Властите именице као лакуне на плану руског језика и проблем њиховог превођења на српски језик

Author(s): Violeta P. Džonić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2012

Taking as a starting point the fact that the lacuna has occupied the attention of researchers not only from the basic lexical aspect, but also from that of word-formation, morpho-syntactic, phraseologico-paroemiologic and stylistic, as well as in terms of lexicographic and translational problems created in the contact of both related and non-related languages, the author claims that the issue of proper names manifested as a lacuna also demands a thorough linguistic analysis, which is at the core of this paper dealing with the lacuna within the range of Serbian and Russian language respectively. The cultural-historical background and socio-traditional specificity of the lacuna are viewed through the prism of proper nouns in contemporary Russian language (bearing in mind the problems of transposing them into contemporary Serbian language). The analysis is done on proper nouns and toponyms only, with other noun groups being discussed in general.

О сакралној семантици српскословенских сложеница високог стила

Author(s): Zorica V. Nikitović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2010

The paper analyses the compounds that represent the productive constituent category in sacral Serbo-Slavonic literary works and in the whole period of the Church Slavonic language. In reference to the criterion of the productivity of the compound’s first constituent element, the author embarks on the analysis of their sacral semantics, categorizing them according to their semantic types. The specificity of targeted material calls for a multidisciplinary approach, so that in the discussion of the Christian meaning of the compounds, especially those that hold the status of theological terms, the author is obliged to use theological literature. The analysis will show that just as the “occurrence of Christ means infinitely more than the words can convey”, the sacral meaning says much more than the abstract meaning of words.

Specyfika semantyczna czasowników z przyrostkiem -ну-/-ną- w języku rosyjskim i polskim

Author(s): Joanna Woch / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXII/2020

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate semantic similarities and differences between Polish and Russian verbs with suffixes -ну-/-ną-. The analyzed affixes form semantically neutral semelfactive verbs in standard Polish and Russian. The main differ-ence can be observed in the spoken language, in which suffixes -ну-/-ną- form expressive semelfactive verbs. The study shows that the Russian suffix -ну- is more productive as it can be added to almost any durative verb stem and it is part of another suffix -ану-, which does not have an equivalent in Polish. In Polish the expressive character of -ną-verbs can be achieved secondarily as a result of a metaphorization and metonymyzation of semantically neutral verbs.

СУПИН В КАЗАНСКОМ ЕВАНГЕЛИИ XIV ВЕКА

Author(s): Nataliya Gennadyevna Nikolaeva,Anton Ermoshin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5-6/2019

The paper analyzes the supine functioning in the Kazan Gospel, an ancient lectionary of the 14th century. The study aims to establish general patterns in the supine use, the description of its phonetic appearance, and the influence of the latter on the morphology, as well as in the gradual replacement of the supine with an infinitive. The focus of the study is the supine and its syntactical relations in the context. The research was performed with the help of simultaneous description of the phenomenon of historical grammar of the Russian language in a certain period and diachronic observation of this phenomenon in a number of similar texts, as well as linguistic methods of gospel textual studies. We revealed the signs of supine as a vanishing form (variations in different Gospel manuscripts, replacement with the infinitive, replacement with personal verb forms, errors in its use) and, thus, confirmed: firstly, the period when the text of the Kazan Gospel was written (no later than the end of the 14th century); secondly, the mixed nature of its text, namely apparent preservation of Old Slavonic protograph features followed by the evident text russification. The results obtained are important for the historical grammar of the Russian language and for the textology of the Old Slavic gospels.

БЛОГЕР ИЛИ БЛОГЕРША: РУССКИЕ ФЕМИНИТИВЫ С ФОРМАНТОМ -ш(а) В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МЕДИАПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

Author(s): Regina R. Guzaerova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5-6/2019

Personal feminine nouns with the suffix -sh(a) functioning in the modern Russian language were analyzed. The word-formation model with the suffix -sh(a) is one of the means of expression the word formation category of femininity, singled out on the basis of a common derivational value ‘a female, belonging to the category of persons, called the motivating noun’. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing importance of female nominations as an object of linguistic research, as well as their activity in the modern Russian media space. The language material for our research includes 166 lexemes, all selected by the method of continuous sampling from authoritative explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and the Russian speaking media space. The analysis of the functioning of personal feminine nouns in the language was carried out on the basis of the material collected using the RNC (Russian National Corpus), media data, and personal blogs on the Internet. The study was performed to describe the features of the formation and functioning of derived nominations of females in modern Russian. The study was based on: a) an integrated approach to the analysis of derived units; b) analysis of the derivational structure and motivational relationships; c) determination of the specifics of the functioning of the studied units in speech.

Особенности и способы перевода названий серий мультфиль-ма Маша и медведь на польский язык

Author(s): Natalya Didenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: XXV/2020

The main name and the set of the headings of Masha and the Bear animated film, as elements of the paratext, play an essential role in determining the characteristic properties of a product. They point to the national and cultural factors conditioning the animated film which manifest themselves on various (audio and video) levels of information transfer. The set of the headings is characterised by a high level of saturation with national and cultural elements such as sayings, phrases, quotations from classic literary works as well as from folklore, quotations from the songs which the Russian audience is familiar with, allusions to films and other television broadcasts. The translation of such names is more difficult and poses a real challenge for the translator. Three types of translation have been observed: literal translation, free translation and substitution. At the same time, it was neutralisation that was the leading strategy of translating headlines containing national and cultural elements. One of the justifications for the approach selected may be the type of the audience – children who – because of their insufficient cognitive experience – will not be able to decipher the coded connotations.

Leksyka muzyczna w rosyjsko-polskiej leksykografii. Stan obecny versus potrzeby użytkowników

Author(s): Ewelina Parafińska-Korybska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2019

In order to meet the expectations of receivers, who come across vocabulary from various areas in their everyday life, general bilingual dictionaries include lexis from many different fields. This article analyses one such group in Russian-Polish lexicography: musical lexis. The analysis offered here considers translation pairs extracted from two most comprehensive Russian-Polish dictionaries. The study categorises musical lexis into semantic classes and verifies the accuracy, semantic relevance and currency of provided equivalents. The aim was to establish whether general bilingual lexicography meets the needs of users looking for equivalents in this lexical area. Basing on selected material, the article also compares the structure of entries in each dictionary and considers cultural background of musical lexis in the context of Russian culture. To illustrate the issues in focus, the study comments on a number of examples and proposes some solutions to problematic cases.

Patterns of Morphological Integration of Slavic Loan Nouns in Petkevičius’ Catechism (1598) as an Indication of Their Origin and Chronology

Author(s): Anželika Smetonienė / Language(s): English Issue: 54/2019

This article focuses on the morphological integration of Slavic loan nouns featuring in Merkelis Petkevičius’ Catechism (1598) into the Lithuanian language. It attempts to establish whether the pattern of adaptation of a Slavic loanword to a particular Lithuanian stem can suggest its more precise origin. In order to achieve this objective, I extracted all Slavic loan nouns from Petkevičius’ Catechism, identified their stems and meanings, and established their equivalents in Slavic languages of the relevant period (Old Russian, Ruthenian, Old and Middle Polish). Comparing this data made it possible to establish some common patterns of integration of Slavic loanwords into the morphological system of the Lithuanian language. A direct relationship was identified between the endings and gender of the Slavic words and the Lithuanian stems into which they were integrated. Therefore, in some cases the pattern of adaptation of a Slavic loanword can suggest its path into the Lithuanian language.

Церковнослов’янізми з богослужбово-обрядовою семантикою в українській мові ХVІ–ХVІІІ ст.

Author(s): Yuriy Osinchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

In this paper, the author analyzes the structure, word formation, and meaning of Church Slavonic lexical elements with semantics of worship and rites on the basis of secular written documents which served as a source for the Dictionary of the Ukrainian language in the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries and for the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian language edited by Ye. Tymchenko. The use of Church Slavonic lexicalized phrases and idioms are also studied. The development of semantics of Church Slavonic words in presentday Ukrainian and in liturgical practice is considered as well.

Угорські запозичення в західноукраїнських топонімічних переказах

Author(s): Lesia Mushketyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2019

The oral folk prose of Transcarpathia is a valuable source of history and culture of the region. Supplementing the written sources, it has maintained popular attitudes towards events, giving assessments and interpretations that are often different from the official one. In the Ukrainian oral tradition, we find many words borrowed from other languages, in particular Hungarian, which reflects the long period of cohabitation as well as shared historical events and contacts. They also occur in local toponymic legends, which in their own way explain the origin of the local names and are closely linked with the life and culture of the region, contain a lot of ethnographic, historical, mythological, and other information. They are represented mainly by lexical borrowings, Hungarian proper names and realities, which were transformed, absorbed and modified in another system, and, among other things, has served the originality of the Transcarpathian folklore. The process of borrowing the Hungarianisms is marked by heterochronology and a significant degree of assimilation in the receiving environment. It is known about the long-lasting contacts of the Hungarians with Rus at the time of birth of the homeland – the Honfoglalás, as evidenced by the current geographical names associated with the heroes of the events of that time – the leaders of uprisings Attila, Almash, Prince Latorets (the legends Almashivka, About the Laborets and the White Horse Mukachevo Castle). In the names of toponymic legends and writings there are mentions of the famous Hungarian leaders, the leaders of the uprisings – King Matthias Corvinus, Prince Ferenc Rákóczi II, Lajos Kossuth (the legends Matyashivka, Bovtsar, Koshutova riberiya). Many names of villages, castles and rivers originate from Hungarian lexemes and are their derivatives, explaining the name itself (narratives Sevlyuskyy castle, Gotar, village Gedfork). The times of the Tatar invasion were reflected in the legends The Great Ravine Bovdogovanya and The village Goronda. Sometimes, the nomination is made up of two words – Ukrainian and Hungarian (Mount Goverla, Canyon Grobtedie). In legends, one can find mythological and legendary elements. The process of borrowing Hungarianisms into Ukrainian is marked by heterochronology, meanwhile borrowings remain unchanged only partially, and in general, they are assimilated in accordance with the phonetic and morphological rules of the Ukrainian language. Consequently, this is a creative process, caused by a number of different factors –social, ethnocultural, aesthetic, etc. In the course of time, events and characters in oral narratives are erased from human memory, so they can be mixed, modified and updated, adapting to new realities.

Устойчивые сравнения в языке спортивного дискурса: русско-украинские параллели

Author(s): Aleksndr Viktorovich Savchenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

Nowadays, sports play an important role in the world, both from the pure competitive (even emulative) and political point of view. The influence of sports is also traced here at the linguistic level: many words and expressions from the field of sports penetrate the language but, on the other hand, the sphere of sports itself becomes a fertile ground for the emergence of new expressive words and idioms having different stylistic and expressive colours that can perform various pragmatic functions. In the language of sports, lexical units often acquire a new meaning related to sports; in some cases, the meanings of already existing metaphorical phraseological models are actualized. The paper is devoted to the problem of the status and description of one of the types of phraseological units, i.e. stable comparisons, which are used in the sphere of sports or sports discourse in modern Russian and Ukrainian languages. On the one hand, these units have their origins in sports slang as well as in mass media language and also come from common phraseology and other discourses. On the other hand, such units have not only a high expressive level but they are often used as picturesque and metaphorical means in other discourses, e.g. political, social, or economic. Such expressions are nowadays very popular and commonly used both in spoken language (speech) and in mass media language. Stable comparisons are, in fact, a universally figurative and expressive means of language which can be used in any situation, context, and in any pragmatic field of language use. The sphere of sports is not an exception, where such language units fulfil various functions both in the language of sports journalism (oral reportages, articles on sports, internet communication and discussions in internet forums specializing in sports) and in the speech of the athletes themselves. This paper discusses some of the most commonly used stable comparisons in the sphere of sports (i.e. sports discourse) both in Russian and Ukrainian languages. The metaphorical models of such units are examined from the point of view of Russian–Ukrainian language convergence. It can be stated that the language of modern Russian sports journalism can be seen today to a certain extent as a possible (or potential) prototype for the development of Ukrainian-language sports discourse. Generally speaking, live contacts in interdiscourse sports communication, including the language of sports journalism, however, are still ongoing and active language interaction at the level of vocabulary and phraseology remains one of the most effective means of enriching the vocabulary of the national language.

Лексичні засоби позначення дитячого віку в писемних пам’ятках української мови ХVІ–ХVІІІ ст.

Author(s): Oksana Zelіnsʹka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2019

Research devoted to childhood as a social-cultural phenomenon has become more active in present-day science. Scientists study some peculiarities of the perception of child and childhood by society in different historical epochs, try to fix childhood limits and to define age periods within child age, and make a conclusion that in many cases, periods of man’s life are correlated with social roles of people rather than with biological age, and they were formed under the influence of social institutes developing together with the evolution of society. The present paper analyzes lexical means used in written records of the Ukrainian language in the 16th–18th centuries to denote child age and express the concept of an age differentiation of childhood. The written records of the Ukrainian language of different genres in the mentioned period were the sources of the research: e.g. business language records, P. Berynda’s dictionary, religious texts, sermons, and poetic works. Lexical units expressing child age to denote childhood as an age period of man’s life and general names originating from colloquial language and taken from Church Slavonic were used to denote children. Written sources confirm an active use of hypocoristic forms. The lack of a clear classification of childhood into separate age periods is seen in the system of children’s names. Most of the general names denoting children did not represent an age gradation of childhood and only some words were special names of a child expressing an age characteristic: those were the names of a newly-born child and a baby. Some adjectives combination with nouns to denote children indicated a relative age characteristic (little, minor) but the contexts in which phrases with the adjective little were used did not give a reason to distinguish between a little child and a young man. In several sources, a seven-year period was classified as a special stage in a child’s life, first of all, due to religious practice. According to Christian tradition, a child was considered to have no sins until the age of 7 since he or she cannot distinguish between good and bad. After that, he or she had to shrive. In secular practice, the age of 7 became the time when a child would be sent to an educational institution. The texts of pedagogical orientation prove the synonymy of common names denoting children with special names of the individuals who get education. A differentiation according to an age characteristic “adulthood” vs. “minority” can be seen clearly, which is explained by the legal status of an adult and, correspondingly, is expressed by the corresponding lexical denotations. The vocabulary denoting this age period is mostly represented by sources written in business language. One can see that lexical semantics, with help of which child age is marked in records of the Ukrainian language in the 16th–18th centuries, gives a general concept of childhood common for Ukrainian and European social communities of that time.

Critica et Bibliographia

Author(s): Oleg Fedoszov,Marija Mandić,Mladen Pavičič,Péter Milosevits,Siarhiej Zaprudski,Laszlo Yasai / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2019

The review of: 1) PÁTROVICS Péter: A lengyel igeaspektus kérdései. Lengyel–magyar strukturális aspektusszótár [Вопросы польского глагольного вида. Польско-венгерский структурно-аспектуальный словарь]. Budapest: Lengyel Kutatóintézet és Múzeum, 2018. 220 p. 2) WITZLACK-MAKAREVICH Kai (Hg.): Kalkierungs- und Entlehnungssprachen in der Slavia: Boris Unbegaun zum 120. Geburtstag. Berlin: Frank & Timme, 2018. 363 S. 3) SZOFRICS Pál: Képek Szentendre – és a szerbség – történetéből [Images from the History of Szentendre and the Serbs]. (Szentendrei füzetek.) Szentendre: Pest Megyei Könyvtár, 2017. 242 p. 4) JUVAN Marko: Hibridni žanri. Študije o križancih izkustva, mišljenja in literature [Hybrid Genres: Studies on Hybrids of Experience, Thought, and Literature]. Ljubljana: Literarno-umetniško društvo Literatura, 2017. 220 p. 5) ПИЛИПЕНКО Г. Языковая и этнокультурная ситуация воеводинских венгров. Взгляд «изнутри» и «извне». Санкт-Петербург: «Нестор-История», 2017. 336 с. 6) ДРОНОВ П. С. Очерки по культурным трансферам во фразеологии. Москва: Институт языкознания РАН, 2018. 102 с.

Ukrainian vs. Russian? The Securitization of Language-Related Issues in Ukrainian Blogs and on News Websites

Author(s): Ksenia Maksimovtsova / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

The transformation of the peaceful demonstrations, which started on November 21, 2013, against Yanukovych’s decision to suspend the signing of the association agreement with the EU, into the bloodshed in Kyiv and eastern Ukraine, has vividly demonstrated that the rhetoric of the “protection of Russian-speakers’ rights” can be easily transformed from the level of “discursive threats” to the real threat of Ukraine’s dissolution. Therefore, the article seeks to explain how language-related issues were securitized in public discussions in leading Ukrainian blogs and on news websites that function in the Russian language after the Revolution of Dignity. The analysis of journalistic articles and users’ comments encompasses the period of 2013–2015 when the Russian–Ukrainian conflict and the discussion of language issues reached its climax. It is argued that despite an extreme presence of anti-Russian (anti-imperialist) arguments and consolidation over the idea of Ukrainian as the only state language (“one nation–one language”), arguments that supported an equal legal status of Russian- and Ukrainian-speakers were also to be found in selected digital media outlets. The analysis has also demonstrated that for most online users of Ukrainian digital media that function in Russian, the state language is constructed as the language discriminated against in its own national state.

CONCERNING THE ISSUE OF TEACHING COURSE “HISTORY OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIAN CULTURE” FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS

Author(s): Natalya Skrytska,Yulia Rusnak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Recently the number of foreign students in Ukrainian universities, particularly in medical schools, significantly has increased. The most important problem for foreign students is the process of adaptation in Ukrainian society. This is especially acute for first-year students who do not yet have an experience of residency in other countries. The most important thing for them is to understand the peculiarities of social and cultural structures of the new society. In the educational process of higher education institutions this understanding is formed by studying the disciplines of the humanities cycle, the most important of which are the History of Ukraine and Ukrainian Culture occupies. In recent years the educational and psychological aspects have been studied by such scientists as O. Adamenko, N. Batanina, T. Pylypyshyn, S. Bondarenko, S. Boeva, I. Melnychuk and others. So, in particular, S. Boeva in his report “Methods and Peculiarities of Teaching History of Ukraine to Foreign Students” clearly explains the specifics of work of Ukrainian teachers with foreign students on the example of the course “History of Ukraine”. The author emphasizes the humanization and humanization of the educational process, taking into account the specific adaptation of foreign students in Ukrainian society. In addition, the first two textbooks on the history of Ukraine in English were published in 2008 by Svitlana Boeva. A profound analysis of the peculiarities of social adaptation of foreign students in the field of Ukrainian language study has been made by teachers of the Department of Social Sciences and Ukrainian Studies of the Bukovynian State Medical University. Many articles are published annually on the peculiarities of studying and mastering the subject of the Ukrainian language, taking into account the peculiarities of the mentality of foreign citizens. However, the peculiarities of studying and mastering by foreign students of the human sciences remain unexplored, which proves the relevance of our study.

Słownik psychologiczno-lingwistyczny "Zmysły, emocje i przymiotniki języka rosyjskiego" – nowe narzędzie w pracy tłumacza

Author(s): Joanna Orzechowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXII/2020

This article presents a new type of dictionary – a linguistic-psychological dictionary reflecting structures of language, similar to dictionaries based on associations, but also reconstructing the mental and emotional states of an average user of the Russian language. It was compiled as a result of analyzing 15918 Russian adjectives from the perspective of their relationship with emotions originating in reference to various senses. The dictionary contains information on “the emotional load” of these adjectives, that is how pleasant or how unpleasant emotions a given adjective evokes. The analyzed lexemes were assessed by respondents on the scale of emotions: slightly (un)pleasant – moderately (un)pleasant – very (un)pleasant, which was marked with an appropriate number of pluses or minuses. It cannot be overestimated how useful such a dictionary and the information it contains are. Although it is believed that representatives of different cultures experience universal emotions, their quality and intensity hidden behind particular linguistic units can diverge between different cultural-linguistic communities. Emotions are conditioned socially, culturally, and historically; they play an important role in international communication. Thus when they are incompetently and mistakenly interpreted, this can disturb dialogue between various cultures and even lead to conflicts. In the article, considering equivalents cygarowy/сигарный, differences in the evaluation of these adjectives in Polish and Russian are presented, illustrating the need to look for emotionally adequate translation equivalents when rendering them.

In memoriam Вацлав Конзал

Author(s): Tatyana Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 41/2020

Teel sihtkeelepärase keelekasutuse poole: veneja soomekeelsete eesti keele õppijate kirjaliku keelekasutuse dünaamika A2- ja B1-tasemel

Author(s): Annekatrin Kaivapalu,Pille Eslon / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 30/2020

The paper deals with the Russian and Finnish learners’ use of written Estonian on the proficiency levels A2 and B1. Russian learners acquired Estonian as a second language in Estonia, Finnish learners learned Estonian as a foreign language in Finland. The aim of the study is to find out the main characteristics of learner language development from A2 to B1 level of both of the learner groups and also shed light on the first language influence and on the impact of language environment. The study is based on the analysis of the most frequent morpho-syntactical patterns in the texts of Estonian Interlanguage Corpus. Target language use of the two learners’ groups is compared with each other and with the use of native Estonians. The data consists of the actively used trigrams: 203 trigrams of Russian and 227 of Finnish learners on the A2-level, and 4363 of Russian and 1132 of Finnish learners on the B1-level. The results of the study show that the language use of the two learner groups develops from A2 to B1 level similarly in many ways. However, in the texts of Russian learners the total amount of patterns, as well as the amount of statistically relevant patterns, grow rapidly on the level B1. At the same time the variety of the pattern groups and vocabulary exhibit less expansion. In the texts of Finnish learners the percentage of statistically relevant patterns grows steadily, but at the same time the extensive development of vocabulary on the basis of smaller amount of patterns can be detected. Thus, from the A2 to B1 level, the acquisition of closely related target language outside language environment is characterized mainly by the development of vocabulary while in the acquisition of different target language in language environment the main characteristic is extensive development of morphosyntax.

(Пра)славянските nt-основи намират своето място в индоевропейското езиково семейство

Author(s): Borislav Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2020

Топонимни компоненти в номиналните колокации във фразеологията на български, сърбохърватски и чешки език

Author(s): Pavel Krejčí / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 01/2021

This text presents onyms, as well as the toponyms as components in Bulgarian, Serbo-Croat and Czech phrasemes. Toponyms are not the most common onyms among phraseological units. Perhaps that is why they remain a bit on the margins of research interest (compared to anthroponyms, for example). The phraseological units with a toponymic component which we collected using the phraseological dictionaries of the above-mentioned languages of view may be classified as comparisons, syntagms (collocations) and (poly)sentences from a formal perspective. Our focus in this article was on nominal collocations and their classification. From the point of view of the syntactic structure, we divided the collected phrasemes into six groups. We collected most examples in groups with syntactic structure Adj + TOP (e.g.: Bulg. tamna Indiya) and Subst + prep + TOP (e.g.: S-Cr. ujak iz Amerike).