Sémantická koncepcia pravdy a základy sémantiky
Tento článok pozostáva z dvoch častí; prvá časť má vysvetľujúci charakter, druhá j e skôr polemická.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Tento článok pozostáva z dvoch častí; prvá časť má vysvetľujúci charakter, druhá j e skôr polemická.
More...
The article proposes an interpretation of metaphors and metaphoric discourse through the perspective of touch. The article first deals with metaphors of touch in the history of western philosophy (especially traditional metaphysics from Plato to Hegel) in order to produce an operative category of touch that will allow, in the second step, to grasp the tactile quality of the metaphors. If metaphors are usually (rhetorics, politics, literature) regarded as a specific form of language able to not only touch the subject matter in the most suitable way but also touch on the target subject (listener/reader), then it is precisely because there is a certain haptic quality involved in language itself, discernible especially in the discourse of those who know how to best exploit metaphors in their endeavours.
More...
The issue author deals with in the opening part of the article is concerned with a problem of explanatory semantics; in the second part, starting from the point of analysing the source fragments, the author is claiming that the term lekton does not corresponds with the term expression; the third part is discussing the attitudes that locate lekton directly to out thoughts; the fourth part presents searching for the answer referring to the question in what sense is possible to talk of the Stoics that they were formalists; the fifth part demonstrates some of the parallels and also differences between the semantics of Frege and that of the Stoics; the sixth part contents discussing an adequacy in explaining lekton as the speech act; the seventh part is trying to presents Stoics\' understanding of the concept of individual lekton across the solution of \'the dead one\' paradox; in the eight part, the author is sketching the óbject\'-explaining lekta as the logical constructions, while in the concluding part he is explaining the functional mature of some distinct kinds of lekta. In reconstructing the nature of lekta as logical constructions (since the most of lekta are constructions that construct the functions and value this functions is related with the term of śtate of affairs\'), author is commenting them not just as more adequate than so far served explanations, but also as well as the candidates of an acceptable and a persuasive unique theory.
More...
Logická stavba viet, ktorými sa budeme zaoberať, j e celkom prostá. V našom výklade sa sústredíme 1. na jednoduché vety, v ktorých sa konštatuje, že a) (indivíduum) a má vlastnosť P, b ) medzi (indivíduami) a „ a2,..., an je vzťah R, resp. že (indivíduá) au a2, an sú v o vzťahu R, (pričom "a", " a . . . , "an" zastupujú ľubovoľné výrazy označujúce indivíduá, "P" ľubovoľný výraz vyjadrujúci vlastnosť a "R" ľubovoľný výraz vyjadrujúci tzv. «argumentový vzťah),
More...
Jeden z najfundamentálnejších filozofických problémov možno formulovať celkom jednoducho nasledujúcim spôsobom.
More...
Jazyk a metajazyk. Prirodzený jazyk j e mimoriadne zložitý útvar, ktorý možno skúmať z mnohých hľadísk a pomocou rôznych metód. Svedčí o tom i bohatá členitosť jazykovedy a mnohovrstvovosť j e j skúmaní.
More...
Review of: Jonathan Culler: Saussure, Bratislava, Archa 1993, 119 s.
More...
Author initiated studies and teaching in semiotics and logical semantics in the fifties. Special conditions (connected with the political reasons) led him to work in the sphere of informatics, conputer-aided design and computer graphics. This situation led him to the problems and interpretations of graphic or pictorial communication, graphic, shapes or graphic languages. The graphic communication, especially in the sphere of engineering and design activities, has a special form of a text. The interpretation of this text is started from the master item or master datum and is followed by the interpretation of some detailed data. For the semiotic analysis of such a procedure the application of some informational methods is presented: the application of the concept "informational synonymity" and the use of time factor including the comparison of the interpretation concerning the picture, shape and the traditional data set. This comparison is hased on the transmitted information concepts connected with the time factor.
More...
The purpose of this paper is to draw out a little noticed, but (I think) correct and important, consequence of David Lewis’s theory of how the values of contextual parameters are determined. According to Lewis (1979), these values are often determined at least in part by accommodation; to a first approximation, the idea is that contextual parameters tend to take on the values they need to have in order for our utterances to be true. The little-noticed consequence of Lewis’s way of developing these ideas is that what we say is determined in part by the way the conversation unfolds after our utterance. That is, Lewisian accommodation entails a non-standard form of externalism, according to which what we say is determined not only by factors internal to us at the time of our utterance, nor even by truths about our physical or social environment at the time of utterance or by our history, but also by truths about our future—truths about times after the time of our utterance. Seeing this consequence clearly lets us refine and improve upon Lewis’s account of when accommodation can occur.
More...
The paper addresses issues of predicates of taste, both gustatory and aesthetic in dialogue with Michael Glanzberg. The first part briefly discusses his view of anaphora in the determination of the semantics of such predicates, and attempts a friendly generalization of his strategy. The second part discusses his contextualism about statements of taste, of the form A is Φ, and then proposes a pluralist alternative. The literature normally confronts contextualism and relativism here, but the pluralist proposal introduces further options. First, it distinguishes first-level and second level, more theoretical, approaches. At the first level it introduces the naïve view option, the naive non-dogmatist experiencer who simply claims that A is Φ and that’s it. On meta-level such an experiencer is simply agnostic about further matters. Then, there is the first-level dogmatist stance, characteristic for people who do sincerely debate the issues, who naively believe they are objectively right. The third option is the tolerant, liberal one: “A is Φ; for me, I mean. How do you find it?” On the meta-level, dogmatic disagreement goes well with value-absolutism, entailing that one of the parties is simply wrong, and with relativism. If one is not dogmatist about taste predicates, one should accept that dogmatist is simply wrong; no faultlessness is present. The liberal stance goes well with contextualism. If one is liberal there is no deep disagreement. So, the idea of faultless disagreement is a myth. But the proposal notes that language is open to all possibilities, there is no single option that is obligatory for all speakers.
More...
Poetry and philosophy have had a long and convoluted relation, characterized often by mutual antipathy and rarely by mutual acknowledgment and respect. Plato was one influential philosopher who trashed poetry’s capacities to trade in the domain of truth and knowledge, but it was J. L. Austin who blew the final whistle by dismissing it as non-serious. And while for many poets that was an invitation to dismiss Austin, for many philosophers that was a confirmation of the overall discomfort they had already felt with respect to poetry. Just how wrong both parties were in this standoff is revealed in the latest book by Maximilian De Gaynesford, The Rift in the Lute: Attuning Poetry and Philosophy, which calls for a dismissal of the separation of the two and for their mutual cooperation. In this paper, we look at De Gaynesford’s proposal, mostly praising its strong points and occasionally raising doubts regarding its success.
More...
Likovi u dramama Antona P. Čehova govore rado i mnogo, u gotovo svim situacijama u koje ih dramska radnja dovede i sa svim partnerima s kojima dođu u kontakt. Govore da bi „ubili vrijeme", kao u trećem činu drame Ivanov, kad je govor dio zakuske uz votku a ne sredstvo kojim se nešto kazuje. Oni nekad govore da bi sakrili, možda i od sebe, stvarno stanje stvari, kao junakinja komedije Višnjik Ljubov Andrejevna, koja tokom drame neumorno ponavlja kako želi ostati ovdje, jer voli svoj dom, višnjik i sve ljude ovdje, a onda na kraju drame odlazi svom ljubavniku u Pariz.
More...
This research directs onto quote connection of the novel A Dervish and Death with the works of Islamic mystics and philosophers of Gazali, Rumi, Ibn Arebi, Isfahani, Ibn Sina and others. By this, it has been opened a possibility for reconsideration of works from the point of Islamic mysticism (Sufism). A cycle structure of the novel, lets say, points out onto a complex symbolism of a circle connected with a circled dance of Mevlevi Dervishes, to whom the main hero of the novel belongs to, Ahmed Nurudin. The novel also contains other symbols of Sufism, as the beauty of a woman as a symbol of temptation of this world, and it also points out onto similarities characteristic for the literature of the East, as Jusuf and Zulejha are. The essential idea of Sufism, searching for love and believing that love is a pre-beginning of everything, interweaves the entire novel. By putting into the subtext the idea of searching for love, being ideal of all religions and human ideologies, Selimović gains universality and shows that the final idea of the novel is still not pessimistic.
More...
After a true initiatory journey, with dramatic sequences when it seemed that he lost his identity, Barbarius manages to return to his own self, the real man who can love and be loved. At the end of the novel, the protagonist achieves that much desired inner balance along with Dr. Zamfirita Micescu. However, we can not speak of eros without taking into account the desire, because the place where desire appears, also appears the needs to satisfy it. The feeling of fullness, inner balance, satisfaction manages to materialize through the harmonious fusion between the two forms of eros, namely sexuality and spiritual love. Therefore, we can state that along with Dr. Micescu, Caesar achieves a high hypostasis of eros. The narrator admirably manages to capture the reader's attention from the first chapter of the novel, which describes a passionate scene, of heartbreaking love that ends in a perverse cruelty and murder.
More...
Ethics is a philosophical discipline through its tradition and history, through its foundations, its object and its approach. One of the ethical functions is the normative one. Moral rules are prescriptive statements that indicate what is to be done or not in order to make the agent conscious in repeated situations, so that they are judged to be good or bad. The moral agent is the genuine subject of the moral manifestation, a subject acting in a specific way and whose consequences are appreciated as good or bad. The critique of the normative function of ethics, the state of moral norms has been triggered since the beginnings of the Analytical Philosophy. Among the authors of this critique is L. Wittgenstein, whose semantic theories of Philosophy of Language have influenced and generated a distinct discourse on moral norms and on the normativity of ethics. In this paper I shall analyze the following issues: 1. What is meant by the concept of "moral norm"?; 2. The relationship between moral norms and moral agents; 3. Wittgenstein II's Perspective on moral norms.
More...
In the paper, the authors emphasized the growth of a number of publications in the authoritative scientific journals in which the fact of the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence is approved and the features of communication with it are considered as well. All incoming information, which may relate to manifestations of extraterrestrial intelligence, a candidate SETI signal, is evaluated according to the Rio scale. The authors proposed to call a candidate SETI signal, which had reached according to the Rio scale maximum assessment — the SETI signal. The SETI signal is the established and scientifically proved the fact of receiving a fragment of the text or the text of extraterrestrial intelligence. To interpret the SETI signal, the authors proposed to use the possibilities of hermeneutics. In the paper, the authors answered two questions: “Is it appropriate to use hermeneutics to interpret the SETI signal?” and “Does hermeneutics have any ability to interpret the SETI signal?” The authors showed briefly how to use the hypothetico-deductive method, or in what way it is possible to carry out interpretation of the SETI signal in five steps using the example. As a basis, the authors used the ideas of Chrysostomos Mantzavinos.
More...
Order in universe is not sequential but consequential reality. We use our contemporary knowledge to try to understand the composite value of this order but sometimes intuition goes beyond knowledge and those with more developed sense of it find a clear meaning just by indicating the (set of) form of event shaping a ‘consequence’. When they give expression to their ‘vision’, they include many cases. Great poets like Shakespeare and Goethe, in words of Mohammad Iqbal, ‘rethink the thought of Divine Creation’. Shakespeare’s spiritual context, his spiritual heritage connects him directly to Ibn Arabi and philosophically to the Illuminationist tradition (Hikmat al Ishraq). Shakespeare’s concepts of statehood, womanhood, education of Self, Godhood, transformation of twoness to One-ness and Nature as first Principle of Diversity throughout his career especially from 1599 to 1611 echo Illuminationist disciplines. Shakespeare’s interest in and knowledge of contemporary Persia is the prime focus of this study. It attempts to place Shakespeare’s knowledge into its historical context. In this regard the Earl of Essex and the Sherley brothers, play prominent roles. It is certain that during this era of English collaboration with Persia and through the personal contact with Sherley’s literary influences traveled to and from. Robert Sherley, as I found out during my academic visit to Isfahan in 2015, was among the favoured disciples of Mulla Sadra, the most influential master of philosophy and sciences of his age. Illuminationist model of thought definitely reached Shakespeare and his drama took a serious structural and thematic bend towards it. In another study done in 2010, resemblances between Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Haft Peker of Nizami Ganjawi (1141–1209) are brought to light.
More...
Wittgenstein was a major influence on the contemporary philosophy of religion. He offered new and original insights into the nature of religious belief and religious language. This led to the rise of Wittgensteinian approach to the philosophy of religion. This article is a critical examination of the D. Z. Phillips’ thought who is considered to be a leading representative of Wittgensteinian philosophy of religion.
More...
Polysemy is an important issue in Natural Language Processing and a strong language evolution process. For instance, in French, the meaning of the verb "descendre" (to get down) change with the context : Il descend l’escalier (to go down) ; La mer descend (to decrease) ; Il descend en soimême (to analyse himself) ; Il a été descendu par un boulet à Waterloo (to be killed). For dealing with the problem of polysemy we chose Victorri’s and Fuch’s model, "Dynamical construction of meaning". In this model, each polysemic unit is assigned a semantic space and the meaning of an unit in a particular sentence is the result of a dynamical interaction with all other units of the sentence. We briefly describe the theoretical framework, the dynamical construction of meaning, then we present the semantic space of the verb "descendre" and discuss its relevance and utility.
More...P. Ricoeur, Réflexion faite. Autobiographie intellectuelle
More...