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European Perspective and Connectivity of the Western Balkans as a Specific Priority of the First Bulgarian Presidency of the Council 2018

Author(s): Monika Panayotova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Please let me extend my gratitude to the Faculty of International Economy and Politics of the University of National and World Economy and to the Bulgarian Association of Political Science for the invitation and the opportunity to exchange withyou on the important topic of the European perspective and connectivity of the Western Balkans as a specific priority of the first Bulgarian Presidency of the Council 2018.

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Bilateral Issues in SEE under External Pressure: Risks for the European Prospects of the Western Balkans

Author(s): Dinko Dinkov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As in previous times, nowadays processes in Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)have been swirled into the maelstroms of world geopolitical clashes. Following theunprecedented "new world order", initiated by the superpower that has prevailed atthe end of Cold War era, the main features of the current international system havebeen molded within the clashes among new centers of power, declaring ambitions tobe paramount factors in a dynamically changing world.

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The Balkans in the New Energy Architecture: Political and Economic Dynamism

Author(s): Elisabeth Yoneva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the last decades, the subject of the development of the energy sector in the Balkancountries provokes special attention due to its relevance in the context of the changing geopolitical and geoeconomic landscape in Eurasia, as well as the transformations on a global level. The restructuring of the region represents an essential element in the shifting model of international relations, determining new roles and functions for the Southeast European states within the world system. They are facing the challenge to adapt to the new realities and the measures undertaken and planned to improve the national situation alter their diplomacy and especially their approaches towards different regions. In turn, this causes large spillover effects on international relations. In the light of these new developments, the paper explores the principal dimensions of the energy architecture in the Balkans and the resulting foreign policy implications, by comparing the strategies implied according to the correspondent national energy guidelines. The aim of the study is to contrast the various approaches, in order to assess their potential capacity, the crucial differences and the similarities between them, as well as their advantages and limitations. The analysis also showcases the main vectors of the interests of global players such as the EU, Russia, the US, China, and especially the resulting implications of their involvement in the region with emphasis on recent transformations. The author discusses different aspects of the significance of this zone as an energy junction and the ambitions of the Balkans to act as a bridge between East and West. Special attention is paid to the impact of the political approaches on the establishmentof regional patterns of energy cooperation or competition. Looking at the subject from the perspective of the evolutions in the last years, the paper investigates the endogenous and exogenous dynamics of the changing energy settings in Southeast Europe. The research work outlines the conceptual frame of the attempts of the Balkan countries at both bilateral and multilateral level to recalibrate their actions, in order to unlock the potential of the region as a stable partner, particularly with regard to energy supplies. Currently, the level of energy insecurity and vulnerability of the Balkan states remains high, albeit to varying degrees, and the successful elimination of the label "unstable energy architecture" for Europe’s East requires revised vision for the region that will envelop political and economic dimensions of development.

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Common Projects in the Energy Sector: The Balkans and the European Energy Union

Author(s): Alexei Margoevski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the cooperation in energy issues among SEEcountries. The paper focus is on the current energy projects of common interest in the region andthe perspectives for their realization from Bulgarian point of view. The EU Energy Union Strategysets the goal of diversification of gas supplies to Europe. Currently there are more than 70 gasprojects listed as Projects of Common Interest (PCI). The European Energy Union should be established by 2020. The process, however, faces serious challenges when it comes to the Balkanswhere national particularistic approaches to energy security are still strong. This is the regionwith the lowest level of energy connectivity in Europe. Since the Balkan countries have modestenergy resources, the level of analysis cannot be national or only narrowly regional. One mustrefer to the wider regional level. Hence, the importance of the Balkans for the global energy corridors comes from their strategic position The region is important for the transport of oil and natural gas from the Middle East and Central Asia to western markets. The interconnectors that arebuilt or have to be built in the region are PCI for EU. The Union declares that an emergency planfor possible energy crises must be established, and common approach must prevail over self-helpin such circumstances. For that reason since 1993 there have been plans for eight energy corridors in the SEE: "South stream" pipeline, then its successor the "Turkish stream", "NABUCCO",the "Trans-Adriatic pipeline", "AGRI" and "East ring", as well as the oil pipelines "AMBO" and"CPOT". Consequently, the EU supports the PCI in the region with the intention to incorporatethem in the future European Energy Union.

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The Balkans’ Image as Constructed in Donald Trump’s Public Statements (2017-2018)

Author(s): Kalina Ishpekova-Bratanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study was prompted by the strong academic and research interest in President Donald Trump’s governance and rhetorical style, which is atypical of any senior government official holding a high post in the state administration. Another major motivation for selecting thisresearch object is the topicality of political discourse, and its linguistic and pragmatic aspects, inthe era of post-truth politics. Yet another reason was the typically negative image of the Balkans ina historical perspective. The findings in this study largely confirm those established in previousresearch with regard to Donald Trump’s foreign policy priorities. Even though Trump is differentin form – in language and rhetoric – in his foreign policy, he shows continuity with his post-ColdWar predecessors in substance, especially in the Balkans and South-eastern Europe.

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EU and US Leading Approaches to the Western Balkans: Compatibility and Differences

Author(s): Sonia Hinkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes the nature and dynamics of EU and US spatial interests andpolicies that outline their spheres of influence in the Western Balkans. It presents the tools andapproaches (strategic, economic and political) through which these two actors assert their geopolitical interests in the region and specifically in the six Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro). It is argued that the EU and US approaches in the Western Balkans are strategic in nature and sustainable. The paper aims at analyzing and comparing the two strategic approaches in terms of their compatibility and differences.

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The role of Turkish community organisations in Berlin: Their role in Turkey-Germany and Turkey-European Union relations

Author(s): Selcen Öner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For a long time, German citizenship policies made it almost impossible for Turkish immigrants to naturalize and become part of the political community. This lack of formal opportunities led immigrants to develop a more civil society-orientated means of participation (Odmalm, 2009: 154). During the early to mid-1960s, they avoided organized political activity. But as temporary guest worker programmes led to settlement, Turkish immigrants started to express diverse political identities and engage in group activities. The internal divisions over goals and strategies weakened Turkish community’s potential (Ögelman, 2003: 166-167). By the 1980s, the Turkish network of organizations had become the broadest of all immigrant groups in Germany, although it was more polarized along political lines than any other ethnic group (Schoeneberg, 1985: 424).

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Turkish refugees and their use of health and social services in London

Author(s): George W. Leeson,Nilüfer Korkmaz Yaylagül,Suzan Yazıcı / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Following the Second World War, work forces in more developed countries needed labour to reconstruct and further drive their economies, and to satisfy this demand, labour was increasingly imported from less developed countries, and the phenomenon of “labour migration” was thus born. For the receiving countries, this was a simple way to meet a transitional demand for labour, and for the sending countries – one of which was Turkey – it was a way of easing off population and unemployment pressures as well as an opportunity for generating hard foreign currency for the economy. The migrant workers were expected to provide financial support to their families left behind and to invest in their home countries (see Akgunduz, 2013:195).

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NEOREALİZM BAĞLAMINDA TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI (1945-1965)

Author(s): Latif Pınar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bu çalışma, Kenneth Waltz tarafından ortaya konulan Neorealist yaklaşımın uluslararası sistemin temel özelliklerine ilişkin varsayımları bağlamında, 1945-1965 yılları arasında Türk dış politikasının temel parametrelerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın hemen ardından ortaya çıkan iki kutuplu sistemin, Türk dış politikası üzerinde belirleyici bir etkisinin bulunup bulunmadığı sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Çalışmanın hipotezi şu şekilde formüle edilmiştir: Kenneth Waltz tarafından geliştirilmiş olan Neorealist yaklaşımın uluslararası sistemin temel özelliklerine ilişkin varsayımları dikkate alındığında, iki kutuplu sistem, bilhassa 1945-1965 yılları arasında Türk dış politikası üzerinde belirleyici bir etkide bulunmuştur.

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21. YÜZYIL İSRAİL-TÜRKİYE İLİŞKİLERİNİN LİBERAL GÜVENLİK YORUMU

Author(s): Armağan Örki / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bu çalışma, liberal kurama bağlı olarak İsrail ve Türkiye ilişkilerinin 21. yüzyıldaki durumunun değerlendirilmesini amaçlamıştır. Liberal kuramın güvenliğe bakışına dayanarak, iki ülke arasındaki ilişkilerin güvenlik yaklaşımını nasıl şekillendirdiği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Klasik Liberalizmin küresel güvenlik ve barış yorumu, İsrail ile Türkiye arasındaki ilişkilerin tekrar değerlendirilmesinde kullanılmıştır. Kısacası 21. Yüzyıldaki İsrail ve Türkiye güvenlik algısının liberal kurama dayalı yorumlanması sunulmuştur.

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NEOREALİZM VE NEOLİBERALİZM KURAMLARININ GÜVENLİK YAKLAŞIMLARI VE ARAP DEVRİMLERİNDE SURİYE POLİTİKALARI

Author(s): İsmail Ermağan,Aybars Karci / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini, Siyaset Bilimi’nin bir dalı olarak, devletler ya da uluslararası-uluslarüstü kuruluşların davranışlarına yönelik araştırmalar yapmaktadır. Hedeflerinden biri; savaş, çatışma, güvenlik vb. konuları yerel-bölgesel-küresel ölçeklerde analiz etmek ve genel çıkarımlar sunmaktır. Bu işlevi gerçekleştirirken çeşitli hipotezler kurgulanmakta-sınanmakta, farklı farklı kuramlar kullanılmaktadır. Rusya’nın Kırım’ı ilhakı, Kuzey Kore’nin füze denemeleri, yumuşamaya başlayan Küba-ABD ya da yumuşamış İran-Batı ilişkileri gibi herhangi bir uluslararası ilişkiler gelişmesinin teorik olarak çerçevelenmesi, konunun bilimsel bir yapıda irdelenmesi anlamı taşımaktadır. Bu da ilgili kişilerin ilintili konuları okuma yeteneğini arttırmakta, böylece örneğin daha doğru devlet politikalarının oluşmasına katkı vermektedir.

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OYUN KURAMI ÇERÇEVESİNDE SURİYELİ MÜLTECİ KRİZİ

Author(s): Emirhan Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Suriye’de yaşanan iç savaşın neden olduğu mülteci krizi, son dönemde Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği (AB) ilişkilerinin gidişatını önemli derecede etkileyen bir gelişme olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu durumun temel nedeni; söz konusu krizin Türkiye ile AB arasında imzalanan Geri Kabul Anlaşması (GKA) ve buna paralel olarak başlatılan vize serbestliği diyaloğunun yanı sıra üyelik müzakerelerinde yeni fasılların açılması konusunda da belirleyici olmasıdır. Bu çerçevede, esasında Türkiye-AB ilişkilerinden bağımsız olarak ele alınabilecek olan Suriyeli mülteci krizine karşı taraflarca etkin bir çözüm üretilememesi, gelinen son aşamada söz konusu krizin Türkiye ile AB arasında bir pazarlık unsuru haline gelmesine neden olmuştur. Taraflar arasında konuyla ilgili yürütülen müzakereler bu nedenle stratejik bir nitelik kazanmaktadır.

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BARIŞ ÇALIŞMALARI KAPSAMINDA İSRAİLFİLİSTİN SORUNU

Author(s): Demet Şenbaş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Barış ve savaş kavramları uluslararası ilişkilerde çok uzun zamandır tanımlanmaya çalışılan kavramlardır. Ancak barış kavramı en çok İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında daha sistemli bir şekilde çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Barış çalışmaları literatüründe üç temel barış tanımı öne çıkmaktadır. Bunlar; John Burton’ın “ihtiyaç teorisine göre barış”, Johan Galtung’un barışçıl yollarla barış yaklaşımında ortaya koyduğu “negatif barış”-“pozitif barış” ayrımı ve Kenneth Boulding’in “istikrarlı/sürdürülebilir barış” kavramlarıdır. Günümüzde barış çalışmaları sadece tarafları masaya oturtmaktan ibaret değildir. Tarafların çatışma sebepleri etraflıca değerlendirilmelidir. Çatışma çözümü, çatışan taraflar arasındaki şiddeti önlemeyi veya hafifletmeyi amaçlar. Barışı sağlamak ve çatışmayı önlemek için müzakere ve arabuluculuk gibi yöntemler vardır. Günümüz barış çalışmalarında; sosyal değişim, adalet ve yapısal şiddetin azaltılması gibi pozitif barışla ilgili kavramlar vurgulanmaktadır. Barış çalışmalarında taraflar arasında askeri, siyasal güç dengelerinin ve güvenlik kaygılarının önemsenmesi gereklidir. Aksi halde bir barış anlaşması yapılsa da hayata geçirilememektedir. Bu duruma İsrail-Filistin arasındaki Oslo Barış Görüşmeleri iyi bir örnek olarak gösterilebilir.

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ELEŞTİREL GÜVENLİK PERSPEKTİFİNDEN GÖÇ VE GÜVENLİK İLİŞKİSİ

Author(s): Deniz Eroğlu Utku / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

11 Eylül 2001 olayları sonrasında yoğun olarak terörizm ile birlikte tartışılan göç ve göçmen kavramları, Arap Baharı olarak adlandırılan süreçten bu yana yeniden ülkelerin öncelikli politika konuları arasında yer almaya başladı. Özellikle Avrupa Birliği üye ülkelerinde yaşanan peş peşe terör saldırıları ilgiyi yine “diğerlerine” çevirmiş, göçmenler güvenlikle ilgili politik söylemlerin hedefi haline gelmiştir.

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FEMİNİST ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER YAKLAŞIMI AÇISINDAN MÜLTECİ KADIN SORUNU: SURİYELİ MÜLTECİ KADINLAR ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Begüm Öğüttüren Güvenç / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Dünya tarihinde mülteci sorunu, çok eski yıllara dayanmaktadır. Tarih boyunca insanlar zulüm, silahlı çatışma, iç savaşlar, siyasi şiddet vb. nedenlerle yaşadıkları yerleri terk ederek başka bölgelerde güvenlik aramak zorunda kalmışlardır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sonuna kadar mültecilerle ilgili konular uluslararası bir sorun olarak görülmemiştir. Mültecilerin korunmasına yönelik evrensel kurallar ve normlar Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından meydana gelen gelişmelere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu dönemde Milletler Cemiyeti tarafından Avrupa’daki mülteci sorunlarına çözüm bulmaya yönelik çeşitli girişimler yapılmış ancak yapılan girişimler kalıcı düzenlemelere dönüşmemiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında milyonlarca insanın ülkelerinden edinmeleri mülteci konusunda daha kapsamlı ve kalıcı çözüm arayışlarını kaçınılmaz kılmıştır. 1950 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği’nin kurulması (BMMYK) ve Mültecilerin Hukuki durumuna İlişkin 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesi’nin kabul edilmesi mülteci koruması açısından bir dönüm noktası olmuştur.

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Приносът на инструмента за предприсъединителна помощ в подготовката на Албания за членство в ЕС

Author(s): Indrit Cenai / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

As of January 2007, the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) replaces various EU instruments and programmes for pre-accession financing which had previously been functioning - PHARE, PHARE CBC, ISPA, SAPARD, CARDS and the financial instrument for Turkey. The aim of this article is to clarify the nature of the IPA which benefits Albania and the rest of the prospective candidate countries from the West Balkans in the past programming period (2007-2013) as well as the present one (2014-2020). The methodology of the research is based on content analysis – the content of fundamental EU strategic and legal documents was analysed as well as opinions expressed by both Albanian and Bulgarian academics in the field. The research results are conclusions about the way the IPA functions, the problems occurring in its course in Albania and recommendations for its continuation in the next programming period due to the importance of the economic sectors which are being financed through IPA in the countries from the Western Balkans region.

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An Outlook on the Changes of the External Trade Composition of Turkey with her Main European Union Trading Partners: 1996, 2017

Author(s): Elif Dağdemir Uçkan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The significant role of the external trade for an economy is incontestable. External trade not only helps to the capital accumulation for the industrialization of an economy but also generates employment. Furthermore, external trade which reflects the national production of an economy speeds up the transfer and the usage of the new technology and might increase the foreign exchange supply which is necessary for the balance of payments. Last but not least, external trade serves for enhancing political and diplomatic relations between countries. Along with the incontestable importance of increasing the volume of trade, trade composition and export diversification are as significant as the quantity for an economy. Classical trade theory as well as Heckscher-Ohlin theory that explain the gains from international trade by the static comparative advantage under perfect competition are far from conceiving today’s tangibles and the assumption of trade as an engine of growth deals with short-run economic growth. These weaknesses might be reinforced with a differentiation of trade composition and export diversification. Such a structural change on the external trade composition might then positively affect long-run economic growth. Regarding Turkey’s external trade, European Union has been the main trading partner of Turkey since the entering into force of the Association Agreement. The Association Agreement which aims the full membership of Turkey to the European Union foresees a Customs Union for industrial commodities. The Customs Union between the parties has been constructed upon three different stages, namely the Preparatory Stage, the Transitional Stage and the Final Stage. The Final Stage which reflects the readiness of the parties for the well-functioning of the Customs Union started in 1996. The aim of this paper is to analyse the changes in the composition of trade between Turkey and the main European Union trading partners and to evaluate the changes by taking into consider 1996 and 2017. The conclusions of this paper would give us the opportunity to discuss the actual as well as potential trade composition and export diversification of Turkey at the Final Stage of the Customs Union and might lead to further studies which examine the relationship between export diversification and long-run economic growth.

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Всестранното инвестиционно споразумение между ЕС и Китай – значението му за ЕС и възможностите за България

Author(s): Kameliya Dzhongova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In 2012 the EU brings up the need of a Comprehensive investment agreement with China – its second largest trade partner. The report presents from the European perspective the current situation with the FDI flows between EU and China, the obstacles in front of a more effective international investment policy, the objectives and tasks of the agreement and also the estimated effect of the treaty. At the end of the report conclusions on the eventual economic opportunities for Bulgaria are made based on the analysis.In 2012 the EU brings up the need of a Comprehensive investment agreement with China – its second largest trade partner. The report presents from the European perspective the current situation with the FDI flows between EU and China, the obstacles in front of a more effective international investment policy, the objectives and tasks of the agreement and also the estimated effect of the treaty. At the end of the report conclusions on the eventual economic opportunities for Bulgaria are made based on the analysis.

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Глобални рискове, с които се сблъскват българските компании, при участието си в глобални вериги за доставка

Author(s): Zhelyazko Valchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper presents contemporary trends for the Bulgarian companies participating in global supply chains. Author discusses the structural changes of the Bulgarian economy as a result of the EU membership – growing IT and BPO sectors as well as increasing export potential in the traditional for the country agriculture and military industry. It is noted that the industry and the agricultural sectors are increasing their competitiveness and producing high-value products. Those effects could be particularly explained in regards to the military production growth with the geopolitical conflicts, social unrest and other issues pertaining to the global security. In light with the latter, this research reviews the current global risks which Bulgarian companies, part of the global supply chain, are facing. The author’s goal is to prove that this risk management requires complex and various techniques, flexibility, adaptivity and consistent monitoring. To achieve this, author reviews firstly the export and import of goods by a country and economic sector which helps in defining key trade partners and sectors. Considering the growing share of the outsourcing to the GDP, author pays special attention to the matter. Second, the research identifies and analyses most recent world-wide risks which impact the global economy. In conclusion, author discusses the risks particular to the Bulgarian companies and their mitigation.

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Отговорности на вносителя произтичащи от прилагането на Регламент (ЕО) №1907/2006: критичен преглед

Author(s): Bogdan Stoyanov,Venelin Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of the European parliament and the Council known as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of CHemicals), is imposing serious responsibilities on companies that manufacture or import chemicals into the territory of the EC in quantity bigger than 1 t/year. The present study examines the obligations of the importers and the problems in case of some non-standard business schemes and types of substances. Solutions are proposed, some of which are successfully implemented in practice.

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