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Innovation.bg 2017 observes the technological interdependence of the national economy on a European and global scale. A special focus is placed on the automotive and related industries in respect of which Bulgaria is a magnet for foreign investors not only as a systems integrator but also as an R&D centre and a source of new technological solutions. Innvation.bg provides a reliable annual assessment of the innovation performance of the Bulgarian economy and of the current conditions and development opportunities of the Bulgarian innovation system. The report provides recommendations on the improvement of the public policy on innovation, building on the latest international theoretical and empirical studies and taking into account the specific economic, political, cultural and institutional framework of the innovation system in Bulgaria. The report targets leaders and decision-makers in the public and private sector of the country and abroad.
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The era of globalization involves interactions and inter-state and inter-human relations of all types, including economic ones. An important place among them also belongs to the cross-border ones. The paradigm is the model, the dominant aspect in science and the knowledge of a certain period of time or epoch. There are particular paradigms, specific to one or another science, to one or another domain. There are also general or universal paradigms, such as ecological and communication ones. The human paradigm is, however, the most universal one, as it manifests itself in all spheres and fields of human activity and practice, including economics. The whole practice and knowledge, according to the universal paradigm of humanity, must be directed towards ensuring the security and survival of humans, society and nature. The true human is the person with a high and permanent morality and moral behavior. Namely, Man is the supreme value for man and for this reason today, while being in danger, he has become the most important global problem, which practically includes in itself all other problems. The universal paradigm of humanity is compulsory even for the fields of medicine, military and force spheres. It occupies a special place in the real economy and economic science.
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The article highlights the activity of the commercial companies of the Securitate and the way in which the process of stealing the economic gains of the Romanian national economy started and also was ended. After December 22, 1989 and the formal termination of the Securitate, the huge amounts of money in the accounts of the Securitate remained in the accounts of the Securitate-officers who were credit directors and coordinated the account numbers, passwords and access codes. There was no Communist Party control of these amounts and they were only partially reported to the political leadership of the country. These amounts have disappeared entirely. They far exceeded the amount of Romania's external debt and were accumulated in the period when the people were afflicted by the economic crisis, artificially induced by those who were preparing to trigger the popular uprising behind which the state coup meant to remove Ceaușescu from power was covered. Removing Ceaușescu from power was ment to regain the political and military control over Romania by the USSR and the take-over by the Western economies of the Romanian place on the world market and the sources of raw materials in Romania.
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Since the creation of the first colonial empires, expecially the spanish one, Europe faced a mssive gold and silver import. The most part of this import was used to buy weapons and finance war. In this business the Rothschild and Baring families got envolved and managed to gain important capitals which they later used to borrow money with interest or to finance usualy both parts in wars. In this war they gained immense wealth and more important, a major influence upon the Western world, which in fact increasese in timpe up to the moment these lines are written. These economical-political phenomena aremajor threats to the economic security.
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Today’s regional news: elections in Karabakh; pollution in Belgrade; fugitive politician returns to Moldova; Czech "smart" quarantine; and fintech in Bulgaria.
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Human resources are a primary source for development of a country. The importance of social policies and human resources for social development is a matter of particular consideration in today's globalizing society. Social development, human capital, human resources are factors that are related. The problem of the country's social development is a topical issue throughout the European Union. When analyzing the development of social development of the country,several concepts and methods are applied in practice. The aim of the article is to compare the development of social development in Slovakia using a composite indicator. Composite indicators as a tool for ranking objects are becoming more and more popular. The article describes various methods of its construction, their advantages and disadvantages. The construction of this aggregate indicator is based on the application of more complex and multidimensional statistical methods. The result of the statistical survey is a finding of steady growth of social development in Slovakia. The close negative dependence between social development and unemployment is illustrated.
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This paper aims to study the factors that determine unemployment in the Arab world. The study utilizes the panel regression method for the time series period from 2000 to 2016. The study tested the impact of many variables on unemployment such as macroeconomics variables,educational variables, labour market variables and besides studying the impact of economic freedom and the financial crisis of 2008. The results show that economic freedom has negative and significant relationships with total unemployment, the male and female unemployment as well. The impact of 2008 financial crisis on total unemployment appeared to have no significant impact on total unemployment.
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The aim of the paper is to investigate if the Western Balkan countries converge towards the new Member States of the European Union, the EU-13. The analysis is focused on beta convergence, defined as a tendency of poor countries to grow faster than rich countries. The analysed period is 2004-2017, with two sub-periods; 2004-2008 and 2009-2013. The subdivision is made in order to test the research hypotheses that the recent financial crisis negatively affected the absolute and conditional convergence process of the Western Balkans towards the EU-13. The relationships between per capita GDP growth rate and selected macroeconomic variables are econometrically tested and the empirical results support the convergence hypothesis. The convergence rates range 1.3%-3.6%. The negative effects of the crisis on convergence are not confirmed, i.e., the convergence rates during the crisis period are the highest among the analysed periods. The poorer countries should open their economies and maintain stable inflation and debt, as economic openness and inflation have a positive impact on per capita growth in the analysed countries, while general government debt has a negative impact.
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The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union – if it happens, regardless of the chosen variant – will be associated with various consequences for both sides. Brexit (British exit) will also impact the EU development policy, as London is one of the leading providers of ODA – in 2018 it financed 11.67% of its world’s total, and with Germany and France ensured two thirds of the EU ODA (65.61% in 2018). This paper attempts to answer the main research question: what impact will Brexit have on the EU development policy? The analysis covers the financial plane, and the following elements will be taken into consideration: the impact of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the organisation on the general EU budget, the European Development Fund and the sum of funds transferred to ODA by the EU institutions and its Member States, guaranteeing the status of the world’s most generous donor, currently providing more than 50% of total ODA. However, I argue that in the post-2020 perspective the fact that Brexit will happen will matter more the EU’S ODA than the actual form that it will eventually take. The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European polity may be associated with a significant reduction of the financial resources at the EU’s disposal and directed towards development assistance, but the European Union will remain the most important ODA donor, contributing around 41% of all global development aid.
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This book is arguably the most comprehensive and detailed analysis of the crucial process of Romania`s post-communist transition. The author defines capital broadly, not just in terms of volume of money, but also as previously produced goods, that
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This article explores the challenges and opportunities of the Europeanization processes taking place in post-Maidan Ukraine and post-Velvet Revolution Armenia. It argues that despite the constraining effects of “competing governance provider” Russia, the interests, perceptions and preferences of the domestic elites are critical to the implementation of the EU policies in Ukraine and Armenia. Thus, it offers a more dynamic structure- agency interplay approach to account for the dynamics of Europeanization in the EU-Russia contested neighbourhood. The article concludes that the domestic change in Ukraine has been positively correlated with its Europeanization, while Armenia has been showing positive signs of responsiveness towards the European policies since the 2018 “Velvet Revolution.” The article enquires into integration without membership dynamics between the EU and Eastern neighbours, as well as into the actorness of the EU in post-revolution state-building in Ukraine and Armenia.
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The improvement of higher education and its transformation into a source of economic growth and innovation is a shared priority for the EU countries. Public-private partnerships are a successful mechanism that increase and motivate the sharing of resources, knowledge and achievements in response to the under funding of the higher education institutions and improves the efficiency and effectiveness in spending public resources. In the Bulgarian higher education sector, PPPs are an underutilized opportunity in key areas such as research and development and innovative cooperation between the universities and the business sector. In the context of the benefits of PPPs in higher education,the article summarizes the leading European instruments designed to enhance the role of universities in the area of research and innovation. By assessing the implementation of key existing opportunities at national level and summarizing the reasons for the “modest” local capacity for effective use of the designated funding, the article focuses on the need for establishment of an institutional environment that encourages partnerships.
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The purpose of the study is to identify the main tendencies of professional training of specialists in the economic field in higher education institutions of the Republic of Poland and Ukraine. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the problem, the methodology of the research is based on a complex-integrative combination of theoretical approaches of a number of sciences, in particular pedagogy, psychology, as well as general scientific methods of system analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization and under. Results - common modern tendencies of professional training of economic specialists in higher education institutions of the Republic of Poland and Ukraine (diversification of educational services; mass education of higher education; modernization of vocational training; humanitarianization of vocational education; internationalization of students and undergraduate students; transition from traditional concepts of vocational training to innovative; improvement of pedagogical component of higher education), and in values of different trends in training (training globalization, invigorating training, decentralization of management of the education system). Conclusions - Taking into account the mentality, conditions, time and task sof higher education institutions of Ukraine and in order to reach world standards, a number of important steps should be taken to improve the system of higher economic education of Ukraine. Therefore, it is advisable to introduce a system of professional training of specialists in the economic sector; the link between training and continuity between theoretical training and the conditions for its practical implementation; passing different types of practice in leading financial institutions and enterprises of Ukraine and EU countries; development of academic and professional mobility; creation of research universities with the involvement of leading foreign experts.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, substantial economic problems accumulating in Russian society brought the country to profound political transformations. Industrialization began at the turn of the century and required substantial financial resources from expanded grain exports, an important export for foreign markets. However, low labor productivity in the Russian agricultural sector, along with unsuccessful reforms and a drastically diminished rural population due to urban migration, temporary harvest failures, and high taxes, squeezed the life of agrarians. Consequently, the food supply in the national economy and foreign markets encountered a harsh challenge. Despite the urgent need to modernize agricultural production, the main aim of Russian industrialization embraced coal production, metallurgy, and transportation, especially railroad construction. Significant dependence on foreign supplies of equipment and tools reduced the rate of Russian economic independence and became one main constraint on economic modernization. Another problem was substantial state financial support for developing industrial and transportation systems, with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad as one of the most financially consuming, contributing to the state budget deficit and corruption. The First World War revealed substantial economic distortions, especially enormous dependence on foreign aid and low productivity. Rapidly spreading economic chaos brought the country to profound political transformations.
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The article examines the stages through which the flour-milling industry passed between the late 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century. Several factors contributed to the upward trend in the milling – the increase in cereal yields, the construction of a railway network and the establishment of new banks. The article details are considered laws encouragement of the Bulgarian industry (1894, 1905) and their application in the milling. It is proved that they contributed to the introduction of new technologies, accelerated the industrialization of the country and expanded the marketability of the economy.
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Objective: The article identifies the main economic problems Poland faced as a result of its military involvement in the 1919–1921 Polish-Soviet War. Research Design & Methods: Source material including legal regulations, statistical data and pre- and post-war literature were analysed. Findings: Financing military operations replete with supplies took a tremendous effort, and the consequent hardship was shouldered by all of Poland’s citizens. The situation weighed particularly heavily on rural populations, which were compelled to provide recruits and food for the army and civilians alike. The war ultimately ushered in a period of hyperinflation. Implications / Recommendations: War places a huge burden on state finances. It contributes to a greater state interventionism and imposes various obligations on the citizens. Contribution: The analysis of main problems of Polish economy during the Polish-Soviet War may be used for comparative purposes when studying similar issues in other countries.
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What remains of public trust in the state is vanishing as the pandemic roars back into Central Europe.
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This article discusses the evolution of the Polish agricultural sector, its struggle for survival since 1945, and the effects of this struggle on the Polish economy. The article provides insights and conclusions about the flaws of the communist economic system and central planning policies, the successes and problems of the Polish transition to a free market system, the effects of EU policies on the agricultural sector, and the depth of the relationships between the agricultural sector and the national economy. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of the Poland-EU Association Agreement and the effect of preaccession policies on the agricultural sector. The analysis indicates that EU accession has not solved the structural problems of the Polish agricultural sector such as overemployment, farm size, and lack of capital. However, EU accession provides the potential for a better future if a stable economic environment is created and if foreign capital is attracted.
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In the summer of 1993, an American businessman friend negotiating privatization deals in East Central Europe questioned me about gender inequality in the region. He said he was surprised to find that several of the top financial executives of large, state-owned enterprises he met at the negotiating tables were women. Since this is one of the most important and prestigious positions in a capitalist corporation, he concluded that women in newly democratized East Central Europe have achieved a level of gender equality unheard of in other parts of the world. [...]
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