Around the Bloc: Russian Officials Deny Burning ‘Undesirable’ Books
Mining college says it removed Soros Foundation books from its library but none were burned.
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Mining college says it removed Soros Foundation books from its library but none were burned.
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The institution of “poor law” has a long history. The regulations adopted in the Polish civil law of the interwar period guaranteed free and unfettered access to the courts for the parties. The introduction of the “right of the poor” was justified by litigation, fiscal and social reasons. The Code of Civil Procedure defined the criteria for the use of this institution, entitled entities, as well as the effects of granting “poor law”.
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The subject of this study is rooted in the realities of Poland of the authoritarian period. This fact has been emphasized in the title and considered a circumstance that defines the direction and scope of the research activities. The article is divided into three essential parts. The first one points to basic facts related to the status of courts of law in the authoritarian Poland. The broad definition of the title concept was adopted. Certainty is understood here as tantamount to stability of judicial service employment relationship and covers both irremovability, non-transferability and non-suspension, as well as predictability and transparency of promotions and service conditions, especially in terms of determining salaries. The second part of the article provides an analysis of the constitutional regulation of certainty of the position. The third part comprises remarks on the actual role of the Constitution, it covers findings on the manner in which the title institution was regulated in lower-tier normative acts and remarks on the practice of application of law. The research leads to the conclusion that certainty of judge’s position was illusory. It was being questioned at all the three interrelated levels: constitutional, regular legislation and the practice of law application.
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The article briefly analyses the legislative competence of the European Union in the field of indirect and direct tax integration. It clarifies the specific status of shared competence of the Union, as a source of legislative competence for tax integration, governed by the principles of conferral, subsidiarity, and proportionality.
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The article examines how the eviction affects the transferring of ownership contract (case № 1/2019, General Meeting of the Civil and Commerce Chambers of the Supreme Court of Cassation). According to the position maintained, the eviction judgment does not ex lege cause the termination of the contract. Instead – according to the general principles of Contract law – it has to be another, special claim for the termination.
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The function of the dean’s archive is not regulated in the canon law of the Catholic Church. The duties of a dean, who is the bishop’s close associate, require an independent dean’s office. The records produced by Polish synods recognise the necessity of establishing the dean’s archive, which can preserve the records and documentation produced by a dean or collected by him from parishes in accordance with the laws. The regulations of the synods require running the dean’s archive as an institution independent of parish archives, but they do not specify in detail how these records should be preserved and made available, and when the materials ought to be transferred to the central historical archives in the diocese.
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Early research on clientelism spans over a period between 1960 and 1980. Early publications sparked a debate on the content, meaning and impact of clientelist ties. Researchers tackled the issue of explaining individual cases on different levels of focused analysis, rather than contributing to the common understanding of what clientelism “is” and “how” exactly it influences society. This paper presents an overview of contemporary research on clientelism, its theoretical conceptualization, early traces of the use of exchange relations of power and resources, a historical overview of the utilization of clientelist networks by political actors to ascend to power and survive in power and lastly the instrumentalization of clientelism to stabilize society. Later on, the paper provides a quantitative analysis of contributing factors to clientelist tendencies between political parties and voters in the Republic of Macedonia.
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On behalf of the editorial team of Border Crossing journal, I am pleased to introduce the first issue of the tenth volume. Border Crossing aims to offer a multidisciplinary venue for sharing interesting and novel research from any fields of Social Sciences and Humanities. The “open issue” model we have started last year seems appreciated by authors and readers as it allows us to release the articles once they are through the peer-review process and finalised without delay which is normally the case for most journals. In this issue, the first paper by Meltem Yilmaz Sener focuses on the adaptation experiences of Turkish qualified migrants who returned to Turkey after living in Germany and the US.
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In the Third Republic of Poland, which represents friendly separation between the state and the church, the freedom of conscience and religion is one of the basic human rights and is guaranteed both at the constitutional and statutory level. This right creates the freedom of manifesting religious beliefs and the right to pastoral care at every place. Due to the fact that religious freedom stems from the inherent dignity of the human being, it is guaranteed to everyone regardless of their nationality, race, health or beliefs.In view of the growing number of Muslims staying on the territory of the Republic of Poland, it seems reasonable to look at the scope of their rights in the field of religious freedom in a special situation that is difficult for every person – being a patient in a medical facility. The topic in question is especially relevant given the specificity of Sharia law, which regulates not only the strictly legal matters, but also the issues from the sphere of everyday life of a Muslim that give rise to the need to comply with a number of rules, also applicable in a situation of undergoing hospital treatment.The starting point for the article is the Act on the guarantees of freedom of conscience and religion and the rights it ensures for persons in medical facilities. These rights are confronted with the views of Sharia law with regard to the treatment that can be accepted by Islamic patients. The article discusses, among others, the issues related to respecting a Muslim’s right to be visited by their family, the right to fast, pray or eat certain foods. The analysis has led to the conclusion that medical personnel should, to the fullest extent possible within the constraints of Polish law, ensure Muslim patients conditions compatible with the requirements of their religion. However, because of the fact that the right to religious freedom is not an absolute one, the limit of this freedom must always be the good of patients and, above all, the religious freedom of others – whether medical personnel or patients with different religious beliefs.
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The development of information technology creates preconditions for new connections between the media, telecommunications and information technologies. The subject of this article is the existing experience in the development of the media and their regulatory frameworks at European and world level. A review of regulations concerning freedom of expression and intellectual property in the media on the Old Continent was made in retrospect, giving special attention to the national legal framework for the media industry in Bulgaria. Some case studies are analyzed to illustrate the current state of the media industry in the world. The compulsory deposit system is presented - how it operates in European countries except for the Netherlands and Switzerland. Media legislation is in line with European legislation and the joint expertise of the Council of Europe and the European Commission. Traditional ones who follow certain professional standards adhere to ethics and codes, while in the new media, anyone can be an author, write without criteria, and create media content that is increasingly difficult to evaluate. Nowadays, as media outlets increase and media content does not increase in quality, it is more than ever necessary to have communication strategies built on the interaction of media users and media content writers, how they perceive the world and communicate with each other, have stepped up to the history and chronological development of the media and the related legislation.
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The roots of the World Health Organization (WHO) can be traced to the development of the international community’s efforts since the mid-nineteenth century to regulate health issues. They are in response to pandemic threats to Western Europe. Due to the new technologies for shipping and the development of rail transport, increased world trade and travel, cholera and subsequently yellow fever and bubonic plague are leaving their traditional endemic places in the colonies and poorer countries and reach the economically advanced countries of Western Europe. Many Europeans are beginning to believe that a period of real progress on sanitation could occur in the mid-nineteenth century. This article examines the historical development of international health cooperation from the mid-19th century to the creation of the World Health Organization in 1948.
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Five referendums were held in Bulgarian history. The first one was in 1922 and concerned the verdict of the guilty ones for the two national catastrophes. The second one was in 1946 regarding the change from a monarchy to republic. The third one is from 1976, related to the adoption of a new constitution. The fourth one, held in 2013, concerned the construction of a new nuclear power plant. The last one in 2015 concerns the establishment of electronic voting. Three of those five referendums have no substantial consequences.
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Changes in the role of the state and the definition of the concept of good governance have represented important achievements in public administration in the era following the millennium. The local governments appear in several segments of the report. Another important element of the concept of good governance besides the operation of public administration involves ensuring public safety and on the local level local governments may also be a part of this. The issue of the regulation of peaceful public coexistence might be associated most with democracy due to the disputed nature of the legal stipulations also affecting fundamental rights. At the same time, this subject area represents a field of initiatives by the ombudsman, and it is almost certain that ex post normative review and constitutional complaints can also be expected in this case type. Norms regulating peaceful public coexistence represent a separate subject area as in many cases they wish to regulate legal relationships pertaining to privacy. This paper introduces and examines those local government regulations which typically cause problems, with special emphasis on the practice of the Constitutional Court and the Curia.
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In the European Union the main tendency in the tax policy is fighting against the tax evasion, tax avoidance, fighting against the harmful tax competition. The tax avoidance appears in the harmful tax competition too, and the digital companies - like Google, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, are often employing it.The digitalism is very important for the economy, it has a lot of good in it, but it can be harm also. One of the most dangerous side is the aggressive tax planning which is connected with the tax avoidance. There are new ways and forms of the digital tax avoidance like “Double Irish with Dutch Sandwich”, or the “Hidden offshore” tax structure which cause double non taxation. The European Union is trying to tackle the tax avoidance and aggressive tax planning with their legal instruments. The OECD BEPS document and the Anti tax avoidance Directive (ATAD), and the Commission’s measures fight off the digital tax avoidance. In this study I point out the problems and new structures of the aggressive tax planning by the digital companies, and analyze the legal instruments against it.
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Company law is one of the fields of law which has been changing dynamically in the field of private law. The main reason for this change is the fact that it creates the legal and structural framework for enterprises and undertakings; therefore, it is an organic and influential part of the operation of economy as well. In the case of company law, comparative law is particularly significant, without meaning exclusively the harmonization and consolidation of European Law. The questions of national and international company law lead us again and again back to functional comparative law. Different forms and models were created for the legal regulations of companies in different Western-European national cultures. When we examine those member states in the European Union having the largest economy (France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom), there are different systems that can be found in them, with influence on the company law of other countries, and, in addition, the dominant national models can have influence on the company law of other nations and the European Union.As a starting point, the evaluation of the strongholds and weaknesses of the dominant national systems proves to be sufficient for analyzing the quality of changes of company law and company management. Every nation needs to take for granted its own historical and cultural traditions while considering adaptations to novel conditions. Thus, different European countries can apply reasonable solutions on other countries’ systems.
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This article discusses whether the term preference share may exist in a limited liability company. It explores some possible deviations from the legislative provisions by setting up privileges for certain partners, without infringing the fundamental principle for equality. In order to justify their statements, the authors apply comparative law methods using for basis the Bulgarian, Hungarian, German and Russian law. They point out relevant examples from the case law of the Supreme Court of Cassation
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The article presents the results of research of the legal status of the Polish Armed Forces in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The key problems include the role of the Armed Forces in the implementation of the main goals of the Polish state and their relations to other constitutional principles and the duty to defend the Homeland. The article also presents the competences of the executive and legislative authorities in the aspect of defence and security as well as civil and democratic control over the Armed Forces. Polish legal solutions were compared with the constitutions of NATO member states – Germany, France, Spain, Greece, Denmark, Norway, Estonia and the Czech Republic.
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For a detailed list of reviewed books please view the Table of Content-file above.
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