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Съвременната медицина – наука или изкуство?
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Съвременната медицина – наука или изкуство?

Author(s): Veselina Slavova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2019

The aim of the current paper is to discuss medicine as a unity of scientific knowledge, acquired skills, and attitude based on moral responsibility. Following an analysis of the terms ‘science’ and ‘art’, it is suggested that neither of them singlehandedly satisfies the requirements of contemporary medicine and those of medical practitioners. As a science, its focus is rather on the illness itself than on the patient and their needs and preferences. As an art, it prioritises the patients and their individual needs but risks undermining the knowledge and experience of the medical professional. The most beneficial option is a symbiosis between science and art. A dialogue between them would increase the amount of trust in the medical profession as a combination of scientific knowledge and technical skills.

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Съгласия и опозиции в дискусията интернализъм – екстернализъм
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Съгласия и опозиции в дискусията интернализъм – екстернализъм

Author(s): Anna Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2019

The article offers arguments for the compatibility of specific types of internalism and externalism in epistemology through a comparative analysis of the approaches based on their aims of investigation. Such compatibility is viewed as possible after the oppositional differences that are related to the elements of justification, are overcome. In this regard, the question about the agents of knowledge is answered, with reference to the thesis about the irreducibility of the internalist condition of reflexive access. Considerations of conceptual clarity and succession are raised with regard to the externalist condition that removes the epistemic arbitrariness in the founding of beliefs.

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Сътворяване – Еволюция – Интелигентен дизайн, или: Краят на една дискусия в апология на философията
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Сътворяване – Еволюция – Интелигентен дизайн, или: Краят на една дискусия в апология на философията

Author(s): Stefan Penov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2018

We will nowise deny the principles of progressive development, change, and movement, insofar as it is in them that life and the arising of the new consists. The concept of an Intelligent Design is no worse than Creationism and is better than an evolutionism based on materialistic determinism. The opposite would be peace, steadiness, degradation, miracle or death. Here we consider and pay attention to the leading principles of philosophy and to certain scientific laws that cannot be ignored and are far from a primitive and tabular Neo-Darwinian evolutionism. The same principle applies to the concept of the Big Bang and the development of the Universe. Specifically, we emphasize that the controversy of creationism vs. evolutionism is both scientifically outdated and philosophically one-sided and ill-considered. Philosophy, as a third factor, is the truth to which religion and science are subordinated. Process philosophy – for example, that of A. N. Whitehead – retains substances and provides the opportunity for development. Whether some like it or not, it does not exclude the idea of Creation.

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Тезата на Хамлет, или за научната познаваемост на света
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Тезата на Хамлет, или за научната познаваемост на света

Author(s): Anguel S. Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The aim of the paper is epistemological resemblances and differences to be outlined between the views of the Bulgarian philosopher in the near past Ivan Sarailiev, and the specialist in quantum physics and popularizer of science, the Italian Carlo Rovelli. Both thinkers are interested in the principal knowability of the “ocean of the unknown”, in front of which human knowledge is standing. Both of them start from the premise that I call “Hamlet’s thesis”: “There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy”.

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Теория и терминология — взгляд из Ньюкастла

Теория и терминология — взгляд из Ньюкастла

Author(s): Leo S. Klejn / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/1999

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Теофраст о ветре

Теофраст о ветре

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2020

Wind as a natural phenomenon, as well as the peculiarities of specific winds, such as Boreas, Notos, Eurus, and Zephyrus and their influences on navigation, agriculture and, in general, human live, are among the subjects, extensively treated by the Peripatetics. Winds are studied in Aristotle’s Meteorology (1.13, 2.4 sq.), Book 26 of the Problems, the Peripatetic On signs and On the position and Names of the Wind, in an epitome of a meteorological work, ascribed to Theophrastus (the so-called Metarsiology, preserved only in Arabic and Syriac translations) and, finally, in his short (and incomplete) treatise On Winds. The latter work is of special interest not only because it is the only Peripatetic treatise especially dedicated to winds; as such it is a valuable witness of Theophrastus’ position on the nature of this natural phenomenon, generally different from the one advanced by Aristotle. Having summarized some aspects of this rather neglected treatise, I try to correlate meteorological information and explanations offered by Theophrastus with contemporary data, especially in the context of the history of navigation.

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ТЕОФРАСТ. О ПЕРВЫХ НАЧАЛАХ

ТЕОФРАСТ. О ПЕРВЫХ НАЧАЛАХ

Author(s): Eugene Afonasin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

Cicero (De natura deorum 1.13.35), Clement of Alexandria (Protrepticus 5.58) as well as Proclus (In Timaeus 35А) inform us that Theophrastus [372–287 BCE] inclined to identify the god and the sky (the stars are animated therefore divine). In the article we will see that, indeed, the student of Aristotle frequently professes ideas that would surprise the philosopher of Stagira. For instance, he frequently insists that the kosmos is a living and ordered universe (the whole), and its innate movement is something which cannot be explained with the help of hand-made teleological constructions, such as the first mover. The analysis of the Metaphysics is supplemented in the paper by observations based on Theophrastus’ (Syriac) Meteorology and a selection of the fragments of his lost scientific works. The Metaphysics is translated into Russian for the first time. The reader is also adviced to consult Aristotelian Movement of Animals, a Russian translation of which immediately follows this publication.

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ТРАДИЦИЯ АРИФМЕТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАДАЧ: ПОПЫТКА РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ

ТРАДИЦИЯ АРИФМЕТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАДАЧ: ПОПЫТКА РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ

Author(s): Andrey Shetnikov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2016

The survey is devoted to the history of “arithmetical riddle problems” found in Diophantus’ Arithmetica, Anthologia Palatina, ancient Chinese Nine chapters of the mathematical art, The Book of Abacus of Fibonacci, Medieval Armenian “Questions and solutions”, some Arabian and Indian sources, etc. Many well-known “arithmetical riddle problems” known from our school textbooks were invented a long time ago – in Hellenistic antiquity, if not earlier. As a rule, their solving was based on techniques of oral arguments and account, which are restored in this paper.

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Три проекції класичної бінарної логіки: філософія, математика, музична теорія

Три проекції класичної бінарної логіки: філософія, математика, музична теорія

Author(s): Pavlo Lagunov / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 28/2015

In this article we`ve been explored the features of the, probably, one of the most character universes in the classicist period – binary logic. This elements have been analyzed in the three magnificent levels such as philosophy (dualism, dialectic etc.), mathematics (the binomial theorem, the G. Leibnitz`s binary scale system), musical analysis, where a period has been an etalon of this logic. The era that combines the second half of the XVII and beginning of XVIII century, entered the history as being endorsed rationalist and scientific philosophy. Any phenomenon is explained by the use of scientific methods and conventional logic operations. In this context, the era of classicism evolved to such an attitude as that again revived the ancient knowledge of world harmony ideas through scientific methods and precise measurements. However, this is a something new, more materialistic level (which is not always implies the existence of God). As a result, while the formation was launched up to date picture of the world. The development of natural sciences, computer science, new discoveries in physics, astronomy, and geography significantly have expanded the frontiers of understanding the surrounding world and the laws by which they operate.

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У васијонском простору
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У васијонском простору

Author(s): Jevgen Jelačić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 01/1932

Није чудно да се у доба растрована друштвеног, државног, и међународног живота, када постаје готово неподношљиво мислити о политичким догађајима, и када се у најближој будућности може очекивати само лоше и најгоре, човек окреће у себе и почиње да тражи заборава и одмора у ства- рима далеким и недокучним, у области чистог разума и веч- не правде.

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Феноменът интуиция в невробиологична перспектива
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Феноменът интуиция в невробиологична перспектива

Author(s): Kaloyan Nechev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2020

The word intuition is widely used as an umbrella term both in the non-specialized everyday environment and in specialized humanities literature. It is often accepted unconditionally, even though there is a lack of consistent and satisfactory attempts to clearly define the notion. In the field of philosophical inquiries, it is a common practice to use the notion of intuition as an implicit argumentative component as well as a guarantor of legitimacy in the unfolding of speculative “discourses”. Taking this to be the prevailing case, considering the term in question from a neurobiological perspective seems to be a somewhat productive endeavor insofar as it can provide clarity on the physiological prerequisites involved in the realization of the specific subjective attitudes and dispositions, the latter of which play a certain role in the adoption of rationally substantiated arguments and conclusions. A number of scientific studies report a direct correlation between the higher cognitive functions, responsible for the making of logico-rational inferences, and the limbic system, which governs the manifestation of unreflected irrational attitudes and reactions. In the light of such empirical evidence, any frivolous usage and reference to methodological components such as “rational intuition” seems highly problematic, to say the least.

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Феноменът технонаука
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Феноменът технонаука

съвременни философско-науковедски аспекти

Author(s): Ludmila Ivancheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2018

The paper traces out the origins and the evolution of the concepts of technoscience, considering the main driving ideas and arguments. The key new moments are outlined, distinguishing the technoscience from the traditional science and technologies. Special attention is paid on the role of social factors in the conceptual maturing in relation to this phenomenon. Further, the basic nowadays philosophical assumptions (in regard of epistemological, ontological and axiological aspects) and some widely accepted views on technoscience in S&T studies are discussed. A generalised idea of technoscience as a convergence and hybridization of science and technologies, forming a new emerging phenomenon, is also presented.

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Фигури на пречупването: некласически модели и модализации
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Фигури на пречупването: некласически модели и модализации

Author(s): Kristian Enchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2020

In the present experimental text I will show how thinking the body as an image-body refers to the impossible figures of its infinite 1) heterosimultaneous opening (unfolding the layers to the figure of a monster) and 2) shrinking to a point of impossibility (of narrative suspension, freezing in a figure) – which are two ideal poles. This double impossibility constitutes a fracture, conceived through illustricture as a (meta)figure. The collaborative work of two models – that of the Galilean pendulum, adapted for stage production, and the topological-quantum model of Deleuze and Guattari – will serve to analyze modalizations, in which analysis, alter-potentiality will be tested as a non-classical alternative in different contexts of subjectivation. The disjunctive synthesis of points from co-impossible surfaces, in the perspective of the connected models, allows us to think as unpredictable the development of the conceptual potentiality of autopoietic production beyond the stopping point of figuring in a figure

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ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТ КАК ОСНОВА АРГУМЕНТОВ ГАЛЕНА В ПОЛЕМИКЕ С ОППОНЕНТАМИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ВТОРОЙ КНИГИ «ОБ УЧЕНИЯХ ГИППОКРАТА И ПЛАТОНА»)

ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТ КАК ОСНОВА АРГУМЕНТОВ ГАЛЕНА В ПОЛЕМИКЕ С ОППОНЕНТАМИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ВТОРОЙ КНИГИ «ОБ УЧЕНИЯХ ГИППОКРАТА И ПЛАТОНА»)

Author(s): Dmitry Balalykin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2016

An analysis of the second book of the treatise De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis shows that Galen consistently builds his argument in a polemic with his opponents, empiricist doctors, on the basis of data obtained as a result of systematic anatomical dissections that can be considered the basis of “experiment” in ancient medicine. Galen's unique thinking manifests itself primarily in his synthetic approach to the formation of the theory of medical knowledge: he borrows the techniques necessary for carrying out tasks from different systems of natural philosophy, constantly rechecking their correctness on the help of extensive “experimental” data, such as the results of autopsies as well as anatomical and clinical observations. According to the author, his extensive polemic with the Stoics has an exclusively applied nature, as their philosophical views formed the basis of the empiricist natural philosophy. In the article, I raise the question of the relation between early Stoic ideas about the methods of knowledge with empiricist doctors' medical practice and their views on general pathology.

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Философия классификации и археологическая практика в книге Адамсов

Философия классификации и археологическая практика в книге Адамсов

Author(s): Leo S. Klejn / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/1999

Review: Adams W. Y. and Adams E. W. 1991. Archaeological typology and practical reality: A dialectical approach to artifact classification and sorting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

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Философия на медицината: върху някои аспекти на понятието „болест“
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Философия на медицината: върху някои аспекти на понятието „болест“

Author(s): Yulia Vasseva-Dikova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2018

One of the central problems in the field of contemporary philosophy of medicine is the analysis of the concepts of health and disease. The article focuses on the discussions between normativists and naturalists regarding the role of values in the semantical analysis of the concepts of disease and health. The role of norm and anomaly is emphasized. The article specifically devotes attention to the different epistemological roles ascribed to norms and anomalies in contemporary medical science and theories. The article highlights the importance of nonclassical logic (fuzzy logic) for the philosophical analysis of “health” and “disease”.

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Философия на образованието и образованието по философия

Философия на образованието и образованието по философия

Author(s): Vihren Bouzov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2020

In these introductory words are presented the basic values of the tradition of “artes liberales” – they are dominant in the development of our Faculty of Philosophy in Veliko Tarnovo.

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Философията на науката и нейното значение за света, в който живеем: разговор с Щефан Хартман, Статис Псилос и Роман Фриг
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Философията на науката и нейното значение за света, в който живеем: разговор с Щефан Хартман, Статис Псилос и Роман Фриг

Author(s): Lilia Gurova,Anton Donchev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

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Философская проблема «существования»

Философская проблема «существования»

Author(s): Leonid Djakhaia / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 16/2016

Historically known for three major types of philosophy, that developed in parallel in every human civilization, and therefore do not exclude each other, and in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity only complement each other in many different respects: scientific philosophy, anthropology and religious philosophy. The more we come to know and deeply immense world around us, the more clearly and insistently arises the main philosophical question: why something exists? After all, it would be easier if there was nothing at all, including the people asking this tricky question. Nevertheless, the world still exists (according to the “anthropic principle”), but, I ask, why? It does not matter, the existence of which there is a speech: the “matter”, “God”, “absolute spirit” or something completely different. That search for an answer to this question (why should something there?) Is the true purpose of philosophy if at all, the problem is solvable (in the sense of Kant’s “metaphysics”). And then there is a special philosophical category “existence”, which requires a special study.

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Философски интерпретации на некласическите логики
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Философски интерпретации на некласическите логики

Author(s): Martin Tabakov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 6/2020

The paper examines questions that are essential to the philosophical interpretation of modern logic. The enormous number of different non-classical logics leads some philosophers to doubt the possibility of classifying them. Our objective requires a classification corresponding to the philosophical interpretation and importance of the systems rather than to their formal technical elements. This will not be a classification in the precise sense of the word, but a “typologization”, since a system may have different interpretations and the demarcation will not be strictly exclusive. I propose the following “typologization” of logics, corresponding to their philosophical evaluation (this is a “typologization”, and maybe even a classification, of the basic, most important and crucial philosophical-methodological interpretations of logical systems): “Logical systems serving as bases for a mathematical theory”; “Logical systems – attempts for the explication of logical inference”; “Logical systems expressing epistemological aspects. Logical systems related to ontological aspects”; “Logical systems as pure mathematical models without philosophical justification”; “Applied logic”; “Quasi-logical studies of language”.

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