Mediterana şi dezvoltarea portuară
Două rapoarte prezentate la Napoli şi Civitavecchia au subliniat importanţa traficului portuar în Mediterană şi rolul esenţial al siturilor italiene în economie.
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Două rapoarte prezentate la Napoli şi Civitavecchia au subliniat importanţa traficului portuar în Mediterană şi rolul esenţial al siturilor italiene în economie.
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The major goal of this research is to assess Bangladesh's foreign remittance inflows. In recent years, remittance has risen to prominence as one of the most important economic variables, since it helps with the surplus balance of payments, foreign reserves, aggregate savings and money circulation. Bangladesh's foreign trade has begun to improve after overcoming the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In comparison to the previous fiscal year, total export earnings declined by 16.93% to US$ 33,674.09 million in FY2019–20. During the first half of fiscal year 2020–21, export earnings totalled US$ 35,180.81 million, up 13.64% over the same period of the previous fiscal year. Furthermore, remittance earnings are growing at a slower rate than emigration from Bangladesh, owing to a rising number of unskilled or semi-skilled labourers in overseas migration rather than professional. Remittances have a great impact on Bangladesh's economy.
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The study is devoted to the Ukrainian capital outflow analysis, finding main reasons, consequences and working out the recommendations. The purpose of the study was to research the reasons of offshoring, except tax avoidance, to estimate their impact on the state economy and develop the ways of economy de-offshoring based on the main results of the study. The main reasons, positive, negative effects and threats of economy offshoring were identified. The main reasons for offshoring other than tax avoidance were highlighted. Based on empirical, theoretical, and static research, it was found that a corporate raiding, an imperfect legal environment regarding the protection of property, intellectual property and high level of political risks have a significant impact on the economy offshoring. The influence of various factors (x1, x2….xn) on capital outflow was estimated on a base of correlation analysis. According to the received results the main ways of Ukraine’s economy de-offshoring within the formation of institutional and legal support of de-offshoring were developed. Scientific methods such as general and special methods of cognition, methods of economic and statistical analysis, deduction, and the method of theoretical generalization were used in the study.
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Economics as a social science changed with time and used the knowledge of other sciences to resolve economic problems. Complexity of economic processes demands new ideas and new methods for solving current economic problems. The historical development of economics is visible through various economic theories that were once even contradictory. Accelerated development of the overall society has led to unexpected ideas and synergies in economics. Thanks to the globalisation and technological development, economic events become very complex and difficult to predict which is why modern economics apart from mathematics and statistics also uses physics in order to make economic predictions. The scientific discipline called econophysics emerged as a result of the synergy between economics and physics in the 1990s.
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This paper is the second part of the attempt to examine the governance, efficiency, and development of the Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) in Bulgaria. In the years of EU membership, the expenditures for AR&D significantly decreased absolutely and relatively as a share in the total expenditures for R&D, which indicates diminishing importance and deteriorating financial, personnel, and material potential of the agrarian knowledge and innovation sector.The research continues the first part already published in the previous issue with the third point of view related to the governance of agrarian research in Bulgaria is unpacked; forth, the state of the system of education and training of agricultural producers in the country is analysed.
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The paper provides an examination of interwar Latvia’s national accounts, checking their usability for estimating interwar economic growth performance. According to the authoritative account of Roses and Wolf [(2010). Aggregate growth, 1913–1950. In S. Broadberry, & K. H. O’Rourke (Eds.), The Cambridge economic history of modern Europe, vol 2. 1870 to the present (pp. 183– 207). Cambridge UP.], based on indirect estimation methods, Latvia’s GDPpc growth rate from 1929 to 1938 was the highest in Europe. However, according to Aizsilnieks [(1968). Latvijas saimniecības vēsture, 1914–1945. Daugava.] interwar national income estimates show that the Latvian economy stagnated in the 1930s. This paper’s main findings are that applying historical price indices to the existing interwar output estimates supports the stagnation thesis. However, the national income estimates lack validity and reliability due to unpersistent or unknown methodology. Hence, changes in real output cannot be established without new calculations according to the contemporary System of National Accounts (SNA 2008) framework.
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This paper explains the concept of trade in value-added trade, according to which, whenever goods and services are crossed, they are not recorded at their gross value, as required by the traditional approach, but by the newly established value between two crossings. This concept pointed the importance of making, somewhat forgotten, input-output tables as an additional macroeconomic balance, and the harmonization and unification of national into the multiregional input-output table. To this end, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Trade Organization have so far provided the best framework. Therefore, the paper presents an international input-output table methodology developed by the aforementioned organizations, which simultaneously reflects the complexity of modern trade relations. The fact that foreign added value accounts for an average of 27% of the countries’ exports, that is, 50% of the trade takes place within the global product chains indicates that such an approach is not only necessary for the calculation of external trade, but also a necessary basis for formulating adequate public policies in each specific country.
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Tax expenditures represent the fiscal effects of tax relief in the tax systems of modern states. Fiscal consolidation after the recent global financial and economic crisis has mainly focused on increasing tax revenues. The cuts in tax expenditures should be seen as one of the fiscal consolidation measures, which can contribute to the growth of tax revenues and greater righteous of the tax system by abolishing more favorable tax treatment certain categories of taxpayers, branches and economic activities.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the cash-holding level of the companies. In this context, the factors affecting the cash-holding level of the companies were examined with quarterly financial data between 2012/1- 2020/6 periods of 6 companies traded in the insurance sector in Borsa Istanbul by panel data analysis. In order to determine the method to be used in the study, first of all, the stationarity of the series was examined with the help of the panel unit root test LLC. Then, least squares regression was used. As a result of the study, the variables that have a positive and statistically significant effect on the level of cash-holding have been found to be return on assets, total debt and net sales, while the negative effects of firm size have been found to be negative and statistically significant, and finally, the negative effects of return on equity and net profit have been found to be statistically insignificant.
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The 2030 United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted on September 25, 2015, promotes the balance among the three sustainable development dimensions – economic, social and environmental and establishes a global framework for achieving sustainable development by 2030, having 17 sustainable development (SDGs) objectives and 169 related targets. The European Union, together with its member states, has committed to implementing these goals at EU level, as well as at other non-EU countries, most in need of support. Romania joined the leaders of the 192 UN member states at the Development Summit, adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a universal development global action program. In this context, Romania’s 2030 National Strategy for Sustainable Development was drawn up and approved by the Government on November 9, 2018, and Romania’s economic security issues were included in 2020 National Defence Strategy.
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The 2030 United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted on September 25, 2015, promotes the balance among the three sustainable development dimensions – economic, social and environmental and establishes a global framework for achieving sustainable development by 2030, having 17 sustainable development (SDGs) objectives and 169 related targets. The European Union, together with its member states, has committed to implementing these goals at EU level, as well as at other non-EU countries, most in need of support. Romania joined the leaders of the 192 UN member states at the Development Summit, adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a universal development global action program. In this context, Romania’s 2030 National Strategy for Sustainable Development was drawn up and approved by the Government on November 9, 2018, and Romania’s economic security issues were included in 2020 National Defence Strategy.
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Review of: Vito Tanzi, Fragile Futures. The Uncertain Economics of Disasters, Pandemics, and Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2022, ISBN: 9781009109246,
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The article examines foreign experience in managing regional development based on decentralization, identifies priority goals for ensuring the sustainability of the socio-economic development of regions, based on the formation of effective social, economic and environmental parameters. The mechanisms for the implementation of regional policy as a single policy of the European Union, which consist in the use of approaches and principles common to all member countries in relation to regional development, are analyzed. Based on the generalization of foreign experience, the main directions of the formation of the state policy for the development of regional management are highlighted. The main problems that arise on the way to ensure sustainable development of the regions of Ukraine are identified. Directions for the formation of the foundations for ensuring the sustainability of regional development are proposed.
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The concept of “soft power” is one of the important elements of international relations. This tool has been implemented by many countries in recent years. Türkiye is also among the countries that can effectively use “soft power” tools. One of Türkiye's most important actors in this direction is the Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB). Türkiye Alumni program is one of the YTB’s successful programs. This study aims to reveal the effect of international students who graduated from Türkiye and occupy critical positions in the bureaucracy in their homeland, on bilateral relations. This study claims that among the top officials of the regions and countries where Türkiye is currently conducting a successful foreign policy, there are graduates of Türkiye who have received undergraduate or graduate education in Türkiye with YTB scholarships. Discourse analysis was used to analyze the data in the study. 13 international students who were assigned to senior positions upon returning to their country after studying in Türkiye between 1964 and 2016 are considered within the scope of the study. With this aim in mind, ten countries and one regional administration, including Bosnia-Herzegovina Federation, Somalia, Kosovo, Libya, Tanzania, Azerbaijan, Albania, Iraqi Kurdish Regional Government (KRG), Bulgaria, Indonesia and Slovakia. In this study, along with the primary sources such as the statements of the people and the data from official newspapers, secondary sources such as scientific studies and periodicals were also used.
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The concept of enterprise’s institutional security is defined and its relationship with legal security is disclosed. The place and role of institutional security in the system of economic security of the enterprise is substantiated. It is proved that in wartime conditions, the goal of enterprise’s institutional security is its preservation as an integral economic system and institutional form of entrepreneurship.
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Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is an organizational model of public service delivery in which a public partner joins with a private one for a joint delivery of a public service, creating added value for both parties in this “partnership”. From the point of view of the public partner, it decreases public expenditure, increases the quality and distribution of public services, and reduces agency costs. From the point of view of the private partner, the benefits are in achieving the planned rate of return, reducing sub-investment costs, reducing agency costs, and avoiding debt risk. There are numerous studies on the correlation between economic development and investment through PPP, which have led to this research. According to the legal framework in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is composed of entity and cantonal laws, a subject of PPPs may also be construction, use, maintenance and management or reconstruction of property for the purposes of meeting public needs in the health service sector. The aim of the paper is to explore the legal and institutional assumptions of investing through the PPP model in Bosnia and Herzegovina health service sector and to make recommendations for improving the PPP situation in the health service sector. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper is structured in three parts. The first part represents a concise theoretical framework in which the subject of the research is situated, the second part presents the state of affairs pertaining to investments in the health service sector, and the third part analyzes the current state of the use of this form of public service delivery in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concluding section makes recommendations for improvements in terms of improving the investment through PPP in the sector of health care services.
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The article looks at the government’s policy towards the hard coal mining sector in Poland in the years 2015–2021 in the context of the climate policy of the European Union, and the increase in demand for energy resources of the Polish economy. Despite the fact that for several years hard coal mines in Poland have been generating losses, they continue to operate. For political reasons, they could count on government support. Poland’s obligations towards the EU have made the transition from hard coal in the power industry inevitable. The article discusses the assumptions of the government’s mine restructuring plan until 2049. Its implementation depends on the decision of the European Commission on granting public aid to the liquidated mines.
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The large share of natural gas supplies that are sent to Poland from the Russian Federation has been heavily criticised by many Polish political parties. Politicians from several political groups have emphasised the need to diversify the sources and directions of this commodity. In this respect, cooperation with Norway was to play a key role in ensuring the implementation of this scheme. The goal of this article is to analyse the political thought of Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS, the Law and Justice) and Platforma Obywatelska (PO, the Civic Platform) parties in the construction of the Baltic Pipe gas pipeline. The main research paradigm applied in the text is the analysis of testimonies and traces of political thought. Taking up the topic is important due to an overall lack of studies that show original findings of the standpoint of various political parties in Poland on the idea of building this specific type of energy infrastructure.
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Hydrogen can be used in several ways, including as a raw material, fuel or as an energy carrier. Therefore, hydrogen becomes an object of interest not only to companies, but also to individual governments. The European Union (EU) promotes low-emission solutions, which entails giving up fossil fuels and adapting the energy mix to renewable energy. In addition, the war in Ukraine is reshaping relations on the energy market in Europe and beyond. The well-known concept of diversification takes on a new meaning, it is combined with efficiency and competitiveness in the event of a change in the directions and sources of energy. It should be emphasized that no CO2 emissions are generated when using hydrogen. This fact becomes a passport to the implementation of the EU’s low-emission goals by 2050. Poland is not energy self-sufficient, additionally it still bases its energy mix on fossil fuels, which consequently raises concerns about meeting the EU guidelines. Therefore, the aim of the study is, inter alia, showing the prospects for the implementation of the so-called hydrogen valleys and sustainable smart cities, as alternatives to, for example, EU guidelines, dependence of supplies on the Russian monopoly, inefficiency and inactivity of the energy sector in the long term. For the purposes of this analysis, a hypothesis has been formulated, which assumes that the use of hydrogen in the economy will significantly improve Poland’s energy security in the long term. The following research question was asked: Will Poland use hydrogen as a solution to meet the EU requirements for a zero-emission economy?
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In the theoretical and methodological sense, bankruptcy procedures are extremely important for the restructuring of the economy and the generation of company efficiency. In the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the phenomenology of bankruptcy is faced with additional complex complications and extremely devastating war actions and looting in 1992-1995!? Parts of large business systems with significant material resources, wealth and knowledge began to collapse and fail due to the departure of personnel, termination of cooperation and loss of markets.
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