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Maďarské nárečia na Slovensku: súčasnosť a budúcnosť

Author(s): Anna Sándorová,Ildikó Vančo / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The present situation of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia is similar in many respects to that of the dialects of other Hungarian regions (including dialects in Hungary and the cross-border dialects as well), but it also differs from them in other respects. It is well known that there are more differences between Slovakia Hungarian dialects and dialects in Hungary and fewer differences between the former and other minority Hungarian dialects. Intense change in the dialects and the spread of the standard at the expense of the dialects are all-Hungarian phenomena, but the extent of these varies greatly between the situation in Hungary and that of the minorities. The language use of the Hungarian minorities is more dialectal and the spread of the standard is slower among them in Hungary, but their common feature is that changes usually approach the standard. In our study, we discuss the present situation of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia, and attitudinal studies on Slovakia Hungarian dialects and the effect of attitudes on the use of dialectal elements in everyday language use.

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Individuálny jazykový manažment a jazykové stratégie maďarských študujúcich v Bratislave

Author(s): Lucia Molnár Satinská / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The paper focuses on the individual language management of Hungarian minority students from Southern Slovakia who migrated to study at university in the capital city of Slovakia, Bratislava. It presents language strategies of five students, based on their language biographies. Each student was interviewed three times during their first three years of study. The language problems of these students include maintaining their mother tongue and improving their skills in Slovak as well as balancing between the two languages in various spheres of life. Factors affecting the language use of the students are family, institutions, peer group and overcoming fear. The students deal with their everyday multilingualism according to several models, which can be described on the axis between Hungarian only to Slovak only, but the students mostly find themselves somewhere in between the two, depending on various spheres (family, university, jobs, peers).

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Aplikácia výsledkov funkčnej kognitívnej lingvopedagogiky v menšinových podmienkach

Author(s): Gábor Tolcsvai Nagy / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The paper gives an overview of the general and special factors of L2 learning of Hungarian minorities across the borders of Hungary, that is, in Slovakia. Indigenous minorities like Hungarians in Slovakia are strongly interested in fluent state language knowledge. Still, the state school system failed to work out and implement a suitable language pedagogy for linguistic minorities, since the state curriculum comprised only one type of Slovak lessons, the one for pupils speaking Slovak as their mother tongue. This curriculum does not consider the special needs for bilingual pupils (on different levels of bilingualism) and those growing up in pure minority environment. The paper introduces functional cognitive linguistics as a usage-based theory and descriptive activity that gives new methods for L2 learning and teaching, building on the vernacular linguistic and conceptual knowledge of the pupils, focusing on the meaning – form pairs of linguistic expressions both in the vernacular and the second (state) language. In the second part, certain grammatical units are discussed as the topic of functional language pedagogy: lexical units and their grammatical adjustment to the syntactic and semantic structure of the sentence, or metaphor in use. In the third part, the topics of the previous section are treated in a comparative Hungarian – Slovak style, as examples of L2 teaching methodology.

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Analýza kognitívnych operácií pri porozumení textu u žiakov 4. ročníka základnej školy

Author(s): Ildikó Vančo,Viktória Gergelyová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

This study aims to analyse the informative-type text, questions, and answers of the fourth-grade reading comprehension test according to cognitive processes. A total of 353 respondents participated in the survey. The examined target group was the fourth-grade pupils of Hungarian-language primary schools in bilingual regions in Eastern, Central, and Western Slovakia. The results obtained show that most of the pupils had sufficient background knowledge to interpret the short and simple text, and the new information was well integrated into their existing schema structure. In terms of processes of comprehension, most pupils had no problem with recognizing and retrieving explicitly stated information in the text, neither with making straightforward inferences. However, there were problems in interpreting and integrating information and summarizing them. The results show that half of the pupils had problems with multi-level interpretation of the information obtained and about one-fifth of the pupils gave incorrect answers even to the questions that required the use of the simplest cognitive processes.

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Vlastné mená a menšinové jazykové zákony na Slovensku

Author(s): Ján Bauko / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

The use of official proper names is regulated by laws that contribute to the social codification and standardization of propria registration. The paper deals with minority language laws concerning the use of proper names of national minorities in Slovakia. The author gives an overview of the laws, or more precisely paragraphs dealing with the use of official anthroponyms, toponyms and names of institutions. In Slovakia, the largest national minority is Hungarian, so the paper gives examples of using the proper names of Hungarians living in Slovakia, that is, from Slovak-Hungarian bilingual municipalities. In an ethnically mixed environment, the variability of the forms of propria increases, since in the official (and non-official) sphere, proper names can be used not only in the state language, but also in the minority language. In bilingual municipalities, bilingual toponyms and names of institutions appear in both languages. Members of national minorities have the option of entering a personal name in the Register Offices in their mother tongue. Minority proper names fulfill an ethno-identification function, they are a source of individual and collective identity.

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LIIVI KOHANIMEDE ANDMEBAASI KUJUNEMINE

Author(s): Valts Ernštreits / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 68/2023

The article focuses on the Database of Livonian Toponymy. The database was created in the Livonian Institute (University of Latvia). The practical procedures and challenges are discussed considering that Livonian speakers, particularly those knowledgeable in toponymy, are scarce. The toponyms had to be collected from various sources (including literary texts), making mapping them out rather challenging. The article provides an overview of the previous work in collecting Livonian toponyms as well as the digital resources, archives, publications, and their original sources and other sources of Livonian toponymy that were used to develop the database. The article also introduces the content of the Database of Livonian Toponyms, its functions, and the information it contains, and its availability for researchers and other users. Finally, particularities of the nomenclature of Livonian toponymy, the possible applications of the database as well as its potential for future developments are discussed.

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Ново съпоставително изследване върху унгарската и българската фразеология

Author(s): Veneta Yankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Dr. Maria Dudash's new research is intended not only for linguists, but also for a wider audience. The theoretical section offers an overview of the types of phraseological units, pays special attention to the basic concept of “equivalence” and defines its various manifestations. The main section presents an in-depth comparative analysis of Hungarian and Bulgarian phraseology. It focuses on several main themes that delineate notions of man and his place in the world (colors, man, feelings, fire) as well as some of their contemporary dimensions (sports, ethnic stereotypes).

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КОМЕДИЯ Ю. ХЕЙЛАЛЫ «СОБРАНИЕ БУЛОЧНИКОВ»: СТРАТЕГИЯ ДОМЕСТИКАЦИИ В ПЕРЕВОДЕ ДРАМАТУРГИЧЕСКОГО ТЕКСТА

Author(s): Nadezhda Stanislavovna Bratchikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2023

The paper conducts comparative analysis of the original and translated text in terms of the suitability and representability of the play on the theatrical stage. The article explores discrepancies identified in the Finnish-Russian translation of Yrjö Heilala’s comedy The Meeting of Bakers. The research has found that translation discrepancies are caused by the desire to make the play suitable for the theatrical stage. The dramatic text sets the working parameters followed by the translator and actors. The author of the publication, like many linguists, sees the translation of theatrical text as its creative adaptation or version. Three factors influencing the choice of translation equivalents in theatrical translation are identified. The determining factor is the criterion of translation performability. The text is just one element of the performance (alongside actors, direction, musical accompaniment, and design). The second factor is the consideration of the auditory perception of the text, which implies not only euphony but also the attractiveness of spoken language. The words are influenced by the structural organization of this type of text. The third factor is the consideration of the stylistic features of the Russian language. Deictic words and personal pronouns are often used in speech situations. Translators can preserve dialectal expressions by replacing them, for example, with everyday colloquial vocabulary. Speaking names (surnames or toponyms) are translated while preserving national color (for example, creating anthroponyms using suffixes typical for the source language). The liveliness of language is a success in translating dramatic texts.

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Zagadnienie ugrofińskiego substratu w językach bałtyckich

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 75/2019

The aim of the paper is to review Witold Mańczak’s ten arguments supporting the hypothesis on the existence of a Finno-Ugric substratum in Baltic languages, as well as to discuss Jan Henrik Holst’s critical remarks on the matter. The present author discusses all the problematic issues and presents his own position.

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ÎMPRUMUTURI DIN LIMBA ROMÂNĂ ŞI MAGHIARĂ ÎN GRAIURILE SĂSEŞTI DIN TRANSILVANIA

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ÎMPRUMUTURI DIN LIMBA ROMÂNĂ ŞI MAGHIARĂ ÎN GRAIURILE SĂSEŞTI DIN TRANSILVANIA

Author(s): Sigrid Haldenwang / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2009

Zusammenfassung. Das Siebenbürgisch–Sächsische ist ein westmitteldeutscher Dialekt, dem rund 240 Ortsmundarten angehören. Die meisten Gemeinsamkeiten hat dieser Dialekt mit den Mundarten, die zwischen Köln und Trier gesprochen werden sowie mit dem Luxemburgischen. Im Laufe des jahrhundertelangen Zusammenlebens der Siebenbürger Sachen mit Rumänen und Ungaren in derselben Heimat, ist in den Wortschatz der siebenbürgischen Mundarten auch rumänisches und ungarisches Wortgut aufgenommen worden. Die siebenbürgisch–sächsischen Mundarten finden ihren Niederschlag im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen Wörterbuch, das im Rahmen des Instituts für Geisteswissenschaften in Hermannstadt/Sibiu, nach festgelegten wissenschaftlichen Grundsätzen bearbeitet wird. Eine Besonderheit des Wörterbuchs besteht darin, dass es auch deutsche Belege aus lateinisch verfassten, siebenbürgischen Urkunden von der Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts aufnimmt. Diese Belege werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt ihrer Bedeutung für den mundartlichen Einfluss auf die deutsche Schriftsprache in Siebenbürgen oder für die Geschichte der deutschen Sprache gebracht. Der vorliegende Beitrag bezieht sich auf substantivische Entlehnungen aus dem Rumänischen und Ungarischen. Die Entlehnungen gehören verschiedenen Bereichen an...

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“At the End of this Study, See the Following Discussion”: Endophoric Markers in Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian Research Articles

Author(s): Helen Hint,Anna Ruskan,Helena Lemendik,Baiba Egle / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2024

This study focuses on the metadiscourse category of endophoric markers in Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian linguistics research articles. The aim is to investigate whether language, writing tradition, or disciplinary conventions play a more significant role in the variation of these metadiscourse markers across the three languages. Furthermore, the study seeks to determine whether the use of endophoric markers might reflect distinct writing traditions in the Baltic states. For the study, we collected corpora from the key linguistics journals in Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian. Comparison of different types of endophoric markers, including reviewing and previewing markers, visuals, and references to the whole text, reveals a number of language- and discipline-specific differences in the distributional properties and functions of these metadiscourse markers. This crosslinguistic variation of endophorics might be attributed to different writing styles or writing traditions in the Baltic states.

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Akadeemilise teksti kirjutamise juhend: TNR 12, 1,5 ja valmis?

Author(s): Liisa-Maria Komissarov,Helena Lemendik,Eleriin Miilman,Nele Novek,Betti Marie Peterson,Reena Roos,Marri-Mariska Tammepõld,Nele Karolin Teiva,Ilona Tragel / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 20/2024

In the article, we introduce an analysis of guidelines for theses and other written assignments in Estonian high schools and universities. We have collected 60 guidelines and analyzed them quantitatively to see what topics they contain and in which proportions, and qualitatively to see how those topics are presented and explained. The goal of this study was to understand how guidelines assist students throughout the process of writing longer assignments. First of all, it is important to emphasize that written guidelines are only a part of the guidance students receive (in addition to writing courses, seminars etc.), yet they are regulated and more centralized at the institutional level compared to other options (e.g. selective courses or Bachelor’s/Master’s seminars which can vary by teacher). Our analysis of the guidelines shows that they mainly focus on formal aspects. Only 22% of the total volume of guidelines (in pages) is dedicated to aspects related to the actual writing process and the content of the paper (planning, structure, working with sources, use of language). The rest is concerned with requirements on formatting, citation styles, submitting and defending the thesis etc. Of the content and process-related topics, the most attention is paid to the structure of the paper, which is mentioned in all guidelines, whereas the planning and drafting stage is discussed only in 14 guidelines out of 60. It can thus be concluded from our analysis that the guidelines for writing in Estonian high schools and universities appear to be oriented more toward form than content. The students receive thorough and detailed instructions on what the final text must look like, but the process of creating the text itself is often neglected. Our suggestion is to keep that tendency towards form in mind while creating or updating guidelines in order to make them more content-rich and therefore encouraging and motivating – all that to support (university) students in creation of meaningful texts.

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Varase eesti keele kui teise keele õppemängude kasutusvõimalused ja valikud õpetajate hinnangul

Author(s): Heily Leola,Krista Uibu,Aino Ugaste / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 20/2024

One way to acquire a language in an age-appropriate way is to use language-learning games. Previous studies have shown that there is a lack of suitable materials for language learning in preschools, including language-learning games, and teachers consciously do not choose games and rather focus on school-like learning. The transition to learning in Estonian requires the development of learning materials, including creating games that are suitable for learning Estonian as a second language. To support the learning of a second language, teachers must know how to choose games that consider the unique nature of language learning in preschools. The research aimed to determine how teachers assess the possibilities of using language-learning games for children and their selection criteria and principles. Fifty preschool teachers who had experience teaching children who speak Estonian as a second language were surveyed. The data were analyzed using mixed methods. The study revealed that the preschool teachers valued language-learning games as an opportunity to help children acquire a new vocabulary and culture while supporting children's interests and motivation. The teachers believed that language-learning games were not very useful in developing the general skills of children. When choosing language-learning games, the teachers rated most highly the criteria related to the substantive side of the games as, in their opinion, games should contain various exercises and tasks. The teachers proceeded from the principle that, in addition to developing language skills, the game should consider each child’s individuality and integrate other areas of learning into the language game. According to the teachers, games that take into account children's different language levels and interests and also help develop other areas of learning and educational activities are suitable for language learning.

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When family language policy and early bilingualism research intersect: A case study

Author(s): Anna Verschik,Reili Argus / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

The article discusses family language policy in a family of ethnic Russians in Estonia where the father speaks Russian, and the mother speaks Estonian. This is the case of internalization of Estonian among ethnic Russians, a novel phenomenon in the post-Soviet countries. The data come from family conversations (6 h) and the semi-structured interview with the parents (1.5 h). There are discrepancies between the declared ideologies, management, and practices. The declared policy is OPOL and, as the father rendered it, purism because of the concern that the children will be confused otherwise. During the interview the father switched between Estonian, Russian, and English. In family conversations the mother’s speech (539 turns, of which 50 % are directed to the child) contained code-switching (7% in Russian and 8% switches within one turn in speech directed to the child). The parents claimed to speak Russian to each other, yet the mother occasionally switched to Estonian while talking to the father. In general, both family conversations and the interview proved to be linguistically more diverse than expected.

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Recommendations for the meanings of words by Estonian language planning - justified and necessary, or not?

Author(s): Lydia Risberg / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

On the example of Estonian language planning, this research paper explores whether it is justified and necessary to give recommendations for the meanings of words. The focus is on the general language. Technical language is out of the scope of this research. First, a brief overview of the history of Estonian language planning and the development of Standard Estonian, as well as the current situation is provided. Then the paper focuses on recent research on the meanings of words in Estonian. The purpose was to revise the recommendations for the meanings of words by Estonian language planning. The research is based on the common approaches in Estonian linguistics today – the usage-based linguistics and corpus linguistics. The paper argues that recommendations by language planning for the meanings of words are not justified nor necessary in the general language, even if some explanations on the choice of words are relevant (e.g., for offensive words).

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Teaching the Hungarian accusative case to native speakers of Swedish - problems and solutions

Author(s): Gábor Tillinger / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

The accusative case has a widespread use in Hungarian, as it marks direct objects, and it is also used to form certain types of adverbials. In standard Swedish, nouns used as direct objects are never marked, and expressing the direct object function is linked to invariant structural positions in sentences, while traces of (formal and functional) accusative remain in active usage for personal pronouns only. Besides, the Hungarian accusative usually causes extra difficulties for Swedish native speakers because of the resemblance of the Hungarian accusative suffix (V)t and the Swedish suffixed definite article (e)t for neuter nouns in singular. The paper demonstrates different types of mistakes made by Swedish university students learning Hungarian, comparing their difficulties to those of other students having Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic or Finnish as mother-tongue. A similar issue concerning accusative in the South Saami language is presented as well. The paper also discusses how the Hungarian accusative can be effectively introduced to Swedish learners.

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Определение регулярных фонетических соответствий карельской диалектной речи. Консонантизм

Author(s): Irina Petrovna Novak / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (52)/2024

This article is a continuation of the study of the phonetic system of Karelian sub-dialects using the Cognate Analysis algorithm on LingvoDoc linguistic platform, more specifically, their consonantism. Source data for the study was lexical dialectal materials dating to 1979-1981 on 24 Karelian sub-dialects, sampled from the “Comparative Onomasiology Dictionary of Karelian, Veps, and Sami Dialects” (2007). A comparison of these data with corresponding material on six Veps sub-dialects gives ground to conclude that the Veps substrate has played the lead role in shaping the Livvi and Ludic Karelian supradialects. The correspondence series produced by the software in tabular form highlighted the main distinctions in consonantism between Karelian dialects. These include, first of all, voiced/voiceless opposition, distribution of front fricative consonants, degree of consonant palatalization, distribution of the consonants j / d’, vocalization of the consonant l, retention/contraction of geminates in post-sonorant and coda positions. Having involved uncertain correspondence series in the analysis, we managed to determine the main functional features of some correspondence phenomena more precisely and to expand their list. A comparison of the resultant vocalism and consonantism maps suggests a division of Karelian subdialects into two large zones: the Karelian Proper, comprising the northern, southern (Central Russia), and middle (Middle Karelia) subgroups, and the Livvi-Ludic one, which falls into the Livvi and the Ludic subgroups depending on features of the vocalic system. The Ludic sub-dialect of Vlg. Gallezero occupied an intermediate position between them. The results of this study will be used in making a Karelian dialect classification based on linguistic data.

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«Материалы для изучения языка васюганских инородцев (остяков) Нарымского края» за 1889 г. св. Макария (Невского): особенности падежной морфологии

Author(s): Sergei V. Kovylin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (53)/2024

This study presents a discussion of peculiarities of the Eastern Khanty manuscript in the Vasyugan dialect “Materials for studying the language of the Vasyugan aborigines (Ostyaks) of the Narym region” and related materials found in the essays of the manuscript for 1889. The data were recorded by St. Macarius (Nevsky) during his winter trips along the Vasyugan River to some settlement located 444 miles from Narym. The objective of the study is to describe and analyze the case morphology of the idiom of the manuscript comparing it with more modern data on the Vasyugan and Vakh dialects to identify peculiarities. The description of the case system of the noun (which also included spatial orientation cases of serial postpositions) and personal pronouns was carried out separately due to the different set of their paradigms. Cases were analyzed from the point of view of their syntactic and semantic (semantic roles) representation in a sentence. All examples are presented both in the original graphics without changes and in a normalized version with morphemic parsing of lexemes and reliance on parallels presented in grammars and dictionaries published on the Eastern dialects of the Khanty language. The peculiarities of the case system of the monument include: 1) the absence of constructions where the real agent is expressed by a name in the locative case and which are quite frequent in the Vasyugan and Vakh dialects of the Khanty language; 2) the use of the vocative case which is quite rare in Eastern dialects.

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Verb agreement with numeral-noun constructions in Kazym Khanty

Author(s): Denis Yu. Pisarenko / Language(s): English Issue: 02 (53)/2024

The paper examines the variation in number agreement of numeral-noun subjects with a verb in Kazym Khanty. As evidenced by the field data presented in the article, in Kazym Khanty, numeral-noun subjects (e. g., wet amp ‘five dogs’) are capable of causing both the singular and the plural agreement on the verb. The paper shows that such competition between the two models of agreement is a typologically unexpected phenomenon, since for languages in which the noun in a numeral-noun construction is not marked for number, only the singular agreement is expected to be productive. However, the paper shows that in Kazym Khanty, plural agreement serves rather as a default strategy, and it is singular agreement that requires some special conditions but not plural. The paper discusses the semantic and syntactic factors influencing the selection of the agreement strategy. Among the key factors there are such properties of the subject as the ability to control PRO, definiteness, and explicit individuation. The information structure and animacy of the subject are regarded as secondary factors. In the analysis section, the author proposes to postulate different syntactic structure for such numeral-noun subjects that trigger plural agreement and those that do not. The former appear to be Small Nominals and the latter and full DPs, respectively. The discrepancy in the amount of structure between the former and the latter appears to be a source for both the lack of number feature to share with a verb and the inability to sustain an individualized or definite interpretation.

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ПЕРИФРАСТИЧНИ ИЗРАЗИ СА ГЛАГОЛИМА ДАТИ/ДОБИТИУ СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ И ЊИХОВИ ПРЕВОДНИ ЕКВИВАЛЕНТИ У МАЂАРСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

Author(s): Mirjana Ivanković / Language(s): Serbian,Hungarian Issue: 1/2024

In this paper we focus on a smaller segment of the mentioned linguistic phenomenon - the functionally used verbs dati `give` and dobiti`receive`in Serbian and their translation equivalents in Hungarian. The goal is to determine the inventory and peculiarities of the nominal elements with which these verbs are associated in the two languages. The initial hypothesis is that while there are numerous formal and semantic matches inobserved structures, differences also exist. The aim of research is to identify semantic connections between the elements of two languages, as well as similarities and differences in their formal manifestation. The material for the research consists of examples recorded in the literature and dictionaries of Serbian. The results of the analysis will establish whether periphrastic expressions with the verbs dati/dobiti are more common in one language, as well as how oftentheir Hungarian equivalents are also periphrastic expressions. Since such a comparative study has not yet been conducted in the observed languages, it is expected that it can contribute to translation and teaching practice.

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