Anoniminis 1605 m. katekizmas: slavizmai ir hibridai

Author(s): Anželika Smetonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 16/2021

The Anonymous Catechism of 1605 (hereinafter - AC) is one of the first catechisms in the Lithuanian language in GDL. However, it has been under-researched so far. In 1890 this catechism was published by J. Bystroń with comments. Z. Zinkevičius and A. Judžentis have conducted some research on the AC and S. Temčinas has also discussed it in his research works. However, in more recent works this catechism has not received sufficient focus and, even more, its loan lexicon has not been attentively investigated. Namely the loan lexicon, i.e., Slavic loanwords and hybrids that derive from them, is the focus of this article. Slavic loanwords and hybrids were selected from the AC and the dictionaries of Slavic languages were analysed searching for possible sources of loanwords. Following various criteria (availability of source, morphological, phonetic criteria), Slavic loanwords were grouped into Slavic borrowings of unclear origin, loanwords from the East Slavic languages (Old Russian or Ruthenian languages) and Polish loanwords. Fifty six Slavic loanwords were identified in the AC: 52 % out of them are of unclear origin, i.e., their possible sources were identified in the East Slavic and Polish languages and etymological dictionaries provide for different sources of their origin. 38 % of Slavic loanwords were borrowed into the Lithuanian language from the East Slavic language – the Polish language does not possess possible equivalents of Slavic loanwords or the meaning of Polish word does not coincide with semantics of a loanword, phonetics of borrowing also indicates such origin. Polish loanwords comprise only 10 % of all the loanwords in the AC.

Antanas Salys ir žodynas (110-osioms gimimo metinėms)

Author(s): Aldonas Pupkis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 85/2012

Antanas Salys was one of the most famous Lithuanian linguists of the middle and second half of the 20th century prominent in the fields of dialectology, onomastics, phonetics, terminology and standard language codification. The article deals with Salys’ activities in the fields of lexicology and lexicography. Salys made a big contribution to the codification of the Lithuanian vocabulary. He wrote many articles about the origin, word-formation and meaning of various words and created quite a few neologisms many of which became widespread in the usage of the standard language. Salys was keen on the Lithuanization of borrowings and wrote a theoretical article about the principles of neologism creation. As a lexicographer Salys had his input in the establishment of theoretical principles of the academic edition of Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian language). He was also one of editors of Kalbos patarėjas (Language advisor) and from 1947 – one of the compilers of so-called Niedermann’s dictionary (Wörterbuch der litauischen Schriftsprache). In 1939 Salys became head of the Language Department at the Institute of Lithuanian Studies, from 3 December 1941 he was director of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Here he took care about the matters of Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Salys had discussions on various issues of editing with the editor of the dictionary Juozas Balčikonis in Mokslinė pagalbinė komisija (Scientific advisory commission) and in the press. This discussion always stayed within the limits of correctness and during the Second world war when the front was approaching he rescued the card files of the dictionary and took them to safety. After exile to the West he spoke positively about the compilation work of the dictionary and heavily criticized attempts to include ideological matters. Salys wrote the first wider study about the history of the Lithuanian lexicography for Lietuvių enciklopedija (Lithuanian encyclopaedia, Boston, USA).

Antanas Smetona – gimtosios kalbos puoselėtojas

Author(s): Ona Tijūnėlienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2016

Antanas Smetona (1874–1944) was one of the most active promoters of the in nate self in the early 20th century. His attention to the national heritage and the native language was directly related to the growth of the movement of national liberation at the turn of the 20th century, as well as the struggle for the democratic school and the rights of the native language. Accordingto the author, the Lithuanian revival was more than just the retention of the parent language. Rebirth meant the rise from contempt, recognition by other nations, spiritual renewal, and promotion of traditional values. More than once A.  Smetona wrote in the press about a difficult state of the Lithuanian language and the disrespect of Lithuanians for the native language. He blamed intellectuals (teachers, journalists, or authors of textbooks) for their indifference to language pollution and advised everybody to learn Lithuanian from dialects, fiction, and quality press. A.  Smetona encouraged intellectuals to improve the native language and raised the idea of the reinstatement of the language section in the Viltis newspaper; he believed enthusiasts able to moderate it would appear. He repeatedly emphasised the issues of language standardisation and purification, as well as the related problems, formulated the functions of the Lithuanian Language Commission setup in 1911, and recommended theoreticians and practitioners to join efforts in the solution of the language standardisation issues. As the author cherished the idea of a free nation, he stressed that the system of education has to be of a national character, all the Lithuanians have to at least learn to read and to write Lithuanian: the tsarist government-established primary schools did not provide the skills, therefore, the author encouraged learning from the experience of secret schools. Under the then conditions, family or home schools were the only way out. However, it was necessary to write textbooks, primers, reading and writing books suitable for family schools, and to provide quality Lithuanian penmanship examples.A. Smetona responded to the state of the Lithuanian language in Lithuanian secondary schools and taught in Vilnius gymnasiums after his working hours in the bank. A. Smetona believed that Lithuanian intellectuals had to demand more from the authorities, to be more active, and proposed to set up a committee to deal with the issues of the Lithuanian language.

Antano Baranausko lietuvių bendrinės kalbos teorija: priėmimas Žemaičių kunigų seminarijoje

Author(s): Jurgita Venckienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 16/2014

On December 31, 1870, Motiejus Valančius appointed Antanas Baranauskas to teach homiletics— the theory and practice of preaching in Lithuanian in The Samogitian Theological Seminary in Kaunas. During the first two years seminary students were being prepared for the homiletics course—they were taught the Lithuanian language and later studied the art of preaching. Seminary students came from various places of Kaunas province, so Baranauskas had to find a way to teach various-dialects-speaking seminarians the Lithuanian language. To that purpose, he created a unique model of standard written Lithuanian. This research was intended to uncover what contemporaries were thinking about Baranauskas’s standard language, in particular—how his immediate environment—The Samogitian Theological Seminary and Diocese Center—accepted or rejected Baranauskas’s standard language theory. According to Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, the seminarians disapproved Baranauskas’s standard language theory. But letters of some of them (of Marcijonas Jurgaitis and Juozapas Žebrys) prove that to at least a part of seminarians the model of Baranauskas’s standard language was not only the object of study, but also seemed very appropriate for everyday written communication.

Antano ir Jono Juškų mokslinės veiklos Kazanėje ideologiniai kontekstai

Author(s): Margarita Matulytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 81/2019

The article attempts to answer the question why Kazan was the place where the works (Lithuanian folklore) compiled by the Juška brothers could be published in the Latin script in the period 1878–1882. The research focuses on the sociocultural conditions and ideological contexts of the scholarly environment that prevailed in Kazan region during the period of their academic activity.

Antano Lyberio gyvenimas ir darbas – leksikografija

Author(s): Zita Šimėnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2009

ANTIKINIŲ VARDŲ LIETUVINIMAS:TARP TRADICIJOS IR NAUJOVIŲ

Author(s): Audronė Kučinskienė,Audorne Kairienė,Dalia Staškevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2015

The problem of Lithuanization of Ancient names was and still is relevant and not fully resolved. It is manifested by varied spelling of names as well as by ongoing discussions and considerations of this matter in the media. Translated books are often subject to criticism: the translators and editors do not have the competences necessary to understand the patterns of ancient languages so that they could Lithuanize the names properly themselves, nor have they a unified reference. Development of the Digital Database of Ancient Names may be a solution to the problem. The tradition of spelling Latin and Greek ancient names is not stable or prevalent in Lithuanian writings. It is obvious from various cases of use in Lithuanian writings, collected in the Digital Database of Ancient Names.In fact, there are no grounds for speaking about traditions of Lithuanization, because such tradition was not formed or established. This is particularly true for transcription of proper names of Greek origin. We can only note certain tendencies and influences of other languages in different periods.

Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne

Author(s): Danutė Liutkevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

1. The most relevant task of the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas), as in a majority of dictionaries, is the explanation of words and the lexical semantic system. Therefore, special attention is given to entry words (headwords) or the meaning of word phrases. For this reason, a part of the dictionary text has been compiled and edited not on the basis of an alphabetical order, but based on lexical semantic groups. This has allowed a more systematic, consistent definition of similar words and their meanings. 2. Different shades of word meanings are indicated by the sign | in the dictionary. In addition, the sign separates some other concepts - it is placed before abbreviations aukšt. (comparative degree), aukšč. (superlative degree), įvr. (pronominal form), neig. (negative verb form), sngr. (reflexive form), beasm. (impersonal usage). It is worth to mention separately the designation of the figurative usage. It follows the same sign | and the abbreviation prk. However, if this is not just a case of the figurative usage, but an already formed meaning, it is marked as the one, but the abbreviation prk. is no longer used. Compilers of the dictionary are of the opinion that if a separate meaning has already been formed, it is no longer important whether the figurative concept is felt or not. 3. All the words used in the definitions of the meanings, with the exception of personal names, are separated and interpreted as headwords. Therefore, the dictionary includes and defines some of the less frequent or more specific words that will otherwise be not included into the dictionary entry words. 4. Efforts are put to explain the meanings accurately and comprehensibly avoiding idem per idem and ambiguities common in some other dictionaries. 5. On the same account trying to attain accuracy and clarity the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language has refused to follow the word-entry principle usually adhered to in many traditional dictionaries. Both verbal and adjectival abstracts, adverbs and diminutives have their own dictionary articles interpreting the meanings, grammatical information and illustrative usage instances. 6. Some words previously considered not eligible or to be avoided have been rehabilitated and are regarded as normative, therefore included in the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language. 7. The general tendency is becoming obvious that the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language will single out and describe many more meanings of the words as compared to the Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas).

Antrinės netiesioginės nominacijos valgymo veiksmažodžių semantiniai atsiradimo ypatumai

Author(s): Anželika Gaidienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 73/2015

The object of this article is eating verbs of secondary indirect nomination of standard Lithuanian language taken from “Standard Lithuanian Language Dictionary” which is currently in the process of compilation. This research seeks to estimate which features of the actual phenomena, things or actions become semantic features in the language and determine the rise of the new eating verbs of secondary indirect nomination as well as to compare them with the corresponding drinking verbs. The article ends with a preliminary synonym network of eating verbs of secondary indirect nomination.

Antroponimijos lingvistinė analizė ir reali asmenvardžių istorija

Author(s): Zigmas Zinkevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 66/2012

Su šia problema vardyno tyrėjai nuolat susiduria. Straipsnyje stengsiuosi ją aptarti pasinaudodamas ilgamete patirtimi, sukaupta tiriant lietuvių antroponimiją. Gausiausius duomenis turiu apie savo paties ir savo giminių pavardes, todėl jos ir bus daugiausia aptariamos.

Antrosios Terminologijos komisijos (1945–1971) veiklos apžvalga

Author(s): Albina Auksoriūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2014

After the Second World War the Terminology Commission started its activities in Lithuania. It was established at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences in order to organize and co-ordinate terminology work and was transferred to the Institute of the Lithuanian Language in 1951. The article deals with the activities of this Terminology Commission as well as the methods and principles of its work between 1951 and the end of 1971 when it was reorganized into Terminology Council at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences.

Anykščių šnektos pokyčiai

Author(s): Žaneta Markevičiene / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2004

The older and current situation of Anykščiai dialect is analyzed in this article. All the previously published works and texts of dialectologists show that the dialect of Anykščiai must belong to the population of northern Anykščiai. The partial maintenance of the length of unstressed long vowels, rotininkavimas (a type of rhyme maintenance in a dialect) and the absence of monophthongisation of non falling diphthongs at the end of the word: ai, au, ei, ui, is characteristic to this dialect. The source data are contradictory regarding žalininkavimas and unstressed pronunciation of ie, au. The sound recordings of recent years show many changes. In Anykščiai dialect the features common to southern Anykščiai inhabitants start to prevail: the shortening of unstressed long vowels as short vowels, ruotininkavimas, žalininkavimas, turning of unstressed uo, ie into a, e, monophthongization of falling diphthongs ai, au, ei, ui at the end of the word and sometimes in the root. The case described is particular because the dialect is changing not in the direction of general language, but is taking the vocalism system of a version of the same dialect. Since retrograde changing is possible in the dialect (the sound changes and comes back to the initial position) it is not always possible to state that one or another certain sound is maintained from ancient times.

APIE ADVERBIALINIUS SAKINIUS SAKYTINĖJE LIETUVIŲ KALBOJE

Author(s): Erika Jasionytė-Mikučionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

The aim of the paper is to investigate adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession in spontaneous private communication. The study explores semantic relations between the main and subordinate clauses, grammatical features and predominant conjunctions. The data for the research was collected from the morphologically annotated Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, namely, its sub-corpus of spontaneous private speech which is used at home, at friends’ place, or which is produced by close friends. The analysis of spontaneous private communication shows that the finite adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession are related to a set of conjunctions, but other indicators such as the use of verbal categories (especially tense, aspect and mood), contextual lexical markers as well as pragmatic inference also help to determine the semantic relationship between the main and the subordinate clause. In a spoken language, temporal clauses are usually combined with the conjunctions kai, kaip ‘when’, kol ‘while’, less frequently – with kada ‘when’; causal clauses are combined with the conjunction nes ‘because; since’, less frequently – with kad and kadangi ‘because’; conditional clauses are typically combined with the conjunction jeigu ‘if’, less frequently – with jei ‘if’, concessive clauses – with the conjunction nors ‘though’. The conjunctions kai ‘when’, kol ‘while’, kadangi ‘because’, jeigu and jei ‘if’ correlate with the particle tai that is very frequent in a spoken language, while the conjunction nors ‘though’ – with the contrastive conjunction bet ‘but’. In the natural language flow, the structure of adverbial sentences is modified: other sentential and discourse units can intervene between the main and the subordinate clauses, and the adverbial conjunction moves from the initial to the medial position. Traditional Lithuanian grammars emphasise that the position of adverbial clauses is undefined: they can appear before or after the main clause. However, the analysis of spontaneous speech shows that the position of a subordinate clause is influenced by the semantic relationship between the clauses. If a subordinate clause refers to a previous action or event, then it dominates in a preposition. Besides, the position of an adverbial clause is also influenced by correlative conjunctions: the main clause with the correlative particle tai dominates in the postposition. The research also revealed that Lithuanian adverbial clauses could function at the discourse level: in dialogues, the structure of a complex sentence is broken down and subordinate adverbial clauses can acquire additional – discourse – functions. Adverbial conjunctions, in their turn, can indicate relations with a previous discourse.

APIE GIMTOJO ŽODŽIO LAISVĘ: ŠIUOLAIKINIAI IŠŠŪKIAI LITUANISTIKAI IR HUMANISTIKAI

Author(s): Rasius Makselis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97/2018

The article explores relationships between the concept of a native language and the idea of freedom of speech. A number of examples from personal experience and experience of other people is provided in order to illustrate psychological trauma of loosing one’s connection with native linguistic environment. Analysis concludes with a suggestion to complement widely used negative definition of freedom of speech as freedom of expression without external obstacles with a positive definition of speech, which would refer to elimination of inner impediments for act of meaningful speaking. According to this definition of freedom of speech, three elements are required for its realization: a) personal competence of speaking (the “who”), a) availability of viable linguistic community (the “with whom”) and c) availability of meaningful content (the “about what”). It is suggested, that it is exactly these three elements of freedom of speech that should be regarded as justification and strategic objectives for humanities and studies of Lithuanian culture.

Apie gyvenvietės pavadinimą Salantai ir asmenvardžių tyrimą

Author(s): Zigmas Zinkevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 66/2012

Pretekstą atsirasti šiam straipsniui davė du iš Salantų krašto kilusio kalbininko Prano Kniūkštos straipsniai, pasirodę leidinyje Kalbos kultūra1 prieš kelerius metus, bet į autoriaus rankas tik neseniai patekę. Juose yra daug svarbių duomenų, prirankiotų iš Salantų bažnyčios 1631–1640 m. krikšto įrašų knygos.

Apie Juozo Balčikonio ir Jano Otrembskio santykius

Author(s): Aldonas Pupkis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2015

The article discusses the scientific cooperation of two prominent linguists of the Lithuanian language, Juozas Balčikonis and Jan Otrębski. Based on documentary sources, it attempts to trace the beginning of their cooperation and their further communication. It becomes clear how the two linguists evaluated the works of each other; how much influence their relationship had on the science and practice of the Lithuanian language; the article also creates conditions to reveal certain linguistic positions followed by them in a broader way.

Apie kai kuriuos Vakarų Lietuvos priesaginius oikonimus

Author(s): Marija Razmukaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2009

The paper offers an overview of pluralia tantum oikonyms spread in western Lithuania and derived from personal names with the help of the diminutive suffixes -alis, -ytis, -ikas, -ikis, -ulis, -uitis, -uižis, -utis, -užis. These are derivatives with the structural elements -aliai, -yčiai, -ikai, -ikiai, -uliai, -uičiai, -uižiai, -učiai, -užiai. The oikonyms have been collected from 15 districts of Western Lithuania: Akmẽnė, Mažekiai, Skuõdas, Kretingà, Klapėda, Plùngė, Telšia, Kemė, Šilùtė, Šilãlė, Taurag, Raséiniai, roughly covering the area of Lowlanders (žemaičių) and Jùrbarkas, Jõniškis and Šiaulia, or the area of Western Highlanders (aukštaičių). The results of the investigation are rather tentative.

Apie Kiprijono Lukausko surašyto Pamoksło Isz Prisakimu Diewa [...] (1797) atitiktį Karolio Fabiani Missyi Apostolskiey Część II (1783) tekstams

Author(s): Jūratė Pajėdienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 86/2022

The article discusses the structure of Pamokslai by Kiprijonas Lukauskas (1757–1815) (Karaciejus, ed., 1996), which has been considered an original work until now, and the new authorship of some of the texts from this manuscript, which has recently come to light. The correspondence between the main part of the manuscript entitled Pamoksłas Isz Prisakimu Diewa Ape Pawinascias Giwenima Krikscioniska [...] (I–II; 1–310 p.) and the texts from the book MISSYI APOSTOLSKIEY CZĘŚĆ II. W KTOREY SIĘ PRZEKŁADAIĄ NAUKI Z PRZYKAZAN BOSKICH O POWINNOSCIACH ZYCIA CHRZESCIANSKIEGO [...] (1783) by Karol Fabiani is unquestionable. The question of the level of authorship of the texts from other chapters of Lukauskas’ manuscript (p. 311–407) remains open.

Apie naujas ir iš naujo surandamas kalbų ir kultūrų sankirtas

Author(s): Violeta Meiliūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 67/2012

Kalbų ir kultūrų įvairovė vis labiau globalėjančiame pasaulyje yra viena iš esminių unikalios tapatybės išlikimo prielaidų. Lingua franca tampanti anglų kalba, vienodėjantis kultūros peizažas kelia svarbius ir neatidėliotinus uždavinius tyrėjams. Ypač svarbu skirti dėmesio formuojant suvokimą, kad vientisas pasaulis vis dėlto išlieka ir įvairus atskirų savo dalių istorija, kultūra, kalba, nacionaliniu charakteriu ir pan. Europos kalbų ir kultūrų dialogo tyrėjų asociacija, susikūrusi 2010 metais, kaip tik todėl išsikėlė tikslą tirti, skleisti ir stiprinti kalbų ir kultūrų įvairovę. Akivaizdu, kad tik visiškai izoliuota kultūra gali išvengti kitų kultūrų ir patirčių įtakos. Kitaip tariant, kalbų ir kultūrų dialogas yra nuolatinis procesas. Tiesa, kai kurie jo aspektai, kai kurie kūriniai lieka primiršti ir dėl įvairiausių priežasčių sulaukia mažiau dėmesio. Jiems surasti ir įtraukti į mokslinę apyvartą skirta viena Asociacijos veiklų grupė. Kitos veiklos – šiuolaikinių, naujausių šio dialogo apraiškų tyrimai.

Apie rusiškus keiksmažodžius latvių kalbos vadovėlyje

Author(s): Daiva Murmulaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2009