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ПОЛІТИКА РАДЯНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ ІЗ ЗНИЩЕННЯ ПРАВОСЛАВНИХ ХРАМІВ В УКРАЇНІ: МЕХАНІЗМ ТА ДУХОВНО-КУЛЬТУРНІ НАСЛІДКИ (1920-ті – 1965 рр.)

Author(s): Dmytro Valeriyovych Viedienieiev / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2019

The study of the pernicious spiritual-cultural consequences of the targeted destruction (closing) of the orthodox religious buildings as one of the policy direction of the state atheism in Ukrainian SSR, the disclosing of the ideological-political and state-administrative components of the campaign mechanism aimed to liquidate the churches as the valuable component of the historical-cultural heritage. Methodology. The article is based on the historical and logical epistemological approaches, the author uses the complex of the general scientific methods with the methods of historical science, cultural studies and other social-humanitarian sciences. In particular, the structural-functional, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, cliometric, cros-cultural, historical-legal methods are used. The scientific novelty. The author based on the analysis of the documental sources makes an attempt to complex consideration of the main stages (campaigns), regulatory framework and organizing-administrative policy mechanism aimed to destruction of the orthodox spiritual-architects buildings (churches, monasteries and other objects of the national spiritual-cultural heritage) as the structural-functional component of the state atheism, the form of the religious persecution and oppression of conscience freedom in Ukraine. Conclusions. The basis of the communistic relations model with Orthodoxy constituted from the displacement of the church from the all spheres of the social life by the any ways. Sharply negative attitude of the Soviet government to the church remained unchanged during the all USSR existence, however it had the different forms depends on the external and internal state position, political will of its leaders. The state structures activity for the destruction of the churches based on the purposeful ideological solutions of the leading organs of Communist party and headed state organs. Campaigns for the churches destruction, as a rule, correlated with the persecutions of faith, orthodox clergy and laity, coincided with the repression measures against the religious groups in USSR and Ukrainian SSR. The churches destructions or its transfiguration to the civil-households and other buildings not for its purpose in the same time delivered an irreparable blow to the spiritual-cultural heritage, because the religious buildings were the organic component of the domestic history, culture, the basis of the cultural-civilization traditions and one of the main marks of the historical-cultural memory.

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ТВОРЧІСТЬ ХУДОЖНИКА ЯК ВІДБИТТЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ СИТУАЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

Author(s): Irina Ivanovna Mishchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2019

The purpose of this article is to highlight the peculiarities of the influence of the state's ideology on the artists work during the Soviet period. The methodology of this study involves the application of methods of historical, systematic, biographical and art-study analysis. The application of such methods enables one to study minutely and objectively the causes of the censorship of artistic works during the time of the existence of the USSR, the specifics of the introduction of socialist realism in the culture of the country by examining it on the example of the work of one of the artists. The scientific novelty of this research results in study of the influence of dominant ideology and socialist realism on the creativity of the particular author as well as the observation of the changes in his works of different periods. Conclusions. Each artist always exists in a certain social environment, reflecting to a greater or lesser extent in his work both the influence of the environment and the socio-political situation in the state. However, in the history of Ukraine there were periods when such influence turned into pressure, limiting the freedom of creativity of the artists, as well as the freedom of the representatives of other types of art. In particular, these were the decades of the existence of Soviet power, when the regulation of the creative process was perhaps the most rigid, not only subordinating the work of artists to the ideological needs of the ruling party, but also determining even the stylistic principles of the solution of works. The confrontation of modernist trends and socialist realism was visible already in the early 1930s, as both the official documents of that time and the works of artists evidence. The study of this topic allowed to determine the manifestations of stylistic changes, in particular, in the work of the Chernivtsi author Leon Kopelman, whose work clearly demonstrates the transition from the trends of European modernism to the art of socialist realism with the characteristic ideological reflection of historical events and the modern life of the country.

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Katarza u kontekstu kazališta i znanosti

Author(s): Nadira Puškar Mustafić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian Issue: 14/2018

Grčki filozof Aristotel definirajući tragediju u svojoj Poetici naveo je katarzu kao pročišćavanje emocija sažaljenja i straha njihovom eksteriorizacijom kroz recepciju tragedije. S vremenom je pojam katarza prešao iz filozofi je u brojne druge znanosti poput psihologije, sociologije, književne teorije i sl. U općem kontekstu, katarza označava iskustvo pozitivne psihičke preobrazbe koja može nastati iz naših pozitivnih ili negativnih iskustava, pri čemu se pozitivni ili negativni osjećaji dovode u emocionalnu ravnotežu. Aristotelova teorija o katarzi nadahnjuje do danas, iako su se javljala i oprečna mišljenja (od Platona do Brechta) da su emocije opasne te ih treba držati pod nadzorom, a ne izražavati i pročišćavati. Aristotel je o katarzi govorio u sklopu definicije tragedije, ali ju nije definirao, pa su se kroz stoljeća javile brojne interpretacije.

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Czeslaw Milosz: On the Imagination of Twentieth-Century Man

Author(s): Flagg Taylor / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2005

Czeslaw Milosz is known either as author of The Captive Mind (1953) or as the accomplished poet and Nobel laureate (1980). Little effort has been made to connect the beautiful and penetrating poet and essayist, so well known in literary circles, with the most astute analyst of the seduction of intellectuals by Communism, so essential for political scientists and historians. It is argued here that there is a remarkable unity of purpose and continuity of themes across the very distinct works in Milosz’s corpus. The subject matter of intellectuals and Communism would seem, at first glance, to be an important yet nonetheless isolated matter, central only from the standpoint of understanding postwar Eastern Europe. Milosz reveals that the topic of eastern intellectuals and Communism is a surface manifestation of larger and deeper philosophical problems, including modern science and its effect on the human imagination, and the gulf between the poet and his audience.

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PRILOG PRUČAVANJU GRAMATIČKE TERMINOLOGIJE FRANJEVAČKE TURSKE SLOVNICE IZ FOJNICE

Author(s): Adnan Kadrić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 49/2000

The paper has tried, on the basis of general orthographic features of the grammatical terminology used in the anonymous and undated Turkish grammar book / Slovnica kept in the Franciscan Monastery at Fojnica, and by comparison of the terminology with the terminology of other grammar works used in Bosnia in the 19th century, to determine which grammatical tradition the mentioned grammar book belongs to and the time it may have been written. The tables and comparison of the terminology in Slovnica with the same or similar terminology in other works point to a particular terminology of the so-called South-Slavic grammatical tradition, which was developing independently of the Ottoman educational system in Bosnia in the period. The analysis presented in the paper confirms that in Bosnia in the 19th century the grammatical terminology to describe the Turkish language developed within different grammatical traditions.

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VEZA ESNAFA U BOSNI SA TEKIJOM U KIRŠEHIRU

Author(s): Azra Gadžo-Kasumović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 49/2000

In light of the preserved documents, this paper points to the relationship of the guild organization in Bosnia with the Kiršehir tekke. Here presented are the following documents: Râzi's futuvvetnama on the basis of the transcripts from 1001 AH / 1592 AD, a pirnama and an abridged futuvvetnama of tailors and merchants from 1235 AH / 1819 AD, and a tabak šedžera (tanners genealogy) from 1067 AH / 1656 AD, which was the main statute of the ahi zaviye (central administration) and the tabak odžak (tanners association) as an exemplary model of economic and cultural organization. Based on this and similar šedžeras and some comprehensive futuvvetnamas, the ahi baba, the high representative of the zaviye, issued abridged futuvvetnamas and pimamas to various guilds in provinces. Enumerated are also many other documents, such as fermans (orders) on the competence of the aforesaid ahi baba, different kušanma defters (promotion records), guild arzuhals (submissions) etc., issued by the high representative ahi baba Sheyk Omer 1235 AH / 1819 AD to the guilds in Bosnia on the occasion of his visit. In addition, based on the knowledge of the overall system of the guild organization and the main Statute of the tabak šedžera, tabhanas-zaviyes are presented as the main coordinators in the Empire's provinces with the main zaviye as unofficially autonomous institution and the roving sheyk ahi baba - the high representative of the zaviye - the Central lodge. During his visits to the guilds in Bosnia, the ahi baba would visit the main tannery centres located in the towns of Mostar, Sarajevo, Banjaluka, Tešanj and Visoko. He would first visit the main tabhana (tannery) related to the tekke, which served as the coordinating tabhana. It is known that the tekke on Sejhova Korija, east of the Mevlevi tekke in Sarajevo, was the summer tekke of the guilds where they held ceremonial promotions, kušanma. It is also clear that the tabak tekke was a Nakshibendi tekke of Skenđer-paša Jurišić, Sultan Fatih's army leader at his conquest of Bosnia in 1463, which, according to the citation in the waqf census conducted in Bosnia in 1540, comprised two tabhanas. From the citation in the said census it is clear that the tabhana and tekke were closely connected as two important loci for the implementation of the economic and cultural model and as coordinators of the second order in provinces, while they themselves were coordinateđ from the main center by the roving high representative/seyyah şeyh ahi baba. To such a role of zaviyes and tabhanas points the same model of their organization. It is treated also in the tanners' guild main statute, the tabak šedžera from 1067, whose complete translation is presented in Bosnian. On this tabak šedžera, Abdul-Kadir Gejlanija's sheyks based their right to overlook ali guilds in the Empire. The said šedžera points to the fact that the right was transferred to sheyks of various brotherhoods lturuk-u tarikat. Based on the citation from the 1067 šedžera on the primary role of tabak odžaks and tabhanas in the project for the spread of Islamic education, and on the basis of examples of existence of tabhanas within the mosque complexes with zaviyes/zaviyeli cami, it is understood that tabhanas in fact were schools for education and training of guilds. In this respect we can talk about educational tabhanas within complexes of the mosque-zaviye or the hanikah-tabhana-imaret-musafirhana, and manufacturing tabhanas where scholars continued work without breaking ties with the zaviye as the center from which the work of the manufacturing tabhana was coordinated.

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Writers and Society in Eastern Europe, 1989-2000: The End of the Golden Age

Author(s): Andrew Wachtel / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2003

Although an enormous amount has been written about the political, social, and economic effects of post-communist transition, little concern has been paid to its equally traumatic effects on culture—particularly literary culture which was traditionally highly valued in Eastern Europe. Based on field research conducted in 10 countries, this article documents the changes in the environment for literary publishing and the extent to which writers in post-communist societies have suffered a loss of material wealth as well as prestige since 1989.

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ACTA TURCICA FRANJEVAČKOG SAMOSTANA VISOVAC KOD ŠIBENIKA

Author(s): Fehim Nametak / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 44-45/1996

In this paper the wealth of the Turkish Archives of the Franciscan Monastery Visovac near Šibenik has been presented with a few documents. The documents contain mainly the material of interest for the study of life in that monastery, which has been active for 550 years, but some of them have broader significance since they contain the material for the study of political, economic and cultural history of Dalmatian hinterland, the Klis Sanjak as a whole and the links of these areas with Bosnia.

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»Rasa«, vrijeme i revizija modernosti

Author(s): Homi Bhabha / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 25/2020

Kadgod se te riječi izgovore u bijesu ili s mržnjom, bilo za Židova u onom estaminetu u Antwerpu, za Palestinca na Zapadnoj obali ili studenta iz Zaira koji jedva spaja kraj s krajem prodajući lažne fetiše na Lijevoj obali; bilo da su rečene za tijelo žene ili obojenog muškarca; bilo da su tobože službeno izrečene u Južnoj Africi ili su službeno zabranjene u Londonu ili New Yorku, ali su ipak upisane u stroge statističke prikaze uspjeha u školi i zločina, zloupotrebe vize, imigracijskih nepravilnosti; kadgod »Prljava crnčuga!« ili »Pogledaj, crnac!« uopće nije izrečeno, ali to vidite u nečijem pogledu ili čujete u solecizmu šutnje; kadgod i gdjegod bio kad čujem nekog rasistu ili uhvatim njegov pogled, prisjetim se Fanonovog poučnog teksta »Činjenica crnačkosti« i nezaboravnih uvodnih redaka.

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Jecaj bijelog čovjeka - Treći Svijet, krivica, samomržnja

Author(s): Pascal Bruckner / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 25/2020

Zašto kolonijalno osvajanje smatraju tako važnim, u raznim njegovim epizodama? Zato što je to ponovljeno izdanje mita o padu. Prije Renesanse biloje blaženo vrijeme Hesperida na drugim kontinentima, vrijeme u kojem su životinje govorile, vrijeme u kojem je Priroda obilno zalijevala blagodatima zadovoljne i blistave domoroce što nisu znali ni za lučenje dobra od zla, ni za podjelu na tvoje i moje. Onda su s druge strane oceana došla bradata bića s kacigama, donijela plamen i ubojstva, i raj je ispario: slobodni i sretni ljudi potonuli su u ropstvo. A »tamo gdje su djeca, tamo je i zlatno doba« (Novalis). Zato će tiersmondisti, da bi sačuvali taj mit, o novim nacijama Juga stalno govoriti kao roditelji kad govore o svojim dragim mališanima: iskvareno poštenje i spontanost. Treći Svijet je kao i djetinjstvo, jedno vječno proljeće, krhko kraljevstvo na koje su se obrušili opaki odrasli, pohlepni bankari.

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Utjecaj klasičnog diskursa o barbarizmu na moderne kolonijalne taksonomije

Author(s): Amar Acheraiou / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 25/2020

Teze o jeziku, rasi i kulturi kod starih Grka i Rimljana redovito se pojavljuju u modernoj literaturi o kolonijalizmu i političkim tekstovima. One su, svjesno ili nesvjesno, ugrađene u kolonijalistički diskurs i koriste se za artikulaciju imperijalne ideologije. Isaac u knjizi The Invention of Racism kaže da su rani oblici rasizma, kojeje nazvao »protorasizam«, »uobičajeni u grčko-rimskom svijetu« i da su »ovi rani oblici bili prototip za moderni rasizam koji je razvijen u osamnaestom stoljeću«. U analizi odnosa između antičkog i modernog rasizma, Isaac piše da »rasizam u dvadesetom stoljeću ne bi mogao postojati bez svojih prethodnika«. On smatra da kao štoje grčkorimski protorasizam doprinio oblikovanju teorija o rasi u osamnaestom stoljeću, neke ideje koje su cirkulirale u tom stoljeću ugrađene su u kasnije rasističke diskurse.

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Cultural Perspectives and “the Tomahawk Man”

Author(s): Saša Simović / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2020

This paper deals with a classic of American literature, a master of the short story and poetry, a literary critic who demanded seriousness, professionalism and high standards of literature – Edgar Allan Poe – along with his contribution to literature in his native Appalachia and to world literature, and the way his literary legacy has been cherished in modern times and seen from different cultural perspectives. The paper will also shine additional light on the way the literary works of the “Tomahawk Man” influenced new generations of artists.

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„Lenin wiecznie żywy”. Obraz wodza rewolucji we współcze-snej rosyjskiej i polskiej fantastyce

Author(s): Aleksandra Zywert / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXV/2020

The starting point of the paper is to assume that Lenin’s image functions as a pop culture icon. Consequently, the basic purpose of the present text is to try to answer the question about how to create and present the image of the head of the Bolshevik Revolu-tion, as well as about its function in Russian and Polish science-fiction works. The research material includes five fantastic stories: Andrei Lazarchuk, The Mummy, Andrei Stolarov, The Mummy, Andrzej Pilipiuk, Lenin, Lenin 2. Something survived, Cane Fields. Based on the analysis of the works, it can be inferred that Russian authors are definitely more (despite the presence of humorous accents) directed at reworking trauma and anticipating future events with an apocalyptic overtone. In the case of Andrzej Pilipiuk, this element is not there − Lenin’s image is exclusively satiric and grotesque, lacking the features of a realistically life-threatening monster. It seems that Russians are still living “in the shadow” of the Chief and trying to work through the trauma of communism. In the works of Andrzej Pilipiuk, Lenin’s painting (while maintaining all of his constitutive qualities) carries no real threat of returning to the dramatic past and successfully functions as a relic of the past and one of the icons of pop-communism.

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GRAD I LJUDI U VREMENU

Author(s): Safet Bandžović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2019

Review of: Safet Bandžović - Život, ljudi i događaji: Tuzla na razmeđu 19. i 20. stoljeća autora Izeta Šabotića (Centar za istraživanje moderne i savremene historije, Tuzla, 2019).

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‘EUROPE’ AND THE ‘BALKANS’ IMAGES AND NARRATIVES IN THE CULTURAL STRATEGY OF “PLOVDIV – EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE 2019”

Author(s): Zlatina Bogdanova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The paper reviews leading narratives and practices that construct specific images of the ‘European’ and the ‘Balkan’ in the intercultural program of ‘Plovdiv – European Capital of Culture 2019’. The argument is based on studied models in intercultural communication: building images of ‘native’ and ‘foreign’ in narrative strategies. The campaign “Plovdiv – European Capital of Culture 2019” was conceived and implemented as an intercultural interaction between Europe and Plovdiv (Bulgaria). Therefore, at a collective level, narratives can stabilize the identity as well as emphasize belonging to a particular cultural and social space (but they can also mark boundaries – ethnic and cultural). The paper draws particular attention to the role of the cultural industries in representing the city as the European Capital of Culture. The research methodology includes observation and participation in specific trainings, projects and events related to the campaign.

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The Vortex and the Labyrinth: Bruno Schulz and the Objective Correlative

Author(s): David A. Goldfarb / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1997

Bruno Schulz and T. S. Eliot both saw the production of meaning in art as a process deeply laden with the construction and conjuring of mythologies. Despite the religion of the Now and the Future, by which many would characterize Modernism, the recurring gesture of primitivism signals a concomitant yearning for origins. In this essay, I would like to explore the theoretical positions on mythology and meaning in Schulz and Eliot, and consider how they play out in the two authors' artistic work. [...]

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Franjevačke početnice od Divkovića do Jukića

Author(s): Dolores Grmača,Ivana Krešić Klaucke / Language(s): Croatian Issue: II/2020

Contemporary impression that reading is simple is just an illusion acquired through automatic and unconscious processes of learning this skill, cognitive neuroscientists warn. The architecture of the human brain was not designed for reading, and mastering of literacy is one of the most important epigenetic achievements of homo sapiens in a way that reading has become „transformative catalyst of the intellectual development of an individual and literal cultures“ in the past millennia (Wolf 2019:12). In this sense the role of the Franciscan primers in Croatian language in the history of teaching literacy over a Bosna Srebrena province, ie. within the current borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is going to be observed. Hence this article analyzes all printed Franciscan primers from the first known, which was published in bosanica script together with little Nauk krstjanski by Matija Divković in 1669 to the last one of the six latinic primers, which had been published during the 19th century until the Austro-Hungarian military occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. In this research corpus special attention is going to be dedicated to Divković’s bukvica, the first and only specialized textbook for teaching reading, printed in bosanica script, and latinic primers Poçetak slovstva (Split 1815) by Augustin Miletić, Bukvar iliti poçetak slovstva illiriçkogʼ, i latinskog jezika (Budim 1836) by Stjepan Marijanović and Početak pismenstva (Zagreb 1848) by Ivan Frane Jukić. Through these didactic handbooks the process of transition from bosanica to Latin script is followed, as well as the process of enquiry for the appropriate reform of Latin graphics, which ended by final acceptance of Illyrian graphics in Jukić’s primer. Shaping of primers, impact of methods of teaching the initial literacy and their shifts in practical use will be perceived within social-political context of the last centuries of Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Franciscans are among the first ones who joined the tradition of publishing specialized textbooks in our area, which testifies of a high degree of concern for education and literacy in the vernacular.

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Putovanje u Carigrad Ivana fra Frane Jukića i Adolfa Vebera Tkalčevića

Author(s): Lada Badurina,Ivo Pranjković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: II/2020

The paper focuses on travel books by the friar Ivan Frano Jukić Putovanje iz Sarajeva u Carigrad god. 1852. mjeseca svibnja (Journey from Sarajevo to Constantinople in the year 1852, in the Month of May) from 1861 and Adolfo Veber Tkalčević Put u Carigrad (Journey to Constantinople) from 1886. In addition to the language and orthography, special attention is paid to the travel book genre, i.e. the type of text that these books belong to.

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Punjab’s Male Public Culture: a Study of Popular Visuals of Delight

Author(s): Muhammad Asghar,Muhammad Arshad Rehmani / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper looks into the particular leisure time activities and popular sports of pleasure in secular life of rural Pakistani Punjab which is the main reason for the production of popular posters. The methodological foundation for this research study is based on ethnographic surveys. This research study takes an interdisciplinary approach with close observation of public spheres where visual data was found. The popular posters discussed in this study provide a delightful sight for the viewer with a basic sense of the narrative through frozen images whose form is derived from different sources of popular, traditional and modern art cultures. Though naïve, such posters are actually a complex maze of cultural, aesthetic and social values that have shaped the way the poster functions as an object of art, as an icon and a commodity. This study argues that on one hand, the popular posters and advertisements are not only the frozen images of our lived culture but they also evoke a sense of nostalgia and on the other hand they develop an understanding of how economic, political and ideological systems utilizing a similar field of cultural production ultimately create a rich heritage of “cultural capital”.

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O PROJEKCIE KORPUSU POLSZCZYZNY DO 1500 ROKU

Author(s): Ewa Deptuchowa,Katarzyna Jasińska,Magdalena Klapper,Dorota Kołodziej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2020

This paper presents the assumptions of the Corpus of Polish until 1500, which is being developed as part of the project titled Baza leksykalna średniowiecznej polszczyzny (do 1500 roku). Fleksja (Lexical Database of Medieval Polish (until 1500). Inflection). It introduces the fundamental objectives of the project, namely preparing an inflectional description of all (inflected) words from the time until 1500 and building a morphosyntactically annotated collection of texts from the same period. Afterwards, the authors discuss the present digital collections of Old Polish texts. In the main part of the paper, they present the criteria for selecting sources for the Corpus under creation and their elaboration methods, which refer to the solutions developed in the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th centuries (until 1772). Their major modifications aimed to adapt the structural and morphosyntactic annotations for the purpose of describing Mediaeval Polish are discussed on selected examples.

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