O АКЦИОНОЈ СЕМAНТИЗОВAНОСТИ ИМЕНИЦЕ ШКОЛА
This paper examines the current views on the actional semantics of the noun ’school’ registered in many Slavic languages and shows how language data of Standard Serbian give support to them.
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This paper examines the current views on the actional semantics of the noun ’school’ registered in many Slavic languages and shows how language data of Standard Serbian give support to them.
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The goal of this study was to establish whether the SSST, a Serbian language scrambled sentences instrument, is a reliable measure of depressive cognitive bias, and whether it captures the suppression tendency as participants exert the additional cognitive effort of memorizing a six-digit number while completing the task. The sample consisted of 1071 students, randomly assigned into two groups. They completed the SSST divided into two blocks of 28 sentences, together with additional cognitive task during either the first or second block, and after that a number of instruments to establish validity of the SSST. The test was shown to be a reliable instrument of depressive cognitive bias. As a measure of suppression the SSST performed partly as expected, only when load was applied in the second half of the test, and fatigue and cognitive effort enhanced suppression. The advantages of the test versus self-description measures were discussed.
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The study examined the influence of alphabet (Cyrillic vs. Latin) and reading mode (silent reading vs. reading aloud) on sentence reading speed in Serbian. Entire-sentence and single-word reading times were obtained from the moving window paradigm in the self-paced sentence reading task. Sentences printed in Latin took less time for reading than sentences printed in Cyrillic and silent reading was more rapid than reading aloud. Single-word processing results followed the pattern observed in entire-sentence analysis. Faster reading of Latin sentences and words is likely a consequence of subjects’ predominant exposure to this alphabet. Reading aloud was slower than silent reading due to the articulation process, which is present in the former but not in the latter. The effect of the alphabet did not depend on reading mode, suggesting that the two modes of reading involve essentially same cognitive processes. Aloud reading procedures do not seem inappropriate for the research of bialphabetism.
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In this study we addressed three issues concerning semantic and associative relatedness between two words and how they prime each other. The first issue is whether there is a priming effect of semantic relatedness over and above the effect of associative relatedness. The second issue is how difference in semantic overlap between two words affects priming. In order to specify the semantic overlap we introduce five relation types that differ in number of common semantic components. Three relation types (synonyms, antonyms and hyponyms) represent semantic relatedness while two relation types represent associative relatedness, with negligible or no semantic relatedness. Finally, the third issue addressed in this study is whether there is a symmetric priming effect if we swap the position of prime and target, i.e. whether the direction of relatedness between two words affects priming. In two lexical decision experiments we presented five types of word pairs. In both experiments we obtained stronger facilitation for pairs that were both semantically and associatively related. Closer inspection showed that larger semantic overlap between words is paralleled by greater facilitation effect. The effects did not change when prime and target swap their position, indicating that the observed facilitation effects are symmetrical. This outcome complies with predictions of distributed models of memory.
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Two studies, both originating from a larger psycholexical study in Serbian language, are presented here. Two questionnaires, Lexi and PL have been constructed in the psycholexical study. The questionnaires differ by the formulation of their respective items: while the items of the Lexi contain adjectives, the items of the PL are in the form of statements. The first study presented in this paper examines the latent structure of the Lexi questionnaire, while the second one deals with the latent structure of the PL. In both studies, principal component analysis was applied, and the number of components to be retained in the analysis was determined according to the Scree criterion. Also, Promax rotation was applied in both studies. Seven components which were extracted in the first study have been interpreted as Negative Valence, Negative Emotionality, Aggressiveness, Conscientiousness, Positive Emotionality, Positive Valence and Openness to Experience. The content of these dimensions is obviously similar to the dimensions of Tellegen and Waller’s Big Seven model. In the second study, five components were extracted, and interpreted as Sociability, Anxiety, Aggressiveness, Activity and Impulsivity. The content of the dimensions extracted in the second study corresponds with the dimensions of Marvin Zuckerman’s Alternative Five – Factor Model.
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In this study we investigate the constraints on probability distribution of grammatical forms within morphological paradigms of Serbian language, where paradigm is specified as a coherent set of elements with defined criteria for inclusion. Thus, for example, in Serbian all feminine nouns that end with the suffix "a" in their nominative singular form belong to the third declension, the declension being a paradigm. The notion of a paradigm could be extended to other criteria as well, hence, we can think of noun cases, irrespective of grammatical number and gender, or noun gender, irrespective of case and grammatical number, also as paradigms. We took the relative entropy as a measure of homogeneity of probability distribution within paradigms. The analysis was performed on 116 morphological paradigms of typical Serbian and for each paradigm the relative entropy has been calculated. The obtained results indicate that for most paradigms the relative entropy values fall within a range of 0.75 – 0.9. Nonhomogeneous distribution of relative entropy values allows for estimating the relative entropy of the morphological system as a whole. This value is 0.69 and can tentatively be taken as an index of stability of the morphological system.
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In two lexical decision experiments the effect of family size was investigated for Serbian nouns. In the first experiment there were 15 nouns of low and 15 nouns of high family size, while in the second experiment 50 nouns that cover the whole range of family size spectrum were presented. In both experiments family size accounts for significant proportion of explained variance of response latencies. In multiple regression the effect of family size is significant over and above word frequency and word length, while frequency and word length do not account for significant proportion of variance over and above family size.
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Review of: D. Matovac, Prijedlozi u hrvatskome jeziku: Značenje, prostorni odnosi i konceptualizacija, Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada: Zagreb, 2017; pp.295; ISBN 9789531693257
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The study proceeds from the results of the previous studies showing that the distributional characteristics (frequency) of language input are crucial for the acquisition of prepositions (Savić & Anđelković, 2005, in preparation). The authors analyze deviations in the distribution of prepositions in children's spontaneous speech from the prediction made on the basis of the distributional characteristics of prepositions in adult language. The results show that, in comparison with adult language, only the prepositions «kod» (at, by, near, beside) and «sa» (with, from, off) deviate from the prediction. It was also found out that the unexpectedly early and frequent use of the preposition «kod» in child speech stemmed from the frequent use of this preposition in child-directed speech. On the other hand, the preposition «sa», which is very frequent in child-directed speech, is not present in children's production at the earliest age, because its homonymy makes it cognitively complex. The analysis of the reasons for such a deviation provided a basis for the discussion about the possible factors and mechanisms of development: the distributional characteristics of adult language are the major factor of acquisition, but the effects of conceptual and structural complexity were recorded as well.
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The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the usage of an annotated corpus in the field of experimental psycholinguistics. Specifically, we demonstrate how the manually annotated Corpus of Serbian Language (Kostić, Đ. 2001) can be used for probability estimates of grammatical forms, which allow the control of independent variables in psycholinguistic experiments. We address the issue of processing Serbian inflected forms within two subparadigms of feminine nouns. In regression analysis, almost all processing variability of inflected forms has been accounted for by the amount of information (i.e. bits) carried by the presented forms. In spite of the fact that probability distributions of inflected forms for the two paradigms differ, it was shown that the best prediction of processing variability is obtained by the probabilities derived from the predominant subparadigm which encompasses about 80% of feminine nouns. The relevance of annotated corpora in experimental psycholinguistics is discussed more in detail .
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Rijeka Solina je desna pritoka rijeke Jale. Područje sliva Soline čini sjeverni dio općine Tuzle, a smješteno je na južnom podgorju planine Majevice. Ovom slivnom području pripadaju naselja Breške, Dokanj, Crno Blato, Kosci, Svojtina, Brđani, Dolovi i Solina. Površina sliva iznosi 47 km2 . Od pomenutih naselja većinsko je hrvatsko stanovništvo u Breškama, Doknju, Koscima i na Svojtini pa ona i čine jezgru promatranog teritorija.
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Two letters: the letter of Mehmed Celebija dated 12. 3. 1671, sign. 1984a, number 4a and the letter written by Stipo from Zaostrog dated 20. 8. 1647, sign 1984a, number 104a were written in the literary Bosnian and Croatian language in the bosancica alphabet. The author made the Latin transliteration of the original letters which are now stored in the State Archive in Dubrovnik.
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Croatian language in Bosnia and Herzegovina went through great changes in the last decade of the twentieth century. This process was primarily influenced by the changes which occurred in the standard Croatian language, and by many nonlingual causes as well. Very few experts in Bosnia and Herzegovina are dealing with standard Bosnia-Herzegovina languages, so “that job was done” by politicians whose main goal was to emphasize the differences, mostly lexical ones.
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The aim of this paper is to define the prepositional phrase s ‘with’ + instrumental as a complement, an adjunct or as a noun postmodifier, and to define which semantic role is assigned to it. The analysis improves verb valency description and case description in the Croatian language. The prepositional phrase is a complement of the reciprocal verbs, which require two participants and which are divided into several groups according to their meaning (verbs of physical conflict, intimate physical contact, verbal conflict, discussion, conversation, competition, play, amalgamate verbs, split verbs, verbs of overlapping between two sides). With those verbs, the role of the Agent–Theme has been assigned to the prepositional complement. The prepositional phrase as a complement also comes with aspectual verbs and verbs of lingering and rushing, in which case the association with the comitative is less obvious. In that case, the prepositional phrase can be defined as a predicate complement without the semantic role, or the prepositional complement with the role Theme. The prepositional phrase is an adjunct with verbs that usually do not involve two participants, and it has the comitative role. As an adjunct, it also appears with the meaning of the manner or time. As a noun postmodifier, it is used to describe a feature of the Agent or Patient’s body part, or a feature of the object belonging to the Agent, Theme or Patient. The paper describes the possibilities of alternation of the prepositional phrase with other phrases and the semantic consequences caused by those alternations.
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The paper discusses the (up until now barely discussed in the literature) spread of the ending –i in e–stems (from forms like majki ‘mothers’ or Dalmatinki ‘Dalmatians’ with a cluster–ending stem to forms like baki ‘grandmothers’ or sezoni ‘seasons’) in modern standard or standard–like Štokavian. Examples of such genitival forms are adduced from living modern language (mostly from the internet) and the process is analyzed historically and structurally.
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The paper deals with the phenomenon of orphan secondary imperfectives in the Croatian language. Orphan imperfectives are secondary imperfectives that are either semantically different from their perfective partner or whose perfective partner is unattested in contemporary Croatian. These two types of orphan secondary imperfectives can be further divided into three subtypes. This study is the first account of this phenomenon in Croatian. The proposed classification is based on an analysis of some 60 Croatian verbs that were extracted from dictionaries of contemporary language as well as dictionaries of older language. The complexity of the phenomenon is underscored in the paper and the need for further research into the phenomenon is addressed. Finally, the paper demonstrates that orphan secondary imperfectives are not dealt with in a satisfactory manner in dictionaries of contemporary Croatian, and more attention ought to be paid to this phenomenon in lexicography.
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The article focuses on Slovene-English language contact in North America. The general linguistic situation in two Slovene American/Canadian communities (Cleveland, Vancouver) is described, emphasizing the relationship between the degree of mother tongue/ heritage language maintenance of the immigrants and their descendants on the one hand and their sense of ethnic identity on the other. The historical, social and cultural aspects of Slovene immigration to the USA and Canada are addressed. This is followed by a detailed linguistic analysis of the data obtained through tape-recorded interviews from individual informants belonging to three generations.
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In this paper author analysеs the semantic class of adjectives with the meaning of ability. Research results provide insight into: (a) the hierarchical organization of the lex emes from the center to the periphery of the semantic field, (b) the identification of the factors that affect such an organization, (c) the determination of the semantic compo nents that contain the semantic structure of each lexeme, (d) the unequal presence of the components in all uses of the lexeme in context, (e) the unequal importance of compo nents, (f) the semantic closeness of the lexemes caused by the closeness of their semantic structure, (g) the necessity of using componential analysis in semantic research of adjec tive lexemes. In the two conducted surveys, 96 respondents answered various questions to determine prototypical lexemes. After that, by analyzing the dictionary definitions and examples in the electronic corpus of the Serbian language, there were defined several di agnostic features that reflect the relevant properties of the observed lexemes and explain the differences in the meaning of the same lexeme used in different contexts, thus enter ing the domain of pragmatics.
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The paper focuses on phraseologisms in standard Serbian language with mean ings related to emotional concepts of fear, surprise, amazement and confusion. The cor pus includes 50 phraseologisms with different lexical composition that cover various forms of expression of those emotions (остати без даха, бацити бомбу, испасти из равнотеже). The analysis is focused on morphosyntactical characteristics of these units, and they are classified according to their grammatical structure, with special em phasis on their syntactic function and combinability in context, while taking into account only those meanings that relate to those emotions.
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