REVIEW OF A SCIENTIFIC MONOGRAPH
Review of: Ladislav MURA - Táncošová, J., Fabuš, M., & Lincényi, M. (2020). Vznik a vývoj medzinárodného podnikania a manažmentu. Bratislava: Wolters Kluwer, 2020, 140 p. ISBN 978-80-7598-999-4
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Review of: Ladislav MURA - Táncošová, J., Fabuš, M., & Lincényi, M. (2020). Vznik a vývoj medzinárodného podnikania a manažmentu. Bratislava: Wolters Kluwer, 2020, 140 p. ISBN 978-80-7598-999-4
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Securitatea colectivă nu este un concept nou. Din contră, se poate afirma că securitatea colectivă, ca modalitate de organizare a sistemului internaţional, este un concept cu o istorie multiseculară, pornind chiar de la Congresul de la Viena (1815) şi continuând cu Liga Naţiunilor, Organizaţia Naţiunilor Unite (ONU), Organizaţia Tratatului Nord-Atlantic (NATO) şi cu Pactul de la Varşovia (1955). De fiecare dată, indiferent de curentul filosofic al vremii (fie realist, fie idealist), accentul s-a pus pe nevoia de a organiza sistemul internaţional în aşa manieră încât să se asigure fie un echilibru sau o balanţă a puterilor mondiale sau regionale – aşa cum a fost cazul republicilor italiene sau cel al puterilor europene care l-au înfrânt pe Napoleon, fie o stare de pace internaţională – aşa cum a fost în cazul fondării Ligii Naţiunilor.
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Geo-political interests have always played a significant role in the ongoing struggle for power, supremacy and leadership, especially among the leading states such as the US, China, Russia, etc. Since the creation of the first social communities and, to this day, with progress, only the method of struggle has changed, not the purpose. As long as money, prosperity and the desire to dominate rule this world, as long as there is tension and competition between states. Therefore, in order not to go beyond the extremes of this confrontation, which can lead to disastrous consequences for humanity, it is necessary to have a proper organization of nations, where under the control of diplomacy and security, the interests of the state are protected. Thus, in compliance with the provisions based on the peaceful conduct of international relations, it is ensured the dignity and protection of the State, which in the event of an act of aggression on the part of another State, which is the guilty state. The collective union of states, in compliance with these provisions, is a guarantor of international security and peace. We try to discuss in this study the correct method of conducting the right of self-defense according to the provisions of the UN Charter, in case of an armed conflict, frequently encountered at present, taking into account the emphasis on the misinterpretation of the without the authorization of the United Nations, which appeared after the terrorist act of September 11, 2001, in the USA.
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The One Belt and One Road Initiative (officially BRI) is a long-term commitment by China to build inland Asia, as well as Asia and other countries, through transport corridors such as rail, land, water and air. It is launched in 2013 and formalized in 2015. Initiative aims to improve transport links between continents and deepen economic, political and cultural integration between China and European and African countries. The Republic of Azerbaijan also intends to gain some economic benefits by being part of the chain in this project. As part of this mega project, certain processes have already begun. The establishment of the Alat Free Economic Zone and the opening of the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway can be examples of these processes. This study also examines the importance of joining this initiative for the country's economy in general, based on the implemented projects. For this purpose, the indicators published by the World Bank, the State Statistics Committee, the articles of many experts in the field are used as a source, and models such as gravity and general equilibrium are used.
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After the Obznana (The Promulgation) of 29/30th December, 1920 and the State Protection Law (August 2, 1921), the leftists in the workers movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the leadership of the Communist Party, operated under very difficult circumstances. The Communist Party, which had gone underground, tried to secure its position in the trade unions as basic forms of class struggle organizations of the proletariat. It pointed out that the trade unions ought to be part of the »fully integrated community of action and cooperation« with the CPY, whereas in public it advocated their independence of political parties, as the authorities required. On such principles were created trade union footholds in Bosanska Krajina and Sarajevo in the first half of 1921, which were directed by the Regional Trade Union Council. After August 2, 1921, the initiative for the creation of the Independent Trade Unions was continued (because the organizations from the first half of that year had been broken up after the passage of the State Protection Law) under the leadership of the Regional Secretariat of the CPY for Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. The association of Sarajevo tailors was the first to start functioning and all the other workers began to gather around it. Thereupon, towards the end of the year, the Organization of the Independent Trade Unions was created in Banja Luka, Zenica, whereas in Jajce an attempt was made in that direction. The inaugural regional conference of the Inter-associational Trade Union Committee for Bosnia and Herzegovina, held at Sarajevo on January 13, 1922, elected the Inter-associational Trade Union Committee for Bosnia and Herzegovina and effected a significant turning-point in the activity of the Independent Trade Unions. On February 3, with the aid of the CPY, the organ of the Independent Workers’ Trade Unions, »The Workers’ Unity«, was started, and was to come out until June 15, 1923. In Tuzla, the Local Trade Union Council was created at the end of February; in Doboj, the Temporary Local Local Trade Union Council was formed by the middle of June, 1922. In Derventa, the Local Trade Union Council was formed at the beginning of 1923. In Sarajevo, at the beginning of February, 1923, underground activity in the creation of trade union organizations was continued in the city’s wards, so that at the beginning, of May several organizations were formed, while the Temporary Committee of the Local Trade Union Council was not formed until May 9, 1924. In Mostar, the communists founded the Local Trade Union Council on March 17, 1924. . In addition to this, the Independent Trade Unions spread their activity through 11 trade associations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, organizing also the first of May celebrations from 1922 to 1924 and conducting tariff strikes, in which the CPY tried to tie together the economic struggle of workers with the political demands in the workers’ movement. The intensification of the CPY activity in the workers’ movement in the first half of 1924 upset the authorities and they prohibited, on July 12, the activity of the Independent Workers’ Party of Yugoslavia and that of the Independent Trade Unions, as well as the activity of those organizations under their leadership. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the second half of 1924, there were attempts and demands in some places (Kreka, Sarajevo, and probably Travnik) for the activity of the Independent Trade Unions in Bosnia and Herzegovina to be made legal again, but on July 13 a new prohibition of the Independent Workers’ Party of Yugoslavia put a stop to the activity of the Independent Trade Unions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which ended their activity for good. In the period from 1925 to 1929 the CPY secured a foothold in the rightist trade unions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and tried to carry out its policies among the workers organized in trade unions.
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The study aimed to determine the effect of foreign exchange demand and supply on exchange rates in four groups of countries based on per capita income levels from 1989-2018 using the ARDL panel method. The results showed remittances had a significant effect on exchange rates in panel A (low income countries), panel B (lower middle income countries), panel D (high income countries), while on panel C (upper middle income countries) remittances had no significant effect. Export and import variables have a significant effect on panels B, C, and D, and are not significant on panel A. Meanwhile inflation variables have a significant effect on all types of panels.
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The problem of the migration of man-power was present also in earlier times, when the factor of human work was by far more amphasized than it is today, in the century of automatized machines. In the case of Dubrovnik and its Herzegovinian hinterland there was а genuine coincidence of complementary conditions for the employment of foreign labour: demographically active Herzegovins, but rugged and poor, could easily and without any prejudice to its own economy get rid of the surplus of working hands, whereas the town of St Blasius, situated in the neighbourhood and economically very active, was always in need not only of specialists from Italian towns, but also of manual labour on which was founded, to а great extent, the rapidly increased volume of reproduction and trade since the introduction of manufacturing method of work (in the twenties of the XV century).
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Nach dem herzegovinischen Aufstand im Jahre 1875. verschlechtern sich zusehends auch die Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Kroatien und dem aufstandischen Territorium. Wegen solcher Handelszustande interveniert bei der kroatischen Regierung (gegrundet im Jahre 1869) auch die zagreber Handelskammer aber ohne Erfolg.
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Metalle und Lösungen aus dem serbischen und bosnischen Staat wurden im Laufe des reifen Mittelalters nach Dubrovnik, und von dort nach Venedig und anderwärts nach Italien und die Levante (Alexandrien und Syrien), ausnahmsweise auch nach Maghreb ausgeführt. Der Metallexport in die an erzarmen arabischen Länder geschah zwar zu einer Spätzeit, war aber vom historischen Standpunkt aus gesehen, besonders wichtig ist. Metalle und Lösungen waren besonders verlockend für arabische und jüdische Handelsleute, die sonst als grösste Gewürzhändler aus dem Orient galten. Die Anwesenheit der Ragusaner in Alexandrien wurde im ersten Viertel des XIII Jahrh., und in Syrien seit dem Jahr 1332., festgestellt. Die Ragusaner haben ihre Beziehungen mit Aegypten 1358 erneuert, und die päpstliche Genehmigung für den Handel mit den »ugläubingen« Ländern 1373 erworben.
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Zbigniew Brzeziński was one of the leading figures influencing the creation of international reality. His concepts, ideas, ideas are widely echoed not only in the United States but all over the world. From an early age, this American political scientist of Polish origin showed interest in international relations, the best example of which is the letter he sent at a very young age to Winston Churchill’s headquarters with a map, where he marked the right border between Poland and the Soviet Union. It was an expression of dissatisfaction with the arrangements made at the Tehran conference. The spectrum of interests of this great strategist is very wide. However, he devoted most of his attention to what was happening in the Kremlin. He was actively involved in the foreign policy of the United States, on which he had a great influence, especially during the presidency of Jimmy Carter. In his administration, he was the president’s advisor for national security. He was a supporter of a tough course in international relations, which is why he was perceived as a „hawk”. The levels of Zbigniew Brzeziński’s dynamically developing scientific and political career, I prove that he is both a theoretician, practitioner and politician actively involved in various areas of international politics. Among the numerous events influencing the development of Brzeziński’s political career, he was undoubtedly appointed in 1973 by David Rockeffeller as the head of the Trilateral Commission, where he met Carter, as it later turned out, the president of the United States, in whose election campaign he was heavily involved.
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NATO developed its last concept for deterrence and defence in 1967 to address potential military conflict with the Soviet Union. At the end of the Cold War, the Alliance shifted from its main concept of guiding deterrence and defence actions to supporting military reaction towards various forms of instability. Bases of instability at the time included terrorism, reform problems in post-Soviet Russia, nationalism, authoritarianism, ethnic, sectarian, and local conflicts, economic destabilization, natural disasters, and civil wars. Consequently, Alliance’s responses to instability since 1991 were various, each addressing a specific challenge on a case-by-case basis. Instability continues to be persistent and diverse and holds risks for damaging Allies’ security. Nowadays, instability continues to risk the security of widely different subjects. Two forms of instability identified in the early 1990s, which are Russia and Terror Groups, have emerged as challenges on a strategic scale with aims and patterns that can weaken and threaten the security of an Ally, a group of Allies, or the Alliance as a whole. These two challenges are strategic in terms of geographic scale and the impact they have on their targets, considering the possible risks they will create for the security of the Alliance and their ability to persist in the long term. A new Euro-Atlantic Area Defence and Deterrence Concept Paper is needed to counter these security risks within NATO’s strategic scope and 360-degree range and support the implementation of the Alliance’s three main tasks: collective defence, crisis response, and security cooperation. In this research, NATO’s latest deterrence and defence studies, which have started to be updated in parallel with the changing security environment, will be analysed.
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Review of: Tapio Salminen - Bart Holtermann: The Fish Lands. German trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroe Islands in the late 15th and 16th Century, De Gruyter, Oldenburg 2020, 512 pp.
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Prior to the COVID pandemic and the more recent conflict in Ukraine, populist parties in the European Union enjoyed a growing popularity among voters. Some of them became part of government coalitions or held executive power alone. This article aims to provide a comparison of six populist parties’ narratives on security, based on content analysis of official English-language party documents. Quantitative findings indicate some clear differences between left and right-wing populist parties in terms of references to key words “security” and “crisis”. A qualitative exploration of collocations further suggests which security sectors - societal, military, political, economic, or environmental - these parties tend to prioritize.
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Objectives: The article aims at studying Ukraine’s current foreign economic activity factors within the framework of European integration. Research Design & Methods: The research methods used in the study are as follows: analysis and study of literature, scientific description, Internet-based research, statistical and structural survey, data sheet presentation. Findings: The research proved that the economic relations between Ukraine and the EU tended to increase significantly. Statistical trends demonstrated a considerable increase in the foreign trade within global value chains (GVCs). A gradual intensification of economic relations between Ukraine and the EU seems evident, providing integration of Ukrainian companies into global value chains. Based on a recent analytical survey, most agricultural and industrial products exported from Ukraine accounted for 42.1% of the total international sales in 2020. Furthermore, over 70% of Ukrainian IT software development exports are estimated to be outsourced to third parties. Implications/Recommendations: Recommendations for Ukraine’s integration into global business services (GBSs) can include developing services in the context of GVCs, developing international cooperation between enterprises on global business platforms. The basis for successful integration into GVCs must be the development of innovative ecosystems of industrial high technologies. It is important to develop innovative industrial high-tech ecosystems for successful integration into GVCs. Contribution/Value Added: The author tries to formulate modern directions of development for further integration of the Ukrainian economy into global value chains in the context of cooperation with the EU’s member states.
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Europe’s vision for 2030 relies on the impact of European and international actors’ policies on European local and regional governments while strengthening their local autonomy with a view to make it evolve their role and, why not, saving the European project. Local governments are the most able to exercise much more powers over their territories and to take responsibility for their execution; as for the Nation-State, it must be more focused on its roles as controller and evaluator of the local public action. In addition, local and regional governments can provide the necessary solutions that Nation-States cannot solve alone; to save money those international institutions impose. In order to solve the challenges of our time, a special attention is paid to state reform, the status of local public officials (dealing with issues related to basic public services) and the evaluation of the local public action by fighting against the formulas of the privatization of public action, while promoting, but framing them, the public-private partnerships.
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The 30th anniversary of the signing of the Asunción Treaty which provided the basis for the creation of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), was 26 March 2021. It is an economic integration process of all the markets in South America and the fifth economy in the world. The main goals of Mercosur include ensuring free trade and movement of goods, capital, services and people by eliminating custom duties, tariffs and other restrictions and establishing common external tariffs. During this time, the Member States as well as Mercosur itself undergone some significant changes. The evolution of integration processes has also been accompanied by development in the Mercosur dispute settlement mechanism. One significant modification was the establishment of the Permanent Review Tribunal (the PRT), which has contentious and advisory jurisdiction. Advisory opinions are still an underestimated tool in solving legal issues. Scholars primary focus on contentious jurisdiction of international tribunals, omitting or underestimating the value of advisory jurisdiction. Notwithstanding, advisory opinions issued by international tribunals are usually legal advice on a point of law, it is sometimes noted that they may be even seen as an integration instrument. This article argues that due to the non-binding character of advisory opinions they are a useful instrument of standardization of Mercosur law, strengthening integration processes and enabling the fulfillment of objectives set forth in the Asunción Treaty. The extent of their impact depends not only on the PRT itself, but also on whether the entity that has requested the advisory opinion, in particular the supreme national courts, is willing to follow the PRT guidance. This article contributes to the discussion on the impact of advisory opinions on the development of integration processes.
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This article analyzes leadership models in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). It concerns the three leaders ruling in successive historical periods, from 1948 (from the proclamation of the DPRK) to the present day. The aim of this article is to place the leadership types of North Korean dictators within the framework of political leadership theoretical concepts and then compare them with each other. This article’s main research problem is an attempt to answer the question: Are we dealing with a single model of political leadership in the DPRK, or maybe individual dictators, despite some similarities in the way they rule, are different from each other? After analyzing the way of coming to power, the characterological features, the circumstances and manner of governing, and changes made to the political system via changes to the Constitution, it was possible to point out differences and similarities in the leadership models of Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un. In this article, the author uses the comparative, legal-dogmatic and historical analysis methods.
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The article represents a synthesis of the relevant moments in the evolution of the politico-diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and Republic/Socialist Republic of Romania from the second half of the XXth century.
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The most powerful economic union today, the European Union, was founded on the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community, in 1958, being formed by six states: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, and in currently counting 28 member states. Following the Second World War, the expansion of European integration was seen as a variant of the unification of a Europe devastated by extremist nationalism, unification possible through commercial exchanges between large national industries.
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