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The phonetic opposition between voiced and voiceless consonants is found not in all Karelian dialects: this phenomenon does not exist in North Karelian subdialects of the Karelian Proper supradialect. This is why linguists consider this non-oppositional dialectal distinction as an essential marker of Karelian dialectal speech. However, the issues connected with the evolution of this phenomenon and identification of its specific isoglosses have remained unresolved. In this study, the author applied the dialectometric cluster analysis technique to dialectal sources in an attempt to identify the main phonetic positions influencing the distribution of voiced and voiceless consonants in Karelian sub-dialects of Russian Karelia and to trace the relevant isoglosses. As a result, the distribution ranges of the “voiced” and “voiceless” expressions of this phenomenon were outlined and a zone of transition between them was detected, although the grounds for distinguishing the special group of transitional dialects of the Karelian Proper supradialect could not be identified. Consonant sonorization probably appeared during the Old Karelian period, whereas the North Karelian voiceless consonants were a dialectal innovation caused by the influence of Finnish dialects. These results are to be used in the future when creating a linguistically grounded classification of Karelian dialects.
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The article presents the first-of-its-kind overview of the Ludic dialectal audio materials stored in the Phonogram Archive of the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (Petrozavodsk). The records have been made by the members of the said institute since the 1960s.The aim of this article is to describe the dialectal materials collected by A. P. Barantsev in the 1960s and the 1970s and by V. D. Ryagoev, N. G. Zaitseva, I. I. Mullonen and others in the 1980s. The work originality is that these materials have never been described before. The materials of the Ludic collection have scientific, cultural and historical value for researchers and include not only samples of the northern, middle and southern Ludic dialects and the dialect of Mikhailovskoye village, but also some toponymic, folklore and ethnographical data. The material for the analysis was extracted by continuous sampling from the inventory of Karelian-language materials of the Phonogram Archive of the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science and summarized in the tables. The studied source may be of interest to a wide range of specialist, including linguists, folklorists, historians and ethnographers.
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The paper deals with the impact of heritage language input on the production of voiceless stops in Russian and Polish by second-generation speakers in Germany. On the basis of data collected from 39 families, we investigate the realization of Voice Onset Time (VOT) in Russian and Polish by both school-age bilingual children and their parents. Our main findings show that there are significant differences between children who receive input only or mainly in their heritage language and children who get mainly input in German: The children who receive only or mainly input in their heritage language realize the stops with the lowest VOT values, which are also the closest to the values of the first generation. In contrast, the children with more input in German realize the stops with longer VOT and show a stronger convergence towards German VOT measures.
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The paper discusses unstudied or less studied aspects of the problem of polyprepositional structures in Bulgarian. They are differentiated from the groups of prepositions, which are а result of marked word order, missing part of the sentence or the combination of a preposition with a polysegmental adverb. The research focuses on the frequency and combinations of prepositions. Some conclusions about the development tendencies in the polyprepositional structures are made and hypotheses about the relation between semantics and the combination with the second preposition are formulated. The semantic conditions related to the use of some prepositions in the polyprepositional structures are also presented. The paper discusses unstudied or less studied aspects of the problem of polyprepositional structures in Bulgarian. They are differentiated from the groups of prepositions, which are а result of marked word order, missing part of the sentence or the combination of a preposition with a polysegmental adverb. The research focuses on the frequency and combinations of prepositions. Some conclusions about the development tendencies in the polyprepositional structures are made and hypotheses about the relation between semantics and the combination with the second preposition are formulated. The semantic conditions related to the use of some prepositions in the polyprepositional structures are also presented.
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Pealkirjas toodud küsimus on provotseerivalt poleemiline, sellele pole võimalik üheselt vastata. Näiteks Soome rootsikeelne kirjandus on küll osa soome kirjandusest, kuid Soome venekeelne kirjandus ei ole. Eesti kirjandusteadus on korduvalt pöördunud küsimuse juurde, mis on rahvuskirjandus. Ja vastanud: eesti kir- jandus on kirjandus, mis on loodud eesti keeles. Viieköiteline „Eesti kirjanduse ajalugu” (1965-1991) ja neljast osast koosnev luuleantoloogia „Sõnarine” ei leia ruumi Eesti venekeelsetele autoritele.
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The focus of the present paper is on power dynamics and factors affecting the outcome of gatekeeping interviews. Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, capitals, and symbolic power is at the core of the theoretical framework. Using discourse analysis, communicative behaviour of the participants of three gate-keeping “mock” scholarship interviews was analysed at macro and micro levels. The results revealed that power dynamics and dispositions of the habitus mainly determine the outcome. Power in discourse and over discourse is dynamic, constantly negotiated, and formed based on the habitus. Thus, absolute objectivity in a gatekeeping interview is unachievable due to the essence of human nature and the bias of any judgement, no matter how it is framed. However, sufficient value should be ascribed to all the factors and the highest achievable degree of objectivity should be opted for by involving several interviewers and developing specific criteria to frame their judgement.
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This paper studies children’s sensitivity to derivational patterns of Russian verbs reflected in the speech data of two boys (ages 1;5–2;8 and 1;7–3;0 respectively). Kendall rank correlation coefficient (KRCC) analysis of three verb groups – morphologically unrelated (elementary), morphologically and semantically related (derived), and morphologically related but semantically opaque verbs – demonstrates that the number and share of derived verbs steadily increases over time, whereas both elementary and semantically opaque verbs behave differently under varying conditions. KRCC applied to child-directed speech did not show any significant increase for any verb groups, reflecting their stable general distribution in adult speech. This means that children are sensitive to morphological distinctions between the respective groups. We discuss the use of KRCC for child language research and the role of derivational patterns in the acquisition of the Russian verb.
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The study presents the terminology related to women‘s hairstyles and headscarves in the Rhodope area, excerpted from various ethnographic, regional history and dialectological studies. The names of women‘s hairstyles are analyzed, mainly the varieties in braiding, as well as the types of scarves and decorations in braiding and head scarves. Terminological unity is observed in a number of names of women‘s hairstyles and head scarves, characteristic of the two confessional groups, while at the same time there is diversity in their varieties, named with terminological phrases. Many terms are characterized by polysemy, synonymy and transferability (based on metaphorical and metonymic transmission), as the main word-forming model is the affixal. The excerpted material is also characterized byorigin – the share of home vocabulary in the names of hairstyles, headscarves (pads andscarves) and their ornaments.
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At the beginning of this publication, a brief introduction presents the outlines of the history of the medieval Narration of Father Agapius’ text, its Old Bulgarian translation and its distribution in Slavic medieval literature. The Narration is interesting both in terms of its content, describing paradise and the miraculous journey of the protagonist there and back, and in terms of the language of the translation. Attached is a dictionary and index of word forms according to the earliest transcript, corrected and supplemented according to other witnesses.
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The study includes data on the inscriptions on the bells of churches in the Diocese of Nevrokop. The inscriptions are described and classified. Their graphic features, as well as their linguistic and textual features are considered. The specifics of the fonts used are presented. The publication marks the beginning of a more systematic study of this type of epigraphic monuments in the Bulgarian lands.
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This article discusses how the category of argumentativeness is employed in online movie reviews written in English. The objectives of the study were to consider the concepts of argumentation and argumentativeness, to define the categories of argumentativeness and evaluativeness as the constituents of a movie review, as well as to identify the lexical-semantic, stylistic, and structural-syntactic parameters of the argumentative discourse expressed in an online movie review. The validity and reliability of the ways used to process the material under study were ensured by the correct application of the following modern methods of linguistic analysis: structural-semantic, interpretative, and functional-stylistic. A number of examples were provided, all proving that the development of the author’s thesis occurs both explicitly (owing to the presence of the thesis and at least two arguments, linking words, introductory phrases, parenthesis) and implicitly (through to the question-answer form of presentation, irony, sarcasm, and using of numerous personal pronouns). The results obtained show that conjunctions play a significant role in the development of the argumentative discourse: firstly, coordinating conjunctions (such as and, so, but) introduce the thesis; secondly, subordinating conjunctions (for example, because, since, as) introduce arguments serving to put forward the thesis. It was concluded that the argumentative discourse in the text of a movie review explicitly manifests itself through such lexical means used to express the category of cohesion (transition from one segment to another while maintaining both structural and semantic unity) as in the first place, for example, then, plus, finally, etc. It was also revealed that any “incorporations” of other discourses, which are markers of a causal interdiscursive strategy, have an argumentative potential in the text of a movie review and fall into two categories: references to the director’s previous works; references to films of other directors. The results of this study are important for developing modern genre studies and the theory of speech acts.
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The article gives a brief description of the world’s sign languages, i.e., of their features, genealogy, and status. It also considers possible approaches to studying the vocabulary of Russian sign language (RSL). Particular attention is paid to signs, which are currently of great interest to researchers, native speakers, and students learning RSL as a second language. Furthermore, they cause serious difficulties in translating them into other languages. In many cases, sign lexemes of RSL can be translated using Russian phraseological units. In different periods, various terms have been introduced to denote such sign lexemes: from idioms to non-equivalent vocabulary, multichannel signs, and language-specific vocabulary. The article analyzes the studies on this issue, starting with the works of G.L. Zaitseva from the 1990s to the present, as well as the classification of the vocabulary of sign languages by Russian and foreign specialists, including those used in cognitive linguistics. T. Johnson and L. Ferrara described the nature of some lexical signs as idiomatic and considered the concept of lexico-grammatical continuum and idiomaticity as the two properties of all sign languages. Here the features of RSL vocabulary are analyzed, examples of non-equivalent vocabulary are given, and it is proposed to consider RSL idioms as indivisible and integral combinations of two or more signs that perform the function of a single lexeme.
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This article considers the major problems that arise when the key terms used in psycho- and neurolinguistics are interpreted and translated into a foreign language. The diversity and ambiguity of psycho and neurolinguistic terms can create difficulties in, for example, the translation of the works of famous Russian psycholinguists. Here the fragments of the official translations of T.V. Akhutina’s works that cover the Leontiev–Akhutina concepts going back to L.S. Vygotsky’s ideas are discussed. These works focus is on the terms smysl (‘sense’) and znachenie (‘meaning’), both of which cause substantial problems for translation. To define how the authors understand them and create an adequate translation, the theory explained in the works must be studied thoroughly and carefully. The analysis of contextual usages reveals the corresponding and controversial variants of these terms in English that occurred as a result of their translation.
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This article discusses the phased introduction of new cultural elements into the linguistic consciousness of foreigners living in North Ossetia. The study aims to explore the dynamics of foreign language acquisition in the North Ossetian multicultural environment and to model the linguistic landscape segments of its polylingual population. A detailed analysis of the reactions to a complex stimulus describing how foreigners receive education in regional Russia was carried out. Based on the results of the experiment and the analysis of verbal representations, the conceptual and polar evaluative subfeatures structuring each subarea were modeled. The communicative strategies used by foreigners to respond to the stimulus at each stage of their integration into the new cultural and linguistic environment were revealed. The embedding of foreign cultural elements into the linguistic consciousness of immigrants was specified. The sequence of changing and switching of the language codes determined by the depth of immersion in the foreign natural language conditions was registered during the experiment.
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The Russian slavist and linguist Valery Alexandrovich Pogorelov, like thousands of his other compatriots, left his homeland as a result of the socio-political changes in Russia in 1917 and the subsequent civil war. In 1923, he moved to Slovakia, to Bratislava, where he began working at the Faculty of Philosophy at the Comenius University. During his stay in Bratislava, V. A. Pogorelov was engaged not only in teaching, he also returned to scientific work. He concentrated his research in the field of comparative philology of the old Slavic languages, the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition and Carpatho-Russian problems. He established working and personal contacts with Slovak scientists and was a member of Slovak scientific institutes. V. A. Pogorelov lived in Slovakia until his move to Munich at the end of 1944, where he spent the last years of his life.
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The article presents the adjectives with a terminological function at Joan-Exarch`s DE FIDE ORTHODOXA. The author discusses the diferent types of the adjectives with a special significance in the studied monument and analyzes their relation to the respective parallels in the Greek substrate, and examines the distribution of the individual lexical units in other monuments of Old Bulgarian literature of the same period, and traces the different types of substitutions in these words in the handwritten tradition of this monument. Ιt is a John Exarch merit the enriching of the considered category of words with new lexical units from the field of philosophical and theological terminology of Slavonic language, and his creaton of the words in this direction generally follows the tendencies in the language with some specifics of the author idiolect.
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The article examines one of the rare lexemes in the Old Bulgarian literary language, съвалъмъ, poses the question of its meaning and proposes a hypothesis about its morphological appearance.
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Description of the syntactic features of such a large text as a translation of the George Hamartolos’ Chronicle requires separate research. The syntax of George Hamartolos’ Chronicle translation has not yet been particularly dealt with (examined). The present study is not an exception, which is limited only to commenting on existing works on the topic. The main attention is directed to the works of Istrin and Bräuer, who consider da-constructions in the George Hamartolos’ Chronicle translation. All types of da-constructions are of Old Bulgarian origin. The considered material testifies that the da-construction in the George Hamartolos’ Chronicle translation is quite consistent with the state in the Old Bulgarian manuscripts: the Old Bulgarian да has two main functions that are in a clear genetic relationship with each other: 1) the conjunction function in subordinate clauses and in object clauses, 2) the function of particle, which forms with indicative verb forms a descriptive imperative.
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The article examines rare compound nouns, in their formative and semantic perspective, which are characteristic of the Tarnovo redaction of the Prologue Vitae. The first group consists of appellations of persons whose work is related to writing and performing hymns – pesnoslovets (1) and pesnotvorets (2); writing chronicles and fables – basnotvorets (1); writing as a profession – dobropisets (2) and skoropisets (3). The second group covers appellations of persons whose work is related to working stone, metal and leather: kamenosetchets (1); srebrokuznets (4); usmoshevets (1). The third group includes appellations of persons from the ruler’s entourage who have everyday duties – lazhepolozhets (1); whose duties relate to trade and hospitality – hleboprodavets (1) and stranopriemets (6) or with food provision – ribolovets (1). It is ascertained that: a) the examined nouns which are formed in a compositional-suffix way with a suffix –ЬЦЬ and have an uniform structure which can be represented with a general formula: (noun/adjective + infix -o-/-e- + verbal root + -ьць); b) the fact that the lexeme kamenosechets, skoropisets and sumoshevets from the Prologue Vitae are found in the sermons of Gregory Tsamblak is in the support of the view that part of the texts in the Tarnovo redaction of the Prologue have Middle Bulgarian translation; c) the specifics of the biographies in the Prologue allow for a certain layer of lexis to stand out. This layer is interesting from a semantic perspective and is related to the names of many professions and occupations of the Middle Ages.
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