Ģenitīveņi: gramatiskās sistēmas elementu pāreja leksiskajā sistēmā jeb leksikalizēšanās

Author(s): Anita Butane / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 6/2015

The descriptions of the so-called ģenitīveņi (indeclinable genitive forms of nouns, used attributively) in Latvian usually stress their productive character, thus proving their permanent importance as an object of research. In this article they are analyzed within the framework of the theory of lexicalization. The key aim is to distinguish the possible ways of lexicalization regarding the indeclinable genitives.From a structural point of view, Latvian linguists traditionally distinguish two types of indeclinable genitives: 1) compound indeclinable genitives, and 2) prepositional or prefixal indeclinable genitives. Taking into account their form, semantics and syntactical functions, they are usually described as having the features of various parts of speech, but are defined as nouns that only have the singular or plural genitive case form, are normally used as attributes.Considering lexicalization as a process of change whereby a language unit – either syntactic construction or word formation – acquires new formal, structural and semantic properties, and as the transition of grammatical elements into the lexical system, we might say that the indeclinable genitives present two types of lexicalization: 1) a case form or word formation > lexeme, e.g. when the archaic Latvian noun vāci (‘the Germans’) took the genitive form vācu (‘of the Germans’) and later became an indeclinable genitive vācu (‘German’); 2) word combination or syntactic construction > lexeme, e.g., the genitive collocation mūsu dienu (‘of our days’) became an indeclinable genitive compound mūsdienu (‘contemporary’).

Įsruties apskrities bažnyčių ir mokyklų vizitacijos potvarkio Recessus generalis (1639) reikšmė lietuvių raštijai ir jo vykdytojas Danielius Kleinas

Author(s): Liucija Citaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 11/2009

The year 2008 witnessed the discovery of three documents of utmost importance for the study of Lithuanian writings: 1) Danielius Kleinas’s (1609−1666) letter to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Prussia, on a Lithuanian hymn book, Tilžė (Tilsit), 1659 06 19; GStA PK: XX EM 37 f No 2. Bl. 8r–9v; 2) a letter to Kleinas by Friedrich Wilhelm’s administration on the reviewers’ recommendation to publish Kleinas’s manuscripts, Karaliaučius (Königsberg), 1652 06 20; GStA PK: XX EM 37 f No 2. Bl. 10r; 3) Duke Friedrich Wilhelm’s decree (transcript) that Lithuanian priests should meet Kleinas in Tilžė and discuss issues related to the hymn book, Berlin?, 1659 06 20; GStA PK: XX EM 37 f No 2. Bl. 11r–11v. All the documents were found in the National Secret Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage in Berlin (Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz). The above documents shed some light on Kleinas’s contribution to the development of the Lithuanian writings in the 17th century and some circumstances of implementing the General Decree (Recessus Generalis) of 1639 and its section On Additional Measures. Kleinas was the key person appointed by the government responsible for the implementation of the above decree. He undertook to edit the manuscript of the Bible translated by Jonas Bretkūnas (Johannes Bretke). Kleinas also started compiling a dictionary and a hymn book. In the meantime, he was writing a grammar, too. He took the initiative to prepare a prayer book in Lithuanian. The grammar was published the first (1653), then its German version came out (1654).

Įterpiniai, jų aiškinimas Jono Jablonskio gramatikos darbuose

Author(s): Gintautas Akelaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 83/2010

The creator of Standard Lithuanian, Jonas Jablonskis, was also a grammarian who wrote several grammar books that became widely used and that had a major impact on the work of future textbook authors and linguists. The article analyzes one grammatical (syntactical) topic, namely, the treatment of inserts by J. Jablonskis.The study of J. Jablonskis articles revealed several issues. There had been no descriptions of inserts in pre-Jablonskis grammars though some sources had proposed various Lithuanian terms for the insert. These terms, however, were not broadly accepted. Thus the authorship of the term įterpinys should be ascribed to J. Jablonskis who was also the first to define the term and explain the principles of its establishment. His definition includes such features of the insert that do occur in more recent explanations, namely, the absence of grammatical relationto the other words of the sentence, a free placement in the sentence, secondary importance to the basic meaning of the sentence. J. Jablonskis paid little attention to the semantics of inserts and he treated as inserts such constructions that only had a formal intonational and punctuational feature. Some of these aspects gave rise to the tradition of narrow and broad treatment of inserts in the Lithuanian syntax.An interesting yet linguistically unfruitful was J. Jablonskis’ understanding of the insert: he treated inserts as sentences, and a sentence with an insert, in his view, was a complex sentence.

Įvardžiuotiniai būdvardžiai uteniškių tarmėje

Author(s): Regina Rinkauskiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 53/2004

Pronominal adjectives are used very differently in Lithuania. In certain locations they almost do not exist, in other places their paradigms languished a lot. Western Highlanders and Samogitians still maintain the system of pronominal adjectives quite well. Among Eastern Highlanders these adjectives are systematically used in the northern part of the area – in the dialect area of Utena. The purpose of the article is to provide, from all the facts collected, as precise as possible a paradigm of pronominal adjectives in Utena dialect, to compare the paradigms of pronominal adjectives of the dialect and general language and disclose the most important tendencies of change. Conclusions can be made that the contemporary system of pronominal adjectives in Utena dialect is a system of productive declination types with a few surviving remnants of other declination types, consequently the paradigms of pronominal adjectives with other roots are not provided and are not analyzed. The productive declination stems (i)a get inside the non productive stems u. Because of the phonetic development in Utena dialect the singular accusative of i(a) and u stems coincides, so very often the nominal of u stems often acquires the forms of i(a) stem.

Įvardžiuotinių formų nevartojimas terminijoje ir jo keliamas iššūkis normai

Author(s): Ramune Vaskelaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 89/2016

The paper investigates the tendencies of the non-use of pronominal forms (hereinafter – PFs) as morphological markers of terms. Based on the two types of data sources, namely, (a) full and coherent texts, i.e. research articles on economics, and (b) de-contextualised data, i.e. dictionaries of economics and glossaries of terms and concepts provided in different legislative acts, the research aims to determine both the recurrent patterns of the non-marking of a term with a pronominal form and the factors influencing the attested actual use and its divergence from the codified norm, which prescribes the obligatory marking of a term with a pronominal morphological marker.A special attention is given not only to the use of PFs but also to the codified norm itself. The latter is discussed in a wider context: the paper deals with the use of PFs in accordance with other norms allowing different meanings, the classification of those meanings and the overall evaluation of PFs in scientific discourse. The results show that the norm is not consistent: the insistence on the obligatory marking of a term is based on the potential property of a PF to mark the type of an object; however, the marking of a type as being absolute is not prescribed by the norm. This feature is considered to be a very common function of PFs in both empirical and prescriptive studies; however, a few exceptions can be made. The classification of the meanings of PFs provided in the literature presupposes even more exceptions as the marking of types of objects is considered as one of the subcategories of definiteness. The meaning of definiteness (definiteness marking) is discussed in the light of possible exceptions, such as the substitution of PFs with short forms in the cases when an adjective carries a specific lexical and figurative meaning and is used in the superlative degree, etc. Thus, it could be concluded that such exceptions should be applicable to one of the subcategories of definiteness – the marking of types of objects. In general, the opposition between pronominal and short forms in empirical and prescriptive studies is treated as a continuum allowing in-between cases.Undoubtedly, the prescription of the use of PFs as term markers may follow a different argumentation path; however, neither the latter nor the relation between the marking of a term or object type and marking of types of objects or expression of definiteness is revealed. So, adding a term-forming morpheme leads to sticking to patterns typical of the marking of types of objects or the general rules of PF use.The results obtained confirm the fact that the actual use of PFs corresponds with the mentioned patterns in particular, taking into account different exceptions of the non-use of PFs, i.e. their non-occurrence with adjectives that have a specific lexical meaning or are used in the superlative degree and with words used figuratively. What is more, the findings contribute to the elaboration of the list of exceptions, namely, the non-use of PFs with international words and some participles. The analysis also reveals the importance of context, which is a crucial factor in PF use that has been often overlooked in prescriptive studies.The attested tendencies of PF use are in line with the findings presented in different papers in which not only various exceptions of the use of PFs but also the criterion of their use as term markers are outlined. This criterion is not straightforwardly defined; however, the analysis of the norm postulates reveals that it could be considered to be the term and non-term opposition, i.e. a PF is a marker that distinguishes word combinations used as terms from the ones featuring as non-terms. In a scientific text it is not only a PF that is a marker of a word as a term; there are other indications such as the high frequency of the same word combination, its concept, provided definitions, etc. Given there are such markers, the use of PFs as term markers in a scientific text becomes superfluous.If a PF obviously performs a distinguishing function, i.e. gives a different meaning to a word combination, it is used regularly in scientific texts as well as dictionaries of terms. However, the use of PFs trying to fully comply with the norm of their general use and their use as term markers results in inconsistencies. There may even be exceptions for each individual case. Thus, the principle of systematic organisation, which is of paramount importance in the use of terms, is flawed.Such a situation sets some tasks for codification. First, the criterion of the use of PFs as terms markers should be defined more clearly; second, the relation between the marking of terms and marking of types of objects should be defined more properly. Moreover, the present analysis may also pose a more conceptual question – one is to decide whether a PF should be further considered to be an obligatory marker of a term or whether some major exceptions regarding the general use of PFs and their use as definiteness markers should be allowed. A conclusion could be made that, if one chooses the first option, the use of PFs as term markers would become more systematic. If the second option is chosen, the use of PFs would continue to be inconsistent and, as has been attested in empirical studies, this would lead to the weakening of the function of PFs and their gradual disappearance in the use of term marking. Furthermore, the analysis shows that, adopting further language standardisation solutions, the factor of context should be taken into account. The similarities and differences of the use of PFs in academic, administrative and everyday discourse still need further investigation.

Õppematerjali mõju gümnaasiumiõpilaste õpimotivatsioonile: „Praktiline eesti keel teise keelena: B2, C1”

Author(s): Mare Kitsnik / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 16/2014

Learning motivation connected to a second language is affected by cultural context (the value of language studies, belief in the likelihood of success etc.) and educational context (the study programme, the teacher, using materials, the study group etc.). The article discusses the influence of one component of the educational context – learning materials – on the motivation to learn Estonian as a second language, based on the example of the Practical Estonian B2, C1 workbook.The workbook is a new example of study materials for Estonian as a second language for use in secondary schools, one goal of the creation of which was to increase students’ motivation to learn. For this purpose, the following characteristics of motivating learning activities were taken into consideration when creating the workbook: the meaningfulness of the topics to students, the use of active learning methods, the authenticity of the texts and tasks, and suitably difficult challenges and support.The workbook was tested during its compilation in one secondary school class and, after its completion, as a homework component of the training of secondary school teachers of Estonian as a second language.Feedback was collected from the teachers in the form of diaries.The teachers felt that the students were most motivated by tasks carried out using active study methods that provided appropriate challenges(role play, playful vocabulary and grammar exercises, and a project task in the language environment). Students were motivated by topics that were meaningful to them (both “youth” topics and topics of overall human importance). The authentic reading tasks had an average level of motivation, while the motivation level of the authentic listening tasks was decreased by the fact that the students were not used to doing them. The students also liked tasks that provided the necessary support in a new way(learning phrases that enabled them to express language functions and practising process writing). Analysis of the feedback also indicated that teachers had room for improvement in regard to teaching methods: they were not always capable of presenting tasks in a motivating way and were not used to using active teaching methods, letting students make their own choices or giving students supportive and motivating feedback.

Šnekamosios kalbos ir žargoninės leksikos paskirtis viešajame žurnalisto diskurse

Author(s): Regina Koženiauskiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 82/2009

The paper discusses colloquial and jargon words used by a famous journalist in political commentaries. It also attempts to identify functions of dispreferred words in public discourse and whether and to what extent they are compatible with standard Lithuanian usage and the ethics of journalists.The author is usually able to distance himself from colloquial and jargon words; he speaks like a stranger, from aside, and gives references to well-known political figures by using elements of their speech (e. g. blin, dzin, išdūrė, tūpas, vsio zakonno). He also adds some such words and expressions of his own accord, e. g. otkatininkai, krūtas, mafiozų šestiorka, keturių banda, apmauti, susimauti, perspjauti, užkalti, vagilka and some other pejorative words and phrases referring to limited intellectual ability of politicians, e.g. svaičioti, vapėti, nuo bėgių nušokęs plumprotis, nebrendyla, debiliškai, kietakaktiškai. The journalist’s lexicon also contains somevivid idioms, like dėti skersą, kabinti makaronus, duoti stogą or colloquial expressions: į cypę įkišti, aplink pirštą apvynioti, špyga taukuota.The journalist admits that in many cases a vivid word or expression is more relevant than a serious political argument. However, the paper focuses on the evaluation of the behaviour and individual actions of politicians expressed by colloquial and jargon words and phrases rather than their vividness or stylistic function. The paper expresses doubts as to the ethical aspects of such vocabulary and its morally negative impact on the society.

Ūkinių pastatų liaudies terminija

Author(s): Robertas Stunžinas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 19/2012

The article deals with folk terminology of farm buildings in respect of concepts, origin and semantic relations. The researched terms are taken from various lexicographical sources of Lithuanian folk terminology. There are 196 terms in the researched sources which name 54 different farm buildings. The majority of the terms are of Lithuanian origin, they make up nearly two thirds (64%) of all terms researched, for example klėtis (granary) ‘building for storing grain or clothes’, kluonas ‘building for storing, drying and threshing cereal’, daržinė ‘building for storing hay’. Borrowings from Slavic and Germanic languages as well as the Latvian language make up one fifth (20%), for example pavietis (Belarus. павец) ‘building for storing hay’, staldas (Germ. dial. stall) ‘building for keeping animals’, reja (Latv. rija) ‘building for storing and drying cereal’. Hybrids and terms with mixed composition, for example stojinė (Sl. stoinia and Lith. -inė) ‘building for keeping horses’, karvinis (Lith.) staldas (Germ. dial. stall) make one sixth (16%) of all terms researched.

Vietovardžiai su sāt- „Latvijos vietovardžių žodyne“ (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca)

Author(s): Anta Trumpa / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 72/2015

The article is looking at some of the Latvian place-names included in the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms” (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca), namely those containing the component sāt-. It begins with a brief description of the dictionary and its sources. The now-obsolete dialectal word sāts / sāta / sāte (‘house, home’) and its etymology, semantics and usage in Latvian place-names have been discussed for almost a century. The linguist Jānis Endzelīns proposed a hypothesis that this word might have Finno-Ugric origin, while several other linguists did not agree with this opinion. Since toponyms with the element sāt- are mostly observed in Kurzeme and, more precisely, in the territory formerly inhabited by the Baltic tribe of Curonians, it is believed that this lexeme has Curonian origin. The article proceeds with the analysis of the words containing the element sāt- and included in the volume S1 (which is still in progress) of the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms”. Their semantics and area of distribution are shown (illustrated in the map). It is concluded that this particular group of place-names tends to diminish, especially as regards microtoponyms. The dialectal word sāts / sāta / sāte has formerly been more widespread, but the area has shrunk, leaving some traces of the respective word in oikonyms in the western part of the territory.

Vilento Lk 2,47: homografinė skirtis ar spaudos riktas?

Author(s): Jurgis Pakerys / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2013

Baltramiejus Vilentas (Bartholomäus Willent) is famous for a number of orthographic innovations in Lithuanian, one of them being the extensive use of <ũ> in his translation of Luther’s “Enchiridion” and the lectionary “Euangelias bei Epistolas,” both published in Königsberg in 1579. In these books, the letter <ũ> has two main functions (cf. Kabašinskaitė 2005), viz., (1) it predominantly marks the long stressed vowel /uː/ and thus helps avoid a number of homographs (cf. gen. pl. ſwecʒũ vs. instr. sg. ſwiecʒu of svečias ‘guest’) and (2), in some endings, <ũ> is written due to the tendency to distinguish certain grammatical forms (gen. pl., subj. 3), despite the fact that their endings are not always stressed and the vowels are shortened (cf. gen. pl. walgimũ [the stress is most probably on the root] vs. instr. sg. walgimu of valgymas ‘eating, meal’). It has to be noted that <ũ> appears not only in the endings where the nasal vowels are historically possible, but also in other positions where the nasal articulation is not expected (e.g. nom. pl. jũs of ‘you’, fut. 3 bũs of būti ‘be’, etc.). This suggests that <ũ> is most probably not intended to mark the nasality of the vowel and is not related to the Latin tradition to use tilde for the omission of which subsequently gave rise to the marking of nasal articulation in a number of languages.

Vilniaus universiteto Kauno fakulteto auditorijai suteiktas profesoriaus Vlado Žulio vardas

Author(s): Rita Baranauskiene,Ilona Mickiene,Birute Briaukiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 32 (37)/2017

Lietuvių filologijos katedros iniciatyva 2017 m. balandžio 27 d. Vilniaus universiteto Kauno fakultete duris atvėrė dar viena vardinė auditorija, skirta didžiam Lietuvių filologijos katedros profesoriui, habilituotam daktarui Vladui Žuliui. Auditorijoje veiks lituanistinė biblioteka, kurią sudaro daugiausia prof. habil. dr. Vlado Žulio ir doc. dr. Juozo Jasaičio moksliniai veikalai bei grožinė literatūra. Pirmosios pakopos programos Lietuvių filologija ir reklama studentų suskaitmenintomis knygomis galės naudotis studentai lituanistai, fakulteto mokslininkai ir visi, kurie domisi lietuvių kalba ir literatūra.

Writing Down Lutsi: Creating an Orthography for a South Estonian variety of Latgale

Author(s): Uldis Balodis / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2015

Lutsi Estonian is a variety of South Estonian historically spoken in the pre-World War II rural parishes of Pilda, Nirza, Brigi, and Mērdzene near the city of Ludza in Latgale (eastern Latvia). Lutsi developed independently from other South Estonian dialects for at least several centuries and as a result differs in several respects from the South Estonian presently spoken in the Võru and Setu regions of Estonia and adjacent areas in Russia. Since early 2013, I have been documenting the remaining language and culture knowledge among present-day Lutsi descendants and revisiting the villages documented by Oskar Kallas in 1894 as having Estonian (Lutsi) speaking inhabitants. The goal of this research is to write a Lutsi language primer with which Lutsi descendants as well as other interested individuals can reacquaint themselves with one of the historic languages of Latgale. This article presents the Lutsi practical orthography I have designed. I begin by introducing the Lutsi people, their language, and the history of its documentation. In discussing the Lutsi language I address the particular issues involved in writing Lutsi and present Livonian as a a model for writing a Finnic language for a primarily Latvian-speaking population. I then present the current form of the Lutsi practical orthography at the end of this article.

Współczesne gwary białoruskie na wschodniej Litwie (rejony ignaliński i święciański)

Author(s): Miroslaw Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 61/2016

The aim of the article is to present contemporary Belarusian dialects functioning in Eastern Lithuania (in the regions of Ignalina and Švenčionys), which have not been the subject of comprehensive linguistic research. The basis for the analysis are the author’s own materials, which were collected during field research in 2014-2016. The structure of these Belarusian dialects (selected features in phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and phraseology) as well as the sociolinguistic aspect of their functioning in a multilingual environment are demonstrated in the article.

XIII amžiaus prūsų asmenvardžiai prūsų registre

Author(s): Irene DUKAVICIENE / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 72/2015

The article reviews the 13th century Prussian personal names from the historical source Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (Prussian registers until the end of the 13th century) in order to reveal the historical context of existence of Prussian personal names. It also discusses the formation of certain personal names and explains their origin as well as the influence of the German language on the change of personal names.The importance of Prussian personal names to the research of Baltic proper names is unquestionable. It should be noted that Prussian (i.e. Baltic) proper names are the earliest recorded facts of the Baltic languages.

XIX a. pabaigos lietuvių medicinos terminijos šaltinių ir jų terminų apžvalga

Author(s): Palmira Zemleviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 13/2006

Although at the end of the 19th century it was forbidden to print using Latin script, there was nevertheless a growth in the publishing and distribution of Lithuanian periodical and non periodical publications. Typical of this type of publishing was medical booklets, newspapers and calendars addressing medical questions.At the end of the 19th century 25 medical booklets were published in Lithuanian. The majority of them were published in Lithuania Minor (in Tilžė). A few books were published in other towns in Lithuania Minor (Bitėnai, Priekulė) and also in America (Shenandoah, New York, Chicago). These booklets were published in two different types of script: Latin (designed for Lithuania Major) and Gothic (designed for Lithuania Minor). The majority of the books were in Latin script. Some booklets were original, others were translations (the majority). The translations were made from Russian, Polish and German languages. Booklets were written by Lithuanian doctors (Jonas Basanavičius, Stasys Matulaitis, Adomas Sketeris, Jonas Šliūpas, Antanas Vileišis) and other Lithuanian intellectuals (Juozas Adomaitis-Šernas, Martynas Jankus, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, Petras Vileišis). Adolf Richter’s booklet Der Kranken-Freund (Ligonių prietetius) was very popular. This booklet was translated from German between 1878 and 1898 and went through 21 editions.Fifteen newspapers published during the period 1883–1899 in Lithuania Minor and America (Aušra, Lietuviškasis Balsas, Tėvynės Sargas, Ūkininkas, Varpas, Vienybė Lietuvninkų, Žemaičių ir Lietuvos Apžvalga and others) contained more than 150 articles on the subject of medicine and related subjects. Articles were written by well known medical doctors and Lithuanian community leaders Petras Avižonis, Jonas Basanavičius, Kazys Grinius, Vincas Kudirka, Stasys Matulaitis, Adomas Sketeris, Jonas Šliūpas, Antanas Vileišis and others.Fifteen almanacs published during the period 1883–1899 in Lithuanian Minor contained much about health and treatments.Lithuanian medical publications covered a wide and varying range of topics. They explained in a popular way various issues of various fields of medical science (obstetrics, gynaecology, paediatrics, epidemiology, aetiology, hygiene, sanitation, surgery, traumatology and venereology) and related sciences (anatomy, bacteriology, physiology, pharmacology).Medical terminology and terminology related to medicine was abundant in these publications. The majority of those terms are still used as official medical terms. They are inheritances universally used in the common language and international terms. Certain medical terms of this period – rare dialectisms and barbarisms – did not survive in written usage.

XVII a. anoniminio rankraštinio žodyno Lexicon Lithuanicum sudurtiniai vokiečių kalbos daiktavardžiai

Author(s): Dalius Jarmalavicius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 74/2016

This article analyzes the compounding of German nouns in the manuscript anonymous German-Lithuanian dictionary Lexicon Lithuanicum from the 17th Century. The results are presented as follows: first, the types of German nouns based on their left-hand members containing a linking element are discussed; afterwards, another classification of compounds according to the semantic and syntactic interpretation of their constituents, including determinative, possessive, copulative and de-verbal compounds, is analyzed. Finally, the structure of compound words from the perspective of word-formation of their units is described in detail.

XVII amžiaus Ukmergės teismų lietuviškos priesaikos ir jų kalbos santykis su dabartine širvintiškių patarme

Author(s): Aurimas Markevicius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 10/2008

In 1937 Konstantinas Jablonskis published four Lithuanian Court oaths of Ukmergė (one oath had been written beforehand in 1634, two in 1669 and one in 1675) in the sixth volume of the journal Archivum Philologicum. The article also contains a public presentation of three oaths from the books of the Upytė Land Court (of 1624, 1642, and 1653). The files related to the court cases used to be stored in the Manuscript Department of the Vilnius University Library. Unfortunately, full files containing all the aforementioned seven oaths have been torn out of the original Ukmergė manuscript courtbooks. In 2004, Domininkas Burba published three more seventeenth century Ukmergė Court oaths (dating 1648, 1675, and 1677) including facsimiles of the originals. The language of the Ukmergė Court oaths is variegated. Although Ukmergė belongs to the territory of the East Highland (Rytų Aukštaitija) Širvintiškiai subdialect, only two of the 1669 oaths and one oath dating 1675 were written in the East Highland dialect. The aforementioned oaths reflect the transformation of the diphthongs [an], [am], [en], [em] into the diphthongs [un], [um], [in], [im], as well as the retention of the old vowel [ā] in unstressed syllables (both oaths of 1669 contain it also in stressed syllables) and other peculiarities typical of the aforementioned dialect. The remaining four oaths have been edited according to the standards of the middle variant of the sixteenth and seventeenth century written language, which was created by Mikalojus Daukša and other authors of the period. The number of East Highland dialectal forms is very scarce in the latter writings.

XVIII - XIX amþiaus lietuvišku tekstu grafemos ,