterized as compilers; however it does not diminishes their importance. By using foreign military literature Serbian offices kept pace with ideas and ruling doctrines in developed European armed forces. If we take in mind total number of Serbian officers, size of the army and its equipment, overall situation looked logical. Because principal issues and truths from the military domain were mostly refined and elaborated, originality came from skillful implementation of already known and determined principles on circumstances which ruled in Serbian army.
More...
Topis of discution in the given article is ideological gap in Serbia wirth greater impetus given after the NATO aggresion. For example author gives old communist story on “class enemies” as transformed into new one on “patriots” and “traitors”. Main function of ideological story is to shift the attention of the people from social and political crysis and of evident failures of the government. Consequence of the story is diminishing the allready low degree of toleration within Serbian society and hindering the consensus of main questions, for there “could not be negotiations with the traitors”.
More...
In the article author analyses changes political meaning of the democracy causing NATO alliance before and after bombardment FRYugoslavia. Key changes relate to the aspect of differences internal and external democracy. Democratic states in Western Europe use totalitarian political means towards o the other states. Author underline seven nondemocratic means which were used by Western democracies states during bombardment / war, ruling without public control, violate the rule of law, using laying, denying political election, destroying information institutions, violating right of property. In conclusion, author assert that criteria of character of nondemcratic system there are in the concrete political works.
More...
Научни скуп „100 година српског војног ваздухопловства“, Земун, 12–13. јун 2012. / Conference “Centennial of the Serbian Air Force”, Zemun, 12‐13 June 2012.
More...
In this work author analyzed a modern concept of national security and alternatives to the concept that have appeared so far in contemporary theory and practice. The concept of human security that had emerged in the middle of nineties in last century has been estimated by many theoreticians as “a finally found” alternative to a state- centered concept of national security that excluded a person- individual as a referential object of security defense. However, the states which have been among the first ones to have embraced this concept of human security and implemented it into their own security strategies and politics have not abandoned from their systems of national security at the same time. On the contrary, majority of these states have additionally strengthened their own armed forces, therefore in practice having established some sort of a middle form of these two concepts, that is being regarded as a basis for a new conceptualization of security.
More...
The Problem setting. General globalization processes on the European continent and the aggressive actions of individual States caused a radical revision of the system of ensuring national security of Ukraine, which transformed in the direction of Euro-Atlantic integration. Dramatic geopolitical changes of the last decade, the military-political confrontation with the Russian Federation radically transformed the whole organization of international relations established after the Second world war. Therefore, the problem of ensuring national security is our country in modern conditions a special, unprecedented, value. Recent research and publications analysis. The availability of scientific publications allows us to conclude that the research of the designated problems is carried out mainly within the framework of political and economic science. Attempts holistic philosophical understanding of the nature and determinants of the direction of development of Ukrainian society in the Euro-Atlantic area are insufficient. Paper objective. The purpose of this article is to attempt a philosophical understanding of the need for Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine in the context of ensuring its national security. Paper main body. Ukraine is becoming a more active player in international relations due to its geopolitical position. Modern Ukraine plays an extremely important role in the development of political and economic cooperation on the European continent and in adjacent areas, providing in conditions of extreme military and information aggressive activity of Russia regional stability and security. For Ukraine, the issue of Euro-Atlantic choice is not rhetorical. History cites many vivid examples that clearly demonstrate that their historical-cultural and mental sources Ukraine has always belonged to the transatlantic space. In the foreign policy priorities of our state, this selection occupies a special place. The modern foreign political course of Ukraine for Euro-Atlantic integration implies the desire to become part of the most efficient and effective collective security system, with clear guarantees of their own security. The intensification of European integration processes means more intensive inclusion of Ukraine in international cooperation for conflict and counter the latest threats in the security sphere. The main directions of ensuring national security in the sphere of international cooperation is integration into the international system of security and cooperation on prevention of illegal actions in the sphere of security. The article highlights how obvious the prospects and benefits of Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine and its possible risks and threats to national security. Conclusions of the research. Despite the fact that a full-fledged member of the Euro-Atlantic space in the short and even medium term, Ukraine will not be able to become, it can significantly increase cooperation with the countries of the West, which will greatly enhance her chances and accelerate the pace of integration. The course of Euro-Atlantic integration is not limited to declarations and statements. This is a concrete, planned, multi-faceted activity. Being interconnected and interdependent, the problems of security and development of modern society require a comprehensive study because of their joint decisions determine the future as a separate country and humanity in General.
More...
This study aims to highlight the new provocations at the British diplomacy in the early months of the crisis related to the outbreak of the Great War. It also discusses the role of British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey and whether his actions appear correct or not, so structured political configuration.
More...
The article, based on archival materials, describes events connected with the preparation of the demonstration on February 14, 1917. It is shown that, in the atmosphere of the “Gov¬ernment Assault” undertaken by the liberal opposition, the group of the most radical opposition, supported by the Central Military Industrial Committee and led by A. I. Guchkov decided to join the workers’ organizations in order to organize a grand anti-government demonstration. The Central Military Industrial Committee kept contact with the working people through the “Working Group”, which was a part of the Committee and was headed by the Menshevik K.A.Gvozdev. It was expected that on the day of the convocation of the State Duma, on February 14, a hundred thousand people would gather at the walls of the State Duma and would require the deputies to create a “Provisional Government” responsible to the Duma and the “people”. In case the police and government forces tried to scatter the protesters, then, according to the police, it was planned to provide armed resistance; weapons were given to people at some factories. It was supposed that the manifestation could become the beginning of an armed uprising and revolution. The authorities were worried by the news received, and they arrested the “Working Group”, nevertheless, preparations continued. However, the possibility of an uncontrolled development of events worried the moderate leaders of the Progressive Bloc and, at a meeting on January 29, P.S.Miliukov spoke out against the planned demonstration. At the same time, another leader of the Bloc, M.V.Rodzianko, tried to use the fears of the authorities to get their consent to the creation of a responsible ministry. Finally, Miliukov and Rodzianko made an appeal before the workers to refrain from demonstration, and it did not take place. However the authorities appreciated the loyalty of the opposition and, according to some information, Nicholas II decided to agree to the creation of a responsible ministry.
More...
Author is dealing with the traits of new global hegemonism, i.e. logic of force, contradictions of democracy, getting the rid of sovereignty. In the basis of new hegemonism is postindustrial integratism, aggressive technicism of the rich against the poor societies. Special attention is paid to the reception of Yugoslavia's resistance to the neocolonialism in European and domestic public oppinion. Author outlines the paradox of maintaning of new hegemonism within European socialdemocratic and socialist parties. In the concluding part of the article author points to the dilemmas of new hegemonism, designing of new military aliances against NATO strenghtening the division between developed und underdeveloped countries, and reafirming of left ideas.
More...
The Peace Treaty of Neuilly, signed after the end of the First World War, is only one of the darkest cases in the history of Bulgaria in the 20th century. The conditions of peace affect all spheres of life of others. Their impact is particularly visible in terms of the national power of the time, which is very damaged. I have this in the 20s - 30s of the XX century, the Bulgarian government is making serious efforts to overcome the negative effective effects of a peace treaty in order to return to Bulgaria as a factor in the Balkans.
More...
У историји људскога друштва највише је глорифицирана храброст. Прва историја човечанства — мит, код свију народа, то је само епопеја о храбрости, и онда када је оличена у делима једне личности. Она, по општем схватању, улази у ред врлина.
More...