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The article discusses the origin of the Old Czech word kuchař ‘cook’. The analysis suggests that the word was probably neither derived from the non-recorded Old Czech word *kuchati ‘to cook’, nor from the attested Old Czech verb kuchati ‘to eviscerate’. The semantic and wordformative analysis of the Old Czech word-formative group containing words based primarily on the lexical item kuchyně ‘cuisine’ shows that the word kuchař is most likely a loanword from Middle High German adapted to the Old Czech lexical system, specifically to the group of lexemes containing the suffix -ař (comp. Old Czech rychtář from Middle High German rihter etc.).
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The word “neústrojný” (inorganic) is used in lexicography to describe some Old and Middle Czech lexical units. It designates lexical units with unusual word-formative structure and timelimited usage, as well as those on the boundary of the word-formative system. The contemporary Czech lexicological terms “neologism” and especially “occasional word” are essentially very close to this categorization. In spite of the fact that lexical units described using these terms often disrupt the word-formative system of the given time period, we understand them as peripheral components, as the (unsuccessful) results of intuitive attempts at systemic changes, and as manifestations of the developmental dynamics of the word-formative system.
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In contrast to standard language vocabulary, dialectal vocabulary is more developed in semantic fields concerning everyday life. The need to designate certain facts has led to the development of certain groups of designations. This is true, for example, in the case of designations of persons. As an example, we have selected designations for a person who is often drunk. Besides numerous designations recorded in the standard language (e.g. opilec, ožrala, ochlasta), we have found a number of dialectal expressive names (e.g. opita, kořalda, dopilkuba, korhel). We note the geographic extension of the most common expressions in Czech dialects, as well as using the Atlas of the Slovak Language to describe the linguistic situation in neighboring Slovakia. We work with unpublished material collected for the Czech Language Atlas in the 1960s and 1970s in the course of the field research on the Czech national language. This material will be gradually processed in the upcoming Dictionary of Czech Dialects.
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Review of he book Kavka, Martin – Škrabal, Michal et al. (2018): Hacknutá čeština: Neortodoxní slovník dnešní mateřštiny. Brno: Jan Melvil Publishing.
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Review of the book Lábus, Václav – Vrbík, Daniel (2018): Toponyma v krajině a možnosti jejich výzkumu. Liberec: Technická univerzita v Liberci.
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Review of the book Synková, Pavlína (2017): Popis staročeské apelativní deklinace (se zřetelem k automatické morfologické analýze textů Staročeské textové banky). Praha: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy.
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This article is an overview of the lectures presented at the Circle of Friends of the Czech Language during the academic year 2018–2019.
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This paper deals with the Italian periphrastic passive and its auxiliaries venire and essere from an aspectual point of view, based on the Czech language. After a short summary of the main differences between Czech and Italian regarding the notion of verbal aspect and periphrastic passive, it analyses a generally expected claim that in the present tense passive constructions containing the auxiliary venire should be translated into Czech with a higher incidence of imperfective verbs than of passive constructions containing the auxiliary essere. This trend should not be found in the simple past tense or in the imperfect tense. The analysis confirms a difference in the present tense, but does not confirm its absence in the past tenses. Moreover, the difference between the two auxiliaries is even more apparent in the imperfect tense.
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The paper presents a corpus-based survey of the [Viinf Vif] construction in Czech in comparison with geographically close languages, namely Slovak, Polish, and Hungarian. Through a detailed qualitative analysis of Czech data, it points out lexical and morphosyntactic restrictions on the construction and links them to the strong tendency of the construction to be used in a specific discourse context where opposing assertions are contrasted. As an outcome, a prototypical representation of the construction in Czech is provided, drawing on theoretical concepts from Construction Grammar. Confronted with the evidence from the geographically close languages, the Czech construction is shown to impose more restrictions on the structural complexity as well as register, exhibiting e.g. frequent argument omission as well as severe restrictions on modification. In general, the paper argues in favour of geographically based cross-linguistic studies of linguistic phenomena, as such an approach can enable us to identify down both similarities and differences between similar patterns conventionalized across geographically close languages.
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The paper concentrates on the use of the present and past gerunds in contemporaryCzech. Whereas these verbal forms are perceived as archaic and their use is generally consideredto be on its way to extinction the research of corpus examples shows that the usage ofthe gerunds is not limited to the narrative texts only but they can be found in the press as well.The aim of this article is to characterize the use of the Czech gerunds with regard to the typeof the text, the frequency and the correctness of their forms. The usage of the present gerundas a fixed expression will be pointed out as well. The analysis is based on the Czech NationalCorpus data.
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Review of the book Dobrovoljc, Helena – Lengar Verovnik, Tina – Vranjek Ošlak, Urška – Michelizza, Mija –Weiss, Peter – Gliha Komac, Nataša (2020): Kje pa vas jezik žuli? Prva pomoč iz Jezikovnesvetovalnice. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU.
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Review of Arkhanhelska, Alla – Bláha, Ondřej – Cholodová, Uljana (eds.) (2020): Čeština na Volyni. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, Filozofická fakulta.
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Overview of the dissertations on the Czech Language from 2020
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In memory of Czech linguist Radoslava Kvapilová Brabcová
More...Praha: Nakladatelství ARSCI, 2020, 258 s.
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The article deals with the Czech reciprocal syntactic pattern characterized by the co-occurrence of the reflexive marker and the bipartite reciprocal marker jeden – druhý (with identical case marking) within one clause; this pattern has not been studied yet in Czech linguistics. After a brief introduction to the field of reciprocity, the most detailed existing model of the Czech reciprocity (developed earlier within the framework of Functional Generative Description) is shortly summarized, highlighting the fact that this model does not take into consideration the pattern in question. Thereafter, linguistic data drawn from both a written and a spoken corpus are presented in order to document the pattern; the co-occurrence is attested most frequently with the dative reflexive form si, although sporadic attestations were found with all other case forms of the reflexive pronoun as well. Attention is also paid to the possibilities of the linguistic interpretation of the co-occurrence, considering also some related patterns (e.g. the mutual co-occurrence of two different forms of the reflexive) as well as the situation in other languages.
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The article deals with the meanings and the lexicographical treatment of the word mše ‘Mass’. This word is defined in general monolingual and in theological dictionaries as the main liturgical ceremony of the Roman Catholic Church. In reality, however, the word is often used in a broader sense, generally denoting any religious ceremony. In the article, I recommend using the word bohoslužba ‘service’ instead of the word mše ‘Mass’ in these cases.
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