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Daoizmas Kaip Klajonių Ir Kasdienybės Filosofija

Author(s): Agnieška Juzefovič / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 81/2014

This paper deals with Daoism, one of the most important and original Chinese philosophical traditions. The author focuses her attention on the concepts of everydayness and wandering. She argues that the true Daoist is a kind of eternal wanderer whose consciousness is enlightened and yet resembles everyday consciousness. Relativism remains strong in his perception of the world. An analysis of the concept of wandering discloses that in Daoism both the common traveling which takes place in time and space and the inner wandering which takes place in consciousness are important. No matter if the wanderer is following the inner or outer path of seeking wisdom, he can travel both to the remote mountains or to the market square, where, despite the bustle and turmoil, he also can follow the path of Dao. The author argues that authentic consciousness, towards which a Daoist is moving, is almost indistinguishable from the normal everyday consciousness. The topics of wandering and everyday and flexible consciousness were some of the reasons for the popularity of Daoism among modern and contemporary western philosophers.

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Daoizmas, Fengshui, Ekologija Šiuolaikiniame Pasaulyje Ir Lietuvoje: Kinijos Ir Vakarų Filosofijų Sąveikos Bei Recepcijos Pavyzdys

Author(s): Loreta Poškaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 70/2012

There is already more than half century, since Daoism was made in the West into the resource of alternative ideas in the pursue of new, non-traditional ways for the solution of contemporary ecological problems. Such optimistic view toward Daoism as a kind of panacea gave birth to it‘s romantization, idealization or even apologization, which recently is met my more sceptical and critical attitudes toward the posibility of its „ecologization“, or the aplication of its ideas to the contemporary environmental philosophy and practice. The aim of the article is to discuss and analyse the aspects and main Daoist concepts, by which Daoism is related to ecological thought , as well as one of Chinese ‚ecological“ practice of fengshui, which became very popular not only in United States, China and Europe, but also in Lithuania. The article will discuss its intepretation in Lithuania and the West, and the consequences of such intepretations for the interaction of Chinese and Western cultures. Also, there will be presented the most prominent critical and sceptical views, expressed by Western sinologists and Chinese Daoist practitioners, toward the „ecologization“ of Daoism, with the particular attention to their understanding of Daoist concepts, such as death, fate, „non-action“ (wuwei), questioning the posibility or non-posibility of their application to the Western ecological thought.

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DESPRE NATURA MINȚII, FLUXUL EMOȚIILOR ȘI DESCHIDEREA CĂTRE CEILALȚI ÎN BUDDHISMUL TIBETAN

Author(s): Maria Rodica Iacobescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

In the spiritual tradition of Buddhism, the human being, whose existence is marked by suffering, can release itself from it by knowing the true nature of the human mind and understanding its emotions. The main causes of human suffering are karma and mental disturbances such as ignorance and attachment. The source of ignorance is the attachment to a notion of personal identity, of an ego, of a self that seems to be independent, singular, autonomous and durable. The emotions, when they become destructive, distort our perception of reality, therefore generating a discrepancy between the way things appear to be and the way they truly are. The main causes behind these perceptions are the three „poisons”: desire, attachment and aversion. At the center of all Buddhist teachings sits the concept of compassion towards all beings, because all of them deserve the right to release themselves from suffering and to enjoy happiness. The practice of compassion in Buddhism is a feeling of love and responsibility and respect for all that exists around us and is realized by renouncing egoism and building empathy and altruism.

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Despre tetra-lemă. Însemnări fragmentare şi fugare

Author(s): Gorun MANOLESCU / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

Tetra-lemma with four truth values "true", "false", "true and false", "neither true nor false" appeared in Buddhist logic. Why is Tetra-lemma interesting forus? It is for its avatars, in some cases, in the context of Western epistemology. In these fugitive notes, without claiming completeness, we will focus on how Tetra-lemma slipped in some systems of Western philosophy.

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Developing an Online Platform for Promoting Wushu and Qigong Classes in the Confucius Institute, University of Veliko Tarnovo

Author(s): Borislava Lecheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The following paper explores the opportunities for developing an online platform for promoting Wushu and Qigong classes in the Confucius Institute at the University of Veliko Tarnovo. It focuses on Facebook as the most suitable online platform to be used for sharing materials and discusses the main principles upon which the materials in hand were based. The study is useful due to the ever-growing significance of online teaching materials and the need for developing new strategies for Wushu and Qigong promotion in times of great social changes.

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Does Buddhism have much to offer in terms of reduction in global CO2 emissions? A panel data analysis

Author(s): Jungho Suh / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

The primary intent of this paper is to statistically test whether Buddhist countries tend to contribute to global warming mitigation in comparison with other religious groups of countries. A sample of 160 countries were classified into seven groups coded as ‘Buddhist’, ‘Hindu’, ‘Muslim’, ‘Catholic’, ‘Protestant’, ‘Christian mixed’ and ‘None of the above’. This study modeled the religious heritage of a nation into the IPAT equation (Environmental Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology), religion being as a cultural proxy of the technology factor. ‘Buddhist’ countries were found likely to emit lower CO2 compared with ‘Protestant’ and ‘Christian mixed’ countries, although likely to emit higher CO2 compared than ‘Hindu’, ‘Muslim’ and ‘Catholic’ countries, all other factors being held equal. The relatively low group effect of ‘Buddhist’ countries on CO2 emissions can be interpreted to support the argument that teaching Buddhist economics and ecology could be a useful ingredient to curb ever-increasing global CO2 emissions. Thus, further study is warranted as to how teachings from Buddhism can translate into lower CO2 emissions.

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DOĞU VE BATI ESTETİĞİNDE ANLAM ARAYIŞI: WABİ SABİ VE SPREZZATURA İLİŞKİSİ

Author(s): Rasim Başak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 69/2022

Wabi-Sabi may be associated with sprezzatura in terms of its use and meaning. Faultlessness and perfection creates feelings of doubt about authenticity and legitimacy as provoking feeling of artificiality in our senses. Sprezzatura may be regarded as a balancing factor against synthetic feelings of perfection. It is a prevalent opinion that hedonism and over indulgence may turn into depression and eventually turn into an existential crisis. Cha no yu is a ceremonial tea ritual structured in the 16th Century Japan by Rikyū based on a philosophy to contemplate about existence. Tranquility and peace experienced during this ritual constructed around Zen philosophy, as a contemplative process in the spirit of Wabi Sabi. Wabi Sabi and sprezzatura, both require authenticity and effortlessness in unification with nature and existence. The values related to Wabi-Sabi such as simplicity, austerity, modesty, humility, imperfection, authenticity, and asymmetry are the reflections of spiritual-existential reality and they also show associations with sprezzatura. Wabi-Sabi and sprezzatura are investigated in this study within their stylistic characteristics, roots, and philosophical backgrounds. The study was designed as phenomenology. Conceptual discourse analysis and content analysis methods were employed to analyze information. Wabi-Sabi is also investigated in relation to Stoicism, Janteloven, and minimalism.

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Doing God’s Work: The Missonary’s Task of Translation or Who Makes the Best Jesuits: Comparatists, World Literature Scholars, or Real Jesuits?

Author(s): Dorothy Figueira / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This paper takes as its point of departure the sixteenth-century Jesuit construction of Confucianism and the manufacture of the figure of Confucius in the form of translations of the Chinese classics. In examining the Jesuit policy of accommodation in Asia, I ask whether we might not view these efforts as precursors for the tasks we seek to perform as Comparatists and World Literature scholars. Like the Jesuits in China who sought to package Confucius, we seek to package the world by contextualizing form and argument, canonizing a body of work, producing creative readings sand projecting a vision onto the foreign Other. I focus in particular on the work of Matteo Ricci and his catechism, the Tianzhu shiyi, as a work of cultural mistranslation. I ask to what degree are our current critical readings of the Other not also failures. I question the purposes for which one “misreads”.

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ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN BEING IN THE CLASSICAL CHINESE THOUGHT

Author(s): Antoaneta Nikolova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The paper aims at discussing the ecological implications of the understanding of the human being in the Classical Chinese thought. The study consists of three main parts. In the first one, the peculiarities of the Chinese thought as a philosophy of dynamism are discussed. I argue that in contrast to the Western thought, where the main ontological question is connected with the issue of essence and the epistemological approach is based on the opposition of subject and object, the Chinese thought reveals reality in terms of dynamism, where the most important concepts are these of processes, relations and transformations.In the second part, I analyse the place of human beings in this dynamic universe in terms of three different perspectives: (i) their relations; (ii) their actions/interactions; and (iii) their value. I point out that it is the harmony that could be defined as the most privileged position in the Chinese universe. In the third part, I discuss two main kinds of ecologically wise behaviour of human beings that are in accordance with the dynamic nature of the universe: (i) the Confucian idea of the outer harmonisation of the human society with the patterns of transformation in the Universe and (ii) the Daoist idea of the inner achievement of the pivot of transformation within oneself. In the conclusion, I outline the idea that the combination of inner and outer activity of harmonisation with reality could be used as an example of wise ecological behaviour and attitude to nature.

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Egoul ca monstru lăuntric în poemele lui Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī și Mahmūd Shabestarī

Author(s): Andrei Victor Cojocaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2022

In Eastern philosophy, the ego is understood as a false identity and as a “knot” in the flow of existence, being the major obstacle for the liberation from the cyclical suffering of the world. In fact, the ego is a subjective way of interacting with the surrounding universe, being the cause of the microcosmic chaos. The ego implies a manifestation of multiplicity understood as separation (on the one hand: I-you, I-others; on the other hand: a certain self in contradiction with another self). Moreover, the contradictions and the suffering are rooted in the tendency to view the individual existence as being separate from the universal existence. In some traditional Persian poems, we are dealing with an association of one’s ego with an inner monster. Understood as a distorted image of a certain reality, the inner monster appears as a misshapen representation of the true self. In this article, I will limit myself to the analysis of the previous issue in the verses of the poets Jalāl adDīn Muhammad Rūmī and Mahmūd Shabestarī.

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Elmélyült rálátás: a 玄学 fogalma a daoista episztemológiában

Author(s): András Áron Ivácson / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2020

The concept of xuánxué (玄学) denotes a specific epistemology within Daoism that opposes all taboos of conventional knowledge regarding Daoism. The dogmas of emptiness, childishness, simplicity and ignorance and many others still alive and well especially in the western reception of Daoism evaporate in this epistemological context. A myriad of interpretations exists according to which not only Daoism, but the Chinese history of thought is mere spiritualism lacking any kind of philosophical depth, categories or content whatsoever. While it is true that one of the most prominent features of Chinese history of thought is its deep syncretism in which among other things philosophy, or that which we denote as such in the West, co-exists at the same time with a certain kind of religiosity, the above statement is nonetheless false. The aim of this essay is to present a very narrow segment of non-religious Daoism, that at the same time highlights how Chinese history of thought in no sense whatsoever lags behind western philosophy with regards to content or the modality of surveying the world.

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Eski Uygur Türkçesi Metinlerinde “Sumer~Sumeru Taġ” İfadesi Üzerine

Author(s): Hasan Işik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 103/2020

The history of faith has been developing religious systems within the framework of narratives based on various supernatural beings since the day human beings existed on earth. Myths are one of the concepts that nurture these elements within these belief systems that also have the characteristic of being transferred from generation to generation. The myths which are mostly inherited from unknown times in the social order lived, focusing on the creation of the world, human existence and the concept of God, hills, mountains, stones and so on has cults. These myths include the mountain cult, which is seen as the “centre of the universe” within the Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Greek and Iranian religious tradition, which provides the link between the earth and the sky. Based on the height and infinity splendour of the sky, the human being, who believes that a supreme Being exists in this space, has revealed the cult of the mountain by looking at the sky and the mountain through the eyes of blessing. In Hinduism and Buddhism, this mountain cult, which is seen as Sumeru or Meru Mountain, is especially important in the religious life system of the people who have adopted Buddhism. It is seen that the sacred mountain cult took place in the words of Sumer~Sumeru in Buddhism and Central Asia, which were adopted as a result of the Uyghurs’ relations with urban life and trade. In Central Asian Turkish Buddhism, the expression Sumer~Sumeru, which Uyghurs transferred to Turkic via Toharian A/B, means mountain standing in the center of the world gibi as in Buddhism and Hinduism. In this sense, “Sumer~Sumeru Taġ” expression, which was first seen in Buddhist texts of Old Uyghur Turkic, is a Buddhist term in the religious terminology of Turkic language. In this study, in the context of the expression “Sumer~Sumeru Taġ”, which is seen in Buddhist texts of Old Uyghur Turkic, the concept of mountain cult in sacred religions and beliefs is given and the conceptual value of this religious term seen in Old Uyghur Turkic is aimed to be put forward with these explanations.

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ESKİ UYGURCA BUDİST METİNLERDE “SONSUZ” KAVRAM ALANI

Author(s): Arda Karadavut / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 75/2022

As humans are finite beings, they have sought to understand and find the infinite throughout history. Theologians, philosophers, physicists, logicians, and mathematicians among those of other disciplines have all emphasized and tried to explain the notion of infinity in different ways. Ancient Greek philosopher Anaximander was one of the first Westerners to delve into this topic. Indian holy books serve as the first Eastern examples. In Buddhism, the concept colti nayuta literally meaning too many to count expresses infinity. One particular manuscript, the Surya Prajnapti, divides numbers into those that are countable, uncountable, and infinite. Several Old Uyghur translations of Buddhist texts contain many a word that loosely describes infinity. This study will explore that, and examine how the Uyghurs used to perceive infinity by examining between language and thought.

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Existential Functions of Mentalization in Asian Civilizations

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Existential Functions of Mentalization in Asian Civilizations

Author(s): Ludmil Georgiev,Maya Tcholakova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The construct “mentalization” in our Western psychological knowledge and more specifically in clinical work appeared several decades ago. The focus of the Western understanding and research of the construct and of mentalization-based therapy is put on the psychopathological dimensions of the process of mentalization. This article presents a brief analysis of the existential functions of mentalization in the thousand of years old Asian philosophical-psychological systems in an attempt to highlight some important implications for our Western views. The analysis is based on the paradigm of critical psychology as a concretization of the principles of Immanuel Kant‘s critical philosophy in the field of psychological knowledge.

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FALSE FRIENDS IN THE FANFANYU

Author(s): Gudrun Pinte / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In the present article, a remarkable phenomenon is brought to the attention of those interested in early Chinese translations of Buddhist texts: false friends in the Fanfanyu (T54n2130). Baochang’s Sanskrit–Chinese lexicon that was compiled as early as 517 AD reveals some curious examples of faux amis. In the present contribution, this case will be illustrated with references from the Shanjian lü piposha (T24n1462), a 5th century Chinese translation of the Samantapāsādikā, Buddhaghosa’s commentary on the Pāli Vinaya. The fact that Baochang did not realise that this text was not translated from Sanskrit, inadvertently gave rise to some interesting jeux de mots.

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Feng Shui Cosmology and Philosophy in Native Americans’ Worldview

Author(s): Sergii Rudenko,Yaroslav Sobolievskyi,Changming Zhang / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2021

In studying the characteristics of cultures, literature and philosophies of different civilisations, scholars inevitably wish to search for similar and different features inherent in particular societies. When this desire is completely justified, then certain questions remain that require additional reflection. For instance, studying the cosmological and natural-philosophical ideas inherent in Ancient China and among Native Americans, scholars face the difficult task of logically substantiating the possibility of studying these two diametrically opposed cultures together. This article is based on a general overview of cosmological and philosophical views in Ancient China and among Native Americans. The authors reveal an important principle that significantly distinguishes “non-Western” cultures and manifests itself in ethnocentrism and harmonization of the relationship between humans and nature (Feng shui). The article gives a logical basis for research and attempts to answer the question of whether Feng shui practice is a science or a religion. To this end, the legacy of Yang Yunsong, one of the founders of the teachings of Feng shui, a Chinese sage of the Tang era from Guangdong province, was studied. The authors suggest that Yang Yunsong’s cosmology, geomancy, and Feng shui practice have much in common with the worldview of indigenous peoples around the world, particularly the Native Americans.

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Filosofijos Tapsmo Praktika Fenomeno Aspektai

Author(s): Matas Bytautas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 81/2014

This article discusses the phenomenon of philosophy becoming a practice. The article’s starting point is a dual position. On the one hand, this process happens in a certain specific environment which affects subject. The subject has not only open but also a conspirative tendencies. This means that the subject who wants to actualize philosophy practically has to coordinate his actions with these tendencies so they do not interfere with his practice of chosen philosophy. For that act of coordination he needs to know these tendencies which are affecting him and the particularity of them. On the other hand, the process of philosophy’s becoming a practice is performed by particular subject. This fact presupposes that this subject has to have skills adequate for accomplishing this process. Hereby this study analyzes external tendencies which are related with philosophy’s becoming practice and internal tendencies and that presuppose integral approach on this phenomenon.

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Filosofijos Tapsmo Praktika Fenomeno Aspektai

Author(s): Matas Bytautas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 80/2014

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Filozoficko-environmentálna reflexia učenia starých Číňanov

Author(s): Vladislav Dudinský / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2012

As with any culture, the Chinese one has also been developing in the process of continuous confrontation of humans with their surrounding environment. On the broader historical background these relations had determined the formation of the ancient Chinese worldview and the development of the relation between culture and nature within this framework. This very experience had become the foundation, which influenced the formation of later more or less coherent paradigms of thinking. Reflections on dynamic balance and “harmony” between humans and nature were preceded by the projects which had dramatically affected the environment at the time of their realisation and had to be disasters for ecosystems at those times. From our perspective, we have a tendency to ex post evaluate the state, which has been reached, which has been knowingly and purposefully maintained by tens of generations of Chinese, but we do not mention that also the Chinese had in the beginnings deeply embedded their thought structures in nature (which is usually a matter of criticism against the European culture and tradition).

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Gu Hongming prekursorem idei fuzji cywilizacji. Konfucjanizm jako ratunek dla Zachodu i świata

Author(s): Marek Tylkowski / Language(s): Polish

An intellectual biography of one of the most influential Chinese political and social thinkers at the turn of XIXth/XXth centuries.

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