Download

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ АРГУМЕНТАЦИЯ И АНТИЧНАЯ МЕДИЦИНА

Author(s): Elena Lisanyuk / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2016

The ancient art of healing and practical argumentation are closely linked, and this link points to three substantial issues: that physicians enjoy certain social status, that medicine is recognized as a special area of knowledge and that the art of healing is a profession. We use the analogy between the medicine and the judiciary for demonstrating these issues. The analogy involves two groups of norms governing the activities of judges – the norms of competence and the norms of conduct which we interpret as the actional and the practical aspects of the ancient art of healing. The actional aspect is similar to the norms of competence of a judge and sets the goal for the art of healing – restoring patient’s health, and defines a physician as a person who is publicly allowed to pursue this goal in his professional activities. The practical aspect is reminiscent of the judges’ norms of conduct and it outlines the terms and techniques which lead to achieving this goal by those who are considered physicians, according to the norms of competence. In order to become a real tekhne, it is necessary and sufficient for the art of healing to secure its actional and practical aspects in the body of theoretical knowledge, on the one hand, and in the appropriate professional code, on the other. Practical argumentation serves as the tools of this implementation, for it allows to combine the norms and actions in a set of strategies of conduct, aimed at restoring patient’s health, of which the physisian is now free to chose the one that appear to be the most effective.

More...

Download

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ МАТЕМАТИКИ В ЭЛЛИНИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПЕРИОД

Author(s): Vitaly Tselishchev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

A review of Netz, Reviel. Ludic Proof: Greek Mathematics and the Alexandrian Aesthetic. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 255 pp. This book represents a new departure in science studies: an analysis of a scientific style of writing, situating it within the context of the contemporary style of literature. Its philosophical significance is that it provides a novel way of making sense of the notion of a scientific style. For the first time, the Hellenistic mathematical corpus - one of the most substantial extant for the period - is placed centre-stage in the discussion of Hellenistic culture as a whole. Professor Netz argues that Hellenistic mathematical writings adopt a narrative strategy based on surprise, a compositional form based on a mosaic of apparently unrelated elements, and a carnivalesque profusion of detail. He further investigates how such stylistic preferences derive from, and throw light on, the style of Hellenistic poetry. This important book will be welcomed by all scholars of Hellenistic civilization as well as historians of ancient science and Western mathematics.

More...

Download

Природа квантового явления как философская проблема первичности материи

Author(s): Yuriy Akhkozov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 14/2015

It is shown that there are two causes of the present paradoxical state of the quantum theory, interconnected and closely related: philosophical – it is not defined the reality, the original sub-stance, the physical form – the space is physical, the matter is secondary; and methodological – it is not defined the object of study – the physical space. It is offered the model of the physical nature of quantum phenomena, its "physical fitness." On this basis they are considered the paradoxes of quantum theory and some cosmological implications.

More...

Download

Про науку і псевдонауку в музеєзнавстві

Author(s): Serhii Borisovich Rudenko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 40/2018

Purpose of the article. To find demarcation between science and pseudoscience in museum science. Methodology. Problem approach, falsifiability and Criticism of Karl Popper. Scientific novelty. Shown main scientific problems of museum studies. Clarified criterions of scientific value in museum studies. Bring to light directions of pseudo-research in museum studies. Proposed welldefined criterions of identification of imitative works in museum field Conclusions. Museum studies are in crisis now. It is because of lack criticism. There are not enough of bold refutation of existing theories and brave conjectures in museum studies. The main scientific problem of museum studies – social and cultural use and institutional specific of museum – investigated weak. If scientific museum studies is weak – pseudo science become strong. It can replace true science. So it is necessary to resist of pseudo research in museum studies. Pseudoscience is simulation of truly science in the way of avoiding of scientific problems, no matter what kind – theoretical, applied, historical. Simulation of scientific work is hiding in Polichinelle’s museography, superficially hyperbolizing of technical things of museum everyday work, fake interdisciplinarity, predicant texts on museum topics, «idolatry» of multimedia and museum entertainment technologies, descriptional works for «dark» common public. Indicator of pseudoscience is remiss in formal structure of scientific texts: absent of problem, introduction and conclusion don’t connected with the main part of «scientific work» etc.

More...

Download

Психофизическое взаимодействие в перспективе индетерминизма

Author(s): Dmytro Sepetyi / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 14/2015

The article discusses the approach to the solution of the mind-body problem based on the combination of the mind-brain interactionism and determinism, as proposed by prof. V. Vasilyev. The basic thesis of this approach – that the belief in determinism and «the identity of past and future», as «a direct expression of the structure of human consciousness», is necessary («inevitable for us») – is contested. An argument is provided to show the possibility of a consistent worldview that admits the existence of causeless events. An alternative view of causation – based on K. Popper’s proposition to regard the concept of causation as derived from the concepts of regularities or laws of nature – is proposed as one (although not the only one) of such possibilities. The main objections to determinism are set out. The argument is made that interactionism in the combination with indeterminism much better agrees with natural human self-understanding than the deterministic conception, and allows rescuing the ideas of freedom and responsibility, which are necessary for a meaningful human life. The way to properly combine the deterministic and the indeterministic aspect of mental events is proposed. The idea about the fundamental role of the mental "individual" is elucidated and defended.

More...

2.00 €

Preview

Пътнам за пътя на философията в един век на науката

Author(s): Lilia Gurova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The paper discusses Hilary Putnam’s views on the role of philosophy in an age of science as they are presented in his text “Science and Philosophy” (2010). The article explains the importance of Putnam’s central idea that philosophy needs to address both moral “questions for grownups” (Cavell) and theoretical questions about “how things hang together” (Sellars).

More...

Download

Пътят на проф. Цеко Торбов към Кант

Author(s): Nadezhda Alexandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 36/2018

Nadezhda Alexandrova, former director of Sofia City Library and later one of the founders and former specialists at the Archive Division of NBU Library, summarizes the memorial exhibition and round table in NBU dedicated to Prof. Tseko Torbov, the translator of Immanuel Kant’s works in Bulgarian. In the first decade of the communist rule, Torbov voluntarily abandoned his promising academic career in law refusing to be part of the new regime’s institutions. Professionally marginalized, he dedicated himself to rendering Kant’s First, Second and Third Critique in Bulgarian which became a groundbreaking philosophic and cultural achievement.

More...

Download

РАЗВИТИЕ ГЕОКАРТОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ИДЕЙ ПТОЛЕМЕЯ В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ ИСЛАМСКОЙ ГЕОГРАФИИ

Author(s): Irina Genadijevna Konovalova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of perception and the development of scientific ideas in a particular society. This problem is considered on the example of geocartographical ideas of Ptolemy, formed in the late Hellenistic period, in the Middle Ages experienced a rebirth in the context of a completely different cultural traditions, namely in the Islamic society, and then in the early Modern period continued to develop in different historical conditions — in Europe. The article shows that in the Islamic world two directions of the perception of Ptolemaic ideas have been formed. The first one can be called a proper continuity, which provided the development of scientific ideas as such; the results achieved by the scientists of the Caliphate in this direction have become known to the world science and subsequently received further development in the works of European cartographers. At the same time the development of another direction, that adapted the Ptolemaic ideas to the needs of the educated classes of the Islamic society, can be traced; results of these activities, which facilitated the absorption of scientific tradition in terms of the Islamic culture, has not gone beyond the Islamic cultural circle.

More...

Download

РАЗВОЈ ПАТЕНТИРАНОГ СИСТЕМА ГРАДЊЕ АРМИРАНО-БЕТОНСКИХ ТАВАНИЦА МИЛУТИНА МИЛАНКОВИЋА КАО ИЛУСТРАЦИЈА ПРИМЕНЕ НАЧЕЛА УКРШТАЈА ЛАЗЕ КОСТИЋА

Author(s): Mirjana Jelić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 172/2019

Милутин Миланковић је први у свету изумео, патентирао, и у инжењерску праксу увео технологију градње армирано-бетонске таванице са интегрисаном топлотном и звучном изолацијом. Поменута технологија, позната под називом систем градње ,,Миланковић-Кројц”, српском научнику донела је проналазачку славу. Имајући у виду да је укрштај темељно начело свих облика у природи, од античких до савремених философа, у овом раду су врхунски инжeњерски домети Милутина Миланковића сагледани применом овог начела, чије је основе подробно описао Лаза Костић. Примена начела укрштаја у систему градње ,,Миланковић-Кројц” доприноси разумевању основа техничке праксе и развојних фаза Миланковићевог система градње – од иницијалне идеје до теста изводљивости, и остваривања патентне заштите као предуслова ексклузивне индустријске примене. Такође, она доприноси и општем разумевању теорије укрштаја Лазе Костића, као и могућности њене примене у различитим стваралачким подухватима.

More...

2.00 €

Preview

Реализмите на Пътнам

Author(s): Rossen Lyutzkanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The paper juxtaposes two stripes of realism, both present in the writings of the late Hilary Putnam. As is well known, forty years ago Hilary Putnam, who was until then a staunch supporter of metaphysical realism, switched to a different doctrine, which he called “internal realism”; many adherents of realism saw this as an unjustifiable retreat from their camp. The question remains: is internal realism a true variety of realism? In order to answer it, §1 compares the postulates of metaphysical and internal realism, while §2 shows how internal realism deals with certain key distinctions observed by metaphysical realism.

More...

12.00 €

Религията на Древен Египет

Author(s): Teodor Lekov / Language(s): Bulgarian,Egyptian (Ancient) / Publication Year: 2007

The book studies the Ancient Egyptian religion. The author describes the creation and its driving forces through the view of Egyptian concepts. The idea of God and the divine manifestations, the place of man in the world and the ways to achieve immortality are explored. The exposition is based on the study of ancient hieroglyphic texts and is illustrated with numerous examples. The book is intended for a wide range of readers who are interested in the religion and culture of Ancient Egypt. It contains three chapters: the world of gods, the creation of the world and the world of men. Special attention is paid on the concept of the kingship in Ancient Egypt. The Egyptian terminology and the names of gods and goddesses are formed as a dictionary at the еnd of the book.

More...

2.50 €

Preview

Рефлексии върху критиката на Куайн срещу логическия позитивизъм

Author(s): Hristo Ivanov Valchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2018

Quine criticizes two of the main theses of logical positivism: reductionism and the view that there is a distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. In the present inquiry, I present the main line of this critique and consider a possible defense of the view that there is a distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. I argue that this view can be defended by distinguishing between two senses of the word “meaning” – one in which it refers to a mental entity, and another in which it refers to a certain property of behavior. Here it must be assumed that, when we refer to “meaning” in relation to the concepts of analytic and synthetic, we use the word in the latter sense. We have reasons to believe that Quine himself would have accepted this way of defense.

More...

3.00 €

Preview

Ролята на Васил Хаджистоянов-Берон за духовното развитие на България и интегрирането ѝ в европейската култура

Author(s): Martin Tabakov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2019

The main objective of the article is to make a comprehensive study of the life and activity of Dr. Vasil Hadjistoyanov-Beron and highlight his contributions to the intellectual development of Bulgaria and the integration of Bulgaria into European science and culture, particularly to the development of Bulgarian science, education, enlightenment and culture. Vasil Hadjistoyanov-Beron was an encyclopedist; he was the compiler of the first Bulgarian textbook on natural history, the first textbook on logic, the first German and French grammar books (in Bulgarian), and the first scholar to make archaeological excavations in Bulgaria. Headmaster of the Bolgrad High School and a member of the Constituent National Assembly that adopted the Tarnovo Constitution (1879), he contributed to the institutional building of the Bulgarian state. The article deals consecutively with his youth years – when some of his views were formed, with the years of his medical practice in Romania, and with his activities in Turnovo and Bolgrad. Particular attention is devoted to his merits for the establishment of the Bulgarian national identity, the awakening of Bulgarian national consciousness, his struggle for an independent Bulgarian church and Bulgarian education. In a separate section, we analyze his book on logic. The text is mainly based on recollections of his youngest daughter, which she shared with her grandson (the author of this article).

More...

Download

Рыбы, живущие в земле Аристотель. О дыхании 9, 475b 10-11

Author(s): Svetlana Mesyats / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2020

Many translators and commentators of Aristotle's treatise On respiration are puzzled by his statement at De resp. 9, 475b 10-11 that “most fishes live in the earth … and are found by digging” (τῶν ἰχθύων οἱ πολλοὶ ζῶσιν ἐν τῇ γῇ). Indeed, this phrase seems to contradict not only common sense, but also Aristotle’s own words in the History of animals and other biological treatises, that aquatic animals, like fishes who take in water for cooling, cannot survive for a long time outside their native element. The paper shows that the replacement of the expression “most fishes” (οἱ πολλοὶ) by “many fishes” (πολλοὶ) proposed by W. Ogle and D. Ross does not solve the problem, since the few rare species of the land fish reported by Theophrastus in the treatise On creatures that live on dry land can hardly be called “many fishes”. In my opinion, the reason why the Aristotelian text is so puzzling is a misunderstanding of the expression ἐν τῇ γῇ. Although Ogle and Ross believe this to mean "on dry land", Aristotle may have in mind the mud and sand on the seabed. According to the philosopher, most fish do periodically bury themselves in mud at the bottom of the sea or rivers, thus maintaining the balance of heat and cold necessary for their life. Therefore, I affirm that the text of Aristotle does not need to be corrected.

More...

2.00 €

Preview

Симулация и огледални неврони. Анализ на понятието за намерение в експеримента на Якобони

Author(s): Nikola Nedelchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2015

The goal of the present article is to analyse some of the main premises for justifying the simulation theory (ST) via the mirror neuron theory. The first task will be to formulate a criterion which will set the analysis’s limits. Here I will refer to this criterion as “Goldman’s criterion” (GC). According to GC, the attribution of mental states requires that they be simulationally represented as mental rather than behavioural states. The second task is to introduce the analysis’s object. The object of the analysis enters the picture as part of the theoretical explanations of Iacoboni’s experiment. According to the experiment’s results, mirror neurons represent intentions, which is taken as evidence in support of ST. However, here I will show that the experiment’s description can be a source of alternative uses for the concept of intention – ones that refer not to states, but rather to behavioural dispositions. If this is the case, then GC can not be fulfilled, because of a conceptual problem.

More...

2.00 €

Preview

Системата на социалната реалност в органично-еволюционистката теория на Хърбърт Спенсър

Author(s): Nikolay Alexandrov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2021

This article examines Herbert Spencer’s organic-evolutionary sociological theory, built on an analogy between dependencies in the development of society and the development of biological organisms that emphasized the interpretation of the idea of progress. The article analyzes a number of basic points in Spencer’s doctrine, such as the relationship between social and industrial progress, the role of property and socio-economic well-being, the evolutionary forms of statehood, legislation and lawmaking, the interpretation of positive and negative freedom. Also considered is Spencer's concept of social evolution, according to which societies are not created, but develop; they cannot be created artificially and intentionally, as they grow naturally, similar to a natural system

More...

2.00 €

Preview

Совите не са това, което са: едно нетърсено откровение на съвременната наука

Author(s): Angel S. Stefanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2019

The title phrase “The Owls Are Not What They Seem”, taken from the TV series Twin Peaks, is a motivating metaphor for reflections concerning the fact that contemporary non-classical science often provides us with what I call an epistemological surprise. The main lesson contained in this surprise is that things which we know from our centuries-long experience are in fact not what they appear to be. For the purpose, I discuss the misleading role of naïve philosophical realism lying in the background of the growth of contemporary scientific knowledge.

More...

Download

СОЛНЕЧНЫЕ И ЛУННЫЕ ГАЛО В САКРАЛЬНОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА ВОСТОЧНЫХ СЛАВЯН XI – XIII ВВ.

Author(s): Daniil Viktorovich Puzanov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2015

The paper reconstructs the place and role of solar and lunar optical phenomena in the sacral picture of the universe by the Eastern Slavic society during the pre-Mongol period. The written and folk interpretation of halo traditions, solar and lunar shine is analyzed. The views on atmospheric diffraction phenomena as weather signs and omens of political changes are also investigated. The people of Old Rus’ believed that simple halos defined weather changes. At the same time, complex halos predicted victory or political crises and signified holiness of the deceased person. The common mind connected the sacred solar and lunar halos with the figure of prince and (in the Christian era) saint pretenders. The folklore also associated the phenomenon of halo with the special solar and lunar sacred activities. The literary presentations of complex halos could reflect the biblical semantics of light and glow as heavenly fire and evidence of the glory of God.

More...

2.00 €

Preview

Спектър на логиките на задаване на въпроси

Author(s): Jaakko Hintikka / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2016

The leading idea in this essay concerns knowledge-seeking through questioning. Asking a question and receiving an answer (an interrogative move) is radically different from a logical deduction (a logical inference move). However, from a strategic viewpoint, the two steps are parallel, in the sense that the principles guiding the choice of the best questions to ask are analogous with the strategic principles guiding the choice of the best logical inferences that can be drawn from given premises. Another main insight that the interrogative approach yields is the possibility of a rational, and even logical, theory of discovery. In that case, the problem of justification becomes redundant; nevertheless, we can develop an interesting and rich theory of discovery, of which the centerpiece is the problem of optimal question selection.

More...

Download

Сучасні тенденції взаємовпливу наукової та релігійної картини світу

Author(s): Nataliya Mykolayivna Golovach / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 2/2011

Co-operation of scientific and religious picture of the world is examined in the article, interference of science and religion, and also their synthesis opens up on the modern stage of development of informative society.

More...