3.90 €
Preview
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Discussed in the report are the legal relations, arising from the purchase option, which can be incorporated in leasing agreements. Potential problems are highlighted and their solutions are sought in analysis of case-law and academic papers of both Bulgarian and international scholars.
More...
Mobile Health is a new and rapidly growing area that has the potential to play a role in the transformation of health services and raise its quality and efficiency. It covers medical practices and public health, with the assistance of mobile devices: mobile phones, devices for monitoring the health status of patients, digital and other wireless personal devices. The right to health is an inalienable human right that requires each person to create the conditions to be as healthy as possible. Guaranteeing the right to health is related to compliance with the standards and principles of human rights - universality, fairness, equality, the right to participate in decision-making, non-discrimination, transparency, etc.
More...
Along with the basic educational and scientific research activity the higher schools may develop economic activity, directly related to the basic activity. The report handles the legal aspects of the economic activity of the higher schools analyzing the Higher education act after the amendments and supplements dated 01.03.2016. The accent is put on the economic activity of the public higher schools in their capacity of budget organizations.
More...
Technological improvement have created entirely new payment systems that emit new virtual "money", different from then common known from the financial world. The emitted cryptocurrency is distributed by decentralized system, which is using P2P and blockchain technology. The fast growing popularity of cryptocurrency transactions requires urgent legislative measures to protect the user rights in a virtual background.
More...
One of the most important legal consequences in case of late payment is the obligation to pay default interest (penalty interest). Default interest is the fee for using someone else’s money. The amount of interest depends on the time delay, interest rates and the calculation method. Although the method of calculation is a very important factor for interest, it is often neglected in the legal regulations and legal theory. At the beginning of this paper, the author points out to the general concept of interest, with a focus on the default (penalty) interest and its functions. Particular attention is paid to method of interest calculation for its impact on the overall amount of debt. Because of the complexity of the matter the author starts from the ground up: simple and compound interest computation. Simple interest is calculated only on the principal amount, or on that portion of the principal amount that remains unpaid. Compound interest is very similar to simple interest; however, with time, the difference becomes considerably larger. This difference occurs because unpaid interest is added to the balance due. Put another way, the borrower (debtor) is charged interest based on previous interest. In the second part of the paper, the author indicates shortcomings of Serbian Act on Default Interest Rate (2001). Due to those shortcomings, the default interest is calculated in a specific way that is shown and analyzed in the light of existing conditions on Serbian market. Since the current condition of the domestic legislation and legal practice is inadequate, the author points out to EU Directive 2000/35/EC on combating late payment in commercial transactions and notes the innovative solutions contained in the 2009 Proposal for a new Directive on combating late payment. At the end, the author concludes that national legislation needs to be updated. Conclusion contains several proposals how to do so. Proposals are related to: determination of interest rate; transfer to “simple” interest; frequency of interest rate modification; special rules for certain categories of debtors.
More...
Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy and Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks are basic regulations in the field of flood protection at the EU level. Serbia is currently in the process of harmonization of legal regulations in this field. The paper analyzes three phases of flood management envisaged in the Floods Directive, as well as their application in some European countries and Serbia. The problems that have arisen in the implementation process are considered, with special emphasis on the issues related to the development and implementation of flood hazard maps and flood risk maps as well as the practices of different countries regarding their use, particularly in the field of spatial and urban planning and insurance. The implications of applying these maps in Serbia are currently uncertain. The question is to what extent and in which areas they will be used. The analysis of their usage in individual countries, provided in this paper, can be a starting point when considering different solutions and possibilities for their integration into the domestic system. In addition to national flood risk mitigation measures, international cooperation in this area is also very significant. For this reason, one part of the paper focuses on international agreements on water management, which are important for Serbia and contain provisions on flood-related issues.
More...
1. La vie de l'homme contemporain est imprégnée de normes sodijales de types différents. Parmi ces normes les plus solides et les plus efficaces sont les normes juridiques. L'atteinte portée à ces normes représente le plus lourd péché hu¬main, qu'on appelle »le délit juridiques C'est la notion générale à laquelle on arrive par la ivoie de l'abstraction, et de telles notions sont toujours, plus ou moins, contestables. Les normes juridiques sont, cependant, concrètes et elles sont renfer¬mées toujours dans l'une des branches existantes du-système juridique. C'est pour¬quoi la violation de ces normies ne peut pas être désignée exclusivement parune notion aussi abstraite. En effet, les délits sont toujours concrets, avec plusieurs qualitée distinctives individuelles. Ils apparaissent uniquement comme délits pénaux, administratifs, disciplinaires, civils et jamais comme »délits juridiques«. La no¬tion de » délit juridique« est une synthèse réfléchie de ces délits, la notion générale ou générique pour tous ces délits. De plus, selon certaines opinions cette notion est trop »tendue«, car certaine délits différent entre eux à un tel point qu'il est impo¬ssible de déterminer leurs caractéristiques communes. Il nous semble qu'une telle accentuation de l'individualité des délits juridiques est exagérée. Il y a des diffé¬rences entre aux, mais elles ne sont pas telles qu'elles excluent toute possibilité de généralisation. Au contraire, la généralisation est possible et utile aux juristes?. C'est une autre question-quels sont les comportements juridiquement incorrects qui peuvent être inclus dans le carde abstrait du »délit juridiques II nous semble que dans ce cadre il faut enchâsser seulemtent les actes humains qui représentent un »coup« à l'ordre juridique, qui sont contraires au droit« et non seulement qu'ils ne sont pas en conformité avec le droit. Seuls de tels actes peuvent être socialement nuisibles, c'est-à-dire ils peuvent causer des dommages ou créer le danger de dom¬mage aux membres de la société ou â leurs institutions. Si l'acteur die ces actes a causé un dommage à soi-m[ême, il ne s'agit pas d'un délit. Par conséquent, toute inobservation du .droit n'est pas un déliti. Il faut y ajouter la jdirconstance ' que le délit juridique suppose aussi le comportement humain conscient. Celui qui n'était pas conscient et qui ne pouvait pas être conscient de son acte et de ses conséquen¬ces ou quii ne pouvait pas se retenir de son exécution ne peut pas être considéré comme délinquant. Or, quant il n'y a pas de délinquant il n'y a pas de délit.2. Contre les délits juridiques la société lutte par les sanctions juridiques. Ce sont les mesures coercitives par lesquelles on menace chaque? délinquant, c'est-à-dire toute personne qui enfreint son obligation juridique qu'elle a dans l'in¬térêt d'autrui. Pour l'inexécution des obligations' dans l'intérêt propre« les sanctions juridiques ne sont pas appliquées, car la société ne peut pas contraindre les indivi-dus de travailler dans leur intérêt. A l'égard de dels »transëresseurs« du droit sont appliquées les conséquences juridiques d'un autre 'genre. Les canctions sont, donc, seulement les conséquences juridiques qui se rattachent au délit. Uniquement au délinquant il faut prouver par l'application de la s action l'autorité du droit.3. Si. nous admîettons la nécessité kle) la notion générale du délit juiMique nous acquiescerons aussi à la nécessitéde la notion générale de la responsabilité juridâque«. Cette notion a aussi le caractère générilque pour plusieurs formes de manifestation différentes de la responsabilité. La responsabilité juridique consiste dans l'application et la realijsation de la sanction juridique envers le délinquant. Cependant, si nous identifions toute mesure de coercition avec la sanction, alors la notion de la »responsabilité« serait un peu plus restreinte que la notion de la ^sanction juridiques En tant que »responsabilité« nous pouvons désigner seulement la sanction juridique qui est suivie de la condamnation 'sociale ou du mépris de la personne qui est s ouïr lise à la sanction. Cela signifie que la responsabilité est tou¬jours la sanction, mais la sanction n'est pas toujours la responsabilité. D'autre part, nous sommes d'avis que pour la responsabilité, outre la contrainte e la condamnanion ne sont pas nécessaires aussi d'autres conséquences déniaisantes de caractère complémentaire sous forme de privation personnelle ou des biens du délinquant. C'estpourquoi nous estimons que la contrainte de l'exécution de l'obligation acceptée de bon gré doit êtrp considéré également. comme responsabilité. Par ailleurs, la personne qui est contrainte d'exécuter l'obligation est. de ce fait mêmte, privée de la liberté déterminée: de la possibilité de décider seule de sa dette.4. La différence entre la responsabilité pénale et la responsabilité civile est plutôt dans la fait qu'elles sont distinctes qu'elles ne sont contraires l'une à l'autre. L mot »responsabilité« est beaucoup plus conforme au droit criminel Ju'au droit civil car il rappelle la punition. Mais si déjà nous employons cette expression aussi en droit civil, alors il faut avoir en vue due toutes les conséquences juridic crues relatives aux biens ne rentrent pas dans le carde des mesures de responsabilité, mais elles sont des sanctions juridiques dans un sens plus large. Il n'y a pas de responsabilité civile sans délit et délinquant. C'est pourquoi lorsqu'on dit »le débi¬teur et ses biens répondent, (il faut le comprendre seulement comme une figure de style. La signification de ces figures, à cause de leur trop grande symbolique, n'est jamais tout à fait précise. On sait, en effet, due les biens ne sont pas constitués par les hommes, or seuls ils sont capables de devenir des délinquants et d'être soumis à la responsabilité. A ce suiet il n'y a aucune différence entre la responsabilité dîvile et la responsabilité pénale. Leurs différences découlent du caractère des sanctions juridiques qui les constituent - et du but oui leur est prédestiné, et non point des sujets responsables. Les sanctions de droh criminel sont sévère, et elles frappent plus fortement les personnes responsables aue les sanctions civiles. Cette différence est atténuée jusqu'à un certain point par le critère individuel de la faute de l'exécuteur de l'infraction et par ce aue l'on appelle humanisation de la peine. La responsabilité pénale et la responsabilité cwiip représentent les formes les plus importantes de la responsabilité îuridique dans la société contemporaine. Nous ne pouvons pas renoncer à elles pendant une période encore assez longue. La responsa¬bilité morale aui doit les remplacer est encore très inefficace et insuffisante pour la protection de la société. Bien souvent elle n'est mêrre pas en état d'aider et de compléter la responsabilité juridique. Car, comment pourrait-on, du reste, autre¬ment expliquer la circonstance aue les hommies qui étaient en tant qu'anciens dirigeants condamnés pour délit économique, après avoir purgé leur peine, occuppent de délit économique, après avoir purgé leur peine, occuppent de nouveau des postes dirigeants et viennent de nouveau en conflit avec la loi. Le droit est. incon¬testablement, condamné au dépérissement, mais cela ne peut pas et ne doit pas commencer avec le délai. Tant que l'homme ne réussit à remplacer sa conscïencë juridique par une conscience morale aussi forte, nous ne pouvons pas nous priver de la responsabilité juridique.
More...
This paper discusses the issue of arbitration agreement's legal significance from multiple standpoints - theoretical, practical, technical, political, and comparative. The author analyses the terms and justifying reasons for waver of the regular means of legal protection in front of the state courts, as well as the types of instruments for derogation of the national courts' jurisdiction, and the methods of reaching an agreement to arbitrate. Likewise, the paper briefly reflects the specific features of perception of the arbitration agreement's legal significance inherent to different legal systems, and projects the possible consequences of the policy shifts towards intensifying judicial intervention in arbitration.
More...
The object of analysis of this paper is the legal significance of tax incentives in the earning tax system. In that sense, at the first place concept and the place of tax incentives in contemporary tax law is considered, the problem of their classification and application of contradictions. It also points out on the characteristics and structure of the tax incentives provided for the Serbian Law on Personal Income Tax in the segment relating to the taxation of earnings. Below are particularly focused on evaluating economic efficiency and social justification of existing tax incentives to the domestic tax system and making concrete proposals for improving their performance.
More...
The need for further self-expansion of capital and the conquest of new markets through the minimum investments can be achieved through franchising as a specific investment method of contract business. Using successful methods of business, reduced investment risks and independence in business are among the governing reasons for joining franchise network by potential franchisees. The franchisor is obliged to pass the intellectual property rights to the franchisee in the moment of the contract conclusion. The obligation to transfer intellectual property rights can be seen as one of the essential obligation of the franchisor. Transfer of intellectual property rights from the franchisor to the franchisee is one of the obligations that must be agreed on so that the contract could be classified as a franchise agreement.
More...
Свака држава, укључујући и Републику Македонију, у условима глобализације има потребу да хармонизује своје приватно право са тенденцијама у региону и шире. Методи хармонизације су различити и зависе првенствено од тога да ли је хармонизација наметнута „одоздо“ (функционално-тржишно-негативна) или „одозго“ (формално-политички диригована-позитивна). У овом раду даћемо осврт на процес и методологију унификације и хармонизације приватног права на међународном и на нивоу Европске уније, да би продужили са детаљнијом обрадом питања хармонизације појединих делова трговачког права (статусног, уговорног, конкурентског и права хартија од вредности) како у оквиру ЕУ, тако и у Републици Македонији.
More...
In the contemporary society, journalism rests on the principles of impartiality and independence. Such a position and role of journalists can be successfully safeguarded by enacting corresponding legal and ethical norms in the field of media. This paper compares legal and ethical norms envisaged in two Serbian documents: the Public Information and Media Act (2014) and the Journalists’ Code of Ethics (2006). The former is the media “umbrella” law dealing with the journalists’ status; the latter is the most important legal document in the field of journalists’ ethics in Serbia. The paper first focuses on the relationship between ethics and law in general, stressing their importance in the field of media. After providing an overview of the Serbian legislative framework on media and the ethical norms related to journalists, the authors compare in detail the legal and ethical norms provided in these two documents, drawing attention to their corresponding points and the observed differences. The comparison reveals that the Public Infromation and Media Act recognizes most of the commonly accepted professional journalism principles. Some of them are defined in the identical way in the Journalists’ Code (e.g. authentic reporting, the journalists’ due diligence, the presumption of innocence, the respect for privacy, etc.). However, the Act does not contain some principles which are envisaged in the Code, such as the one concerning the relationship between a journalist and the source of information, thus leaving room to journalists to regulate their professional space.
More...
The article attempts to highlight some legal and ethical concerns about the new health challenges such as e-health and m-health as well as the attempts to regulate them within the framework of the European Union. Some important European Commission documents have also been examined, such as the Green Paper on Mobile Health, the Communication on enabling the digital transformation of health and care in the Digital Single Market, etc.
More...
The report explores gender crime investigation mechanisms, focusing on the personality of the victim and the perpetrator, as well as ways to counteract these crimes. Fundamental attention is devoted to the motivation of enforcement actions in serious crimes against the personality in the context of the sociology of law.
More...
The civil liability is a means for indemnity of the damages, caused illegally to other persons. It fulfills three functions – to compensate, to prevent and to sanction the guilty person. The insurance against third party risk contributes to the effective realization of the three functions. The bonus – malus system, which must be introduced in our country in accordance with art. 490 (5) of the Code of Insurance, reinforces the effect of the prevention of this kind of insurance, because it increases and decreases the amount of the insured premium in depend of the behavior of the insured and the number of the claims against him. The connection between the bonus-malus system and the civil liability is subject of the article.
More...
Among the benefits payable by the employer upon termination of employment, one payment stands out, which raises a number of problems: the so-called „gratification compensation” under Art. 222, para. 3 LC. Legal theory argues that it has its social significance as an expression of gratitude for the long-standing work and loyalty of the employee. Therefore, its size is differentiated depending on the previous work experience with the same employer. Of course, the stated social meaning of the compensation should not be absolutized. Whether the employee has been loyal in his job and whether the employer owes him „gratitude“ are questions that can look very different in different situations in life. The study focuses on a number of practical problems related to the said compensation and seeks to make suggestions for how to overcome them.
More...
Legal remedies applied in the proceedings before the Court of Justice of the European Union have some distinctive features as compared to the legal remedies used in the national judicial systems. At first, the communitarian justice system originally did not envisage the possibility of filing an appeal with this Court as a regular legal remedy but there were other remedies that could be pursued in respect of the judgments issued by the Court. After the establishment of the Court of First Instance, the Procedural Law of the European Union introduced the possibility of filing an appeal with the Court of Justice against the judgments of the Court of First Instance. Later, the Court of First Instance became competent to decide on appeals against the judgments rendered by the judical panels, which were established in the meantime. The Court of First Instance and judical panels reserved the possibility of using other legal remedies against the final decisions rendered by these judicial authorities. In this respect, the Lisbon Treaty did not bring any significant changes, except that the Court of First Instance was renamed into the General Court whereas the judicial panels were designated as specialized courts. Taking into account the system of legal remedies recognized by the Procedural Law of the European Union, the first part of the paper deals with appeals as a regular legal instrument for bringing the case before a higher instance court which is to review the judgment of a lower instance court, including appeals against the decisions of the General Court and specialized courts. In the second part of the paper, the authors focus on the legal remedies which are awarded by the same court that issued the judgment. This category includes the application of a third party and revision, which may be considered as extraordinary legal remedies, as well as the objection against the judgment by default, judgment interpretation, judgment rectification and supplementing the judgment, which are considered to be extraordinary procedural remedies.
More...
In the information society there are new means of expression, media and forms of legal normative statements. Examples of such phenomena are presented. The issue of the legal nature of these developments is explored. The article distinguishes types of legal normative statements and makes comparisons between legal norms and legal statements. The aim is to determine generic features of both phenomena. Therefore, new types of legal normative statements are conceptualised, as well as distinctions and similarities between norms and normative statements. The analysis pays special attention to the view, that the form and ontology are qualities that have continued at higher levels of legal categories, representing the law of information society. The transition to these levels requires certain conditions which are established in this article.
More...