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The Bulgarian legislator is faced with the challenge and the need to re-evaluate its punitive policy to protect the normal functioning of the economic system. When regulating such a matter, it is necessary to look for a balance of values and interests, as on the one party is the public interest requiring a stable and workable economy and on the other party stands the private interest requiring certain limits of the state regulation.
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The article studies the genesis of legal regulation of cybersecurity in international law, the definition of the place of the problem in relations between subjects of international law. Examples of high-profile cyberattacks that took place internationally are shown. In recent years, human dependence on new technologies has grown rapidly. However, the use of such technologies also opens new ways to abuse via the Internet. With the development of new technologies cyberspace becomes as important space as land, air, water or space in which states compete for ensuring their national interests. Such space also attracts the attention of international terrorist groups, transnational organized crime etc. A number of scientists devoted their papers to the subject of cybersecurity, among them A. Pazyuk, D. Dubov, A. Merezhko. Much more attention on the issue of cybersecurity research in international law was paid by foreign experts, including M. N. Schmitt, W. Heintschel von Heinegg, V. Boothby. The article shows examples of international norms in cyberspace. Accordingly the foundations for further cooperation among the States were laid by the number of Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. One of the main documents in this field within the Council of Europe is ratified by 49 states Convention on Cybercrime in 2001 and Optional Protocol to the Convention of 2003. Within the EU the first document regulating cyberspace is Directive 95/46 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. In 2016 EU has adopted the EU Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive. As an example of doctrinal codification the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare was issued in 2013. It is also mentioned in the article that states are actively working on preparing national legislation and adopting strategies for cybersecurity. It is noted that the issue of cybersecurity is becoming more acute problem not only at the national level and therefore requires expansion of international legal cooperation between subjects of international law to maintain peace and prevent solving cyber warfare, which may be accompanied by kinetic.
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The Balkan countries in transition are facing serious obstacles in the process of transformation and, building market oriented economies. After a decade of conflicts, stagnation and economic decline, these countries need economic growth which will enable them to catch up with the countries that have achieved biggest progress in market economy development and integration with the European Union. The realization of sustainable economic growth rates, in the conditions of insufficient accumulation, is possible only with the considerable inflow of foreign capital. In this paper, the authors analyses the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on transition economies. Serious constraints which these countries have been facing during the transformation stimulate additional interest in foreign direct investments, which are expected to raise the efficiency of the existing enterprises, reduce the technological gap, facilitate the transfer of new knowledge and enable conquest of new markets. In addition, this paper analyses flows of foreign direct investments and actual measures used for their encouragement.
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The article aims at offering solutions to some disputable hypotheses in which the unambiguous identification of the parties to the legal relationship which arises on the grounds of the rule set forth in Art. 59 of the Law on Obligations and Contracts (LOC) is almost impossible. For this purpose, at its very beginning, the study deals with cases in which there is proprietary transposition of the creditor, the recipient and the third party, however, the giving itself is performed by the third party and not by the creditor. It is made clear that, in the said cases, a serious challenge is the answer to the question of whether the restitution legal relationship arises between the creditor and the recipient in relation to whom the grounds have not been realized or have retroactively ceased to exist or have been absent in principle, or the said relationship arises beween the recipient and the person who has de facto given ‘something’ as it is the latter that has become poorer. In connection with that, focus is brought to a sequence of various hypotheses of enrichment from another’s contractual relationship as well as ones of performance of another’s duty in light of Roman and German legal traditions. Conclusions are also drawn on the basis of the critical analysis made. Special attention is given to the issue of who can make use of a claim under Art. 59 of the LOC in the cases of improvement of another’s item of property and unjustified enjoyment of such an item of property. In light of the latest judicial practice, an analysis is made of certain issues in the relationships between co-owners and third persons arising on the occasion of unjustified proprietary transposition occurring in the course of identifying the parties to the claim under Art. 59 of the LOC.
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The employment contract with a clause for training during the process of work, as a specific type of employment contract, has a number of specific features, some of which manifest themselves with regard to the parties that conclude and execute this contract. Regarding the possibility of establishing an employment relationship from a labour contract for learning at work, several different categories of persons who could stand on the worker's side are differentiated in the article.
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The paper covers some chapters of the biography of Professor G.I. Blosfeld (1797–1884), who was a famous scientist and headed the Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Policy, History of Medicine, Hygiene, and Toxicology of the Kazan Imperial University from 1839 to 1864. A brief description of the state of medicine, public health, and teaching of medical sciences in the Russian Empire of the late 18th and early 19th centuries has been provided. The archival data on the activities of G.I. Blosfeld in the chair, memories of his students have been presented. The achievements of G.I. Blosfeld as a researcher and lecturer, who organized forensic medicine teaching at the Law Department of the Kazan University and created the first handbook on forensic medicine for lawyers published in 1847 in Kazan. The structure of the handbook has been analyzed, as well as other works of this researcher. His role among other forensic medical examiners of that period has been demonstrated.
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The authors of this paper analyze the parties to the administrative procedure, as the main subject of this paper, with the focus on the key elements that determine their legal position – not only the direct provisions of substantive law defining their rights and duties, but also general legal principles and other provisions which directly or indirectly regulate their procedural status. Also, the nature of the administrative procedure, starting from the method of its initiation and management, to the issues about who presides over the procedure, who are the subjects to the administrative procedure, all the way to the final aspects of the purpose and goals of the administrative procedure – all this affects the legal position of the parties to this procedure. It is often said that the level of democracy in a society depends on the scope of declared rights. However, whether and to what extent these rights will essentially be achieved depends on the procedural conditions that is on the regulations which govern the procedure aimed at protection and exercising of subjective rights. In this sense, the administrative procedure represents a guarantee that the final outcome of the procedure will be an adequate legal solution related to the party’s right or duty. The author also attempts to present in this paper the analysis of the issues which further affect the position of parties to the administrative procedure, such as their conceptual definition, possibilities of partisan influence, certain principles of the administrative procedure which are directly related to the parties in the Republic of Serbia, but also in the countries of former Yugoslavia (Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina).
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The new strategic concepts of NATO and the European Union should contribute to overcoming differences and shaping solutions that will lead to longterm stabilization. In this respect, the NATO Smart Defense concept and the EU Pooling & Sharing concept should contribute to building common capacities to provide an adequate and effective response to contemporary security challenges. In these concepts, NATO member states and the European Union can take military participation in order to eliminate the most diverse risks and threats. Participation involves joint and reciprocal engagement in the defined missions and tasks. Intensification of participation involves the use of new techniques, technologies and knowledge to preserve the existing resources. In the internal political plan, states are therefore obliged to anticipate measures to eliminate all potential threats, challenges and risks at the national and international level.
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Corruption is one of the most pressing issues in Southeast Europe, because of its detrimental impact on the social and economic development, especially during times of economic crisis. At the same time the capacity of the civil society organizations to monitor this phenomenon, propose and implement policy change remains low. To address this issue, in November 2012, 17 civil society organizations from Southeast Europe formed a coalition aimed to contribute to a dynamic civil society in the region, capable of participating in public debate and influencing policy and decision-making process in the area of anti-corruption and good governance. The SELDI Strategy and Action Agenda for Good Governance and Anticorruption in Southeast Europe aims to serve as a blueprint for CSO coalition building, as well as a value statement, which can be used to attract new partners and to inform and motivate other stakeholders. In addition the Action Agenda puts a focus on improving the environment for civil activism and state-civil society dialogue at regional and national level, on which CSOs and other stakeholders will agree to act upon.
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Identity and spiritual integrity become crucial when trying to solve global problems and have strategic importance for development. Cultural identity is the foundation of personal human security and fulcrum of any national security. The loss of cultural identity affects the security of the nation and generate hostility towards others. National and international security systems prove inadequate to today's security challenges because postmodern society new „weapons” are not of physical reality.
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The development of EU strategic approaches to combat corruption is a work in progress. The Lisbon Treaty is a good basis for the EU to become more engaged in anticorruption topics. There is an opportunity for it to reconsider some of the “non-legal” approaches such as the accession of the EU to the UN Convention against corruption, its accession to GRECO as well as the European Commission’s anticorruption reports, monitoring the progress of EU Member-states. These approaches offer the opportunity to the EU to develop its vision for activities in the anticorruption field, without the need to necessarily adopt legal acts.
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This article discusses the conceptual idea that the successful regulation of the labor force in Bulgaria requires transparent mechanisms for social control in the field of labor, through which to achieve optimal balance between individual, group and public interests. The thesis is argued that on the basis of a measurable indicator - Labor Force Index, which accumulates the key factors contributing to its development in Bulgaria, will be possible to improve the tripartite Social dialogue between the representative bodies responsible for labor regulation and increase the productivity and the income from work.
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The research analyzes some important elements of the content of the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria 2011 based on the scientific theories. It points out important ways to improve the organizational processes for the development of the National Security Strategy for the Republic of Bulgaria and its content and practical applicability as well.
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Corruption is one of the most pressing issues in Southeast Europe, because of its detrimental impact on the social and economic development, especially during times of economic crisis. At the same time the capacity of the civil society organizations to monitor this phenomenon, propose and implement policy change remains low. To address this issue, in November 2012, 17 civil society organizations from Southeast Europe formed a coalition aimed to contribute to a dynamic civil society in the region, capable of participating in public debate and influencing policy and decision-making process in the area of anti-corruption and good governance. The SELDI Strategy and Action Agenda for Good Governance and Anticorruption in Southeast Europe aims to serve as a blueprint for CSO coalition building, as well as a value statement, which can be used to attract new partners and to inform and motivate other stakeholders. In addition the Action Agenda puts a focus on improving the environment for civil activism and state-civil society dialogue at regional and national level, on which CSOs and other stakeholders will agree to act upon.
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