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„I czy jest On w niebiosach, czy też nie ma Go wcale?” Bolesław Leśmian na tle duchowego dziedzictwa mistyki żydowskiej

Author(s): Michala Benešová / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The text analyzes selected poems by Bolesław Leśmian in the context of their (possible) references to the cultural heritage of Judaism, especially to the Jewish religious and, above all, mystical tradition. Attention is primarily focused on the following issues: Kabbalah as a literary motif presented in the works of Leśmian, author’s fascination with nothingness and imperfect, invalid forms of existence (including a golem as an image of an the imperfect creation), images of God/god in the poetry of Bolesław Leśmian.

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Bolesława Leśmiana serbskie niedowcielenie

Author(s): Petar Bunjak,Bronislava Stojanović / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The authors consider the almost “zero” reception of the poetic heritage of Bolesław Leśmian in the Serbian environment, taking into account the wider context of the former Serbo-Croat area. Before World War II, the Serbian reader did not have almost any information about Leśmian, which did not change in the second half of the 20th century, when Leśmian was “rediscovered” in his native milieu. The central place in the paper is the attempt to answer the question whether Leśmian is really untranslatable and even extreme translation effort – taking into account the formal features of Leśmian’s works, his experiment in the field of lexis and semantics, operating the tradition of folk culture – can provide the Serbian / Croatian text poetic.

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Poezja Bolesława Leśmiana w bułgarskojęzycznych antologiach przekładów wydanych w latach 1921–1984

Author(s): Angelika Kosieradzka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article offers an overview of the anthologised translations of Bolesław Leśmian’s poetry published in Bulgaria in the years 1921–1984. It also describes the work of Polish philology in Bulgaria at the beginning of the 20th century. It further addresses the problem the formal differences between the Polish and the Bulgarian language, so as to identify specific difficulties encountered by the Bulgarian translators of Leśmian as well as their characteristic translation strategies.

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Rytm w poezji Bolesława Leśmiana i problemy jego przekładu na język włoski

Author(s): Marta Pietraszek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the present paper is to indicate the most relevant aspects of Boleslaw Leśmian’s poetry that should be particularly considered in translations. The author claims rhythm to be the aspect of text that requires special attention in translatological work. The paper proposes an investigation of the notion of rhythm both in Lesmian’s poetry and his theoretical writings. The last segment is devoted to a critical analysis of several translations into Italian and is also focused on the phonetic layer of the text.

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Bolesław Leśmian we Włoszech: Milo De Angelis i jego niebiańska podróż

Author(s): Patrycja Polanowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The artistic creativity of Bolesław Leśmian – remarkably colourful, musical, and what is more, referring to varied philosophical concepts – has endeared readers all around the world over the course of a century. In spite of many unfavourable socio-political factors, his poetry managed to become a reference point, as it happened in Italy in the 1970s. Therein, the first encounter with the works of the Polish artist became a crucial moment for a young poet – Milo De Angelis. After a stay in Warsaw, he began to publish a literary magazine entitled “Niebo”, number 11 of which was entirely dedicated to Leśmian, whose visions profoundly influenced the poetics of the Italian author, even in the outer years.

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Przewrotne teodycee: Leśmian – Barańczak – Różycki

Author(s): Małgorzata Gorczyńska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The authoress draws a line leading from Bolesław Leśmian’s metaphysical poetry to the works of Stanisław Barańczak and Tomasz Różycki. The main contact points between them are two quotations: from Leśmian’s philosophical ballad ”Dziewczyna (The Girl)" in "Podróż zimowa" (Winter Journey) by Barańczak and from Barańczak’s "Widokówka z tego świata" (A Postcard from this World) in "Litery" (Letters) by Różycki. The three poets developed what is called here perverse theodicies in order to deal with God’s absence and possible responsibility for death and evil. The irony that is employed in their poetic works is not a means of derision but, paradoxically, of salvation.

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Leśmian, Malczewski, przekład

Author(s): Marta Kaźmierczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the paper I survey the connections between Bolesław Leśmian’s poetry and the paintings of Jacek Malczewski in the context of translation. The renditions into English, Russian, Czech and Ukrainian are explored for the following: the presence of fantastic creatures, their corporality, the blending of Eros and Thanatos, motifs of angels and poppies. The sum of the topoi in common allows one to check which of the foreign editions reflect all the shared points of the two poetics. Perception of visual arts is by no means universal and Malczewski’s paintings have in fact proved resistant to reception in the West. Awareness of this leads to posing the question whether the two macrotexts, the poetic (in translation) and the painterly one, come into such an interaction which could enhance and improve the understanding of both Leśmian and Malczewski by the English-speaking audiences.

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Mickiewicz – dyskurs mistrza?

Author(s): Michał Kuziak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article renders Mickiewicz’s master’s discourse, its development from The Philomaths’ period up until Mickiewicz’s active participation in the Circle of God’s Cause established by Towianski. The paper also takes into consideration Mickiewicz’s own relations with masters as well as his attempts to become one. These issues are being examined in the context of Mickiewicz’s personality inclinations as well as in terms of a historical and ideological context which involves the process of constituting modernity and Mickiewicz’s resistance towards it.

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Mistrz rozmowy. O wypowiedziach przygodnych Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Agnieszka Ziołowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject matter of this article are Adam Mickiewicz’s utterances preserved in a number of diverse writings such as diaries, journals, letters, or private notes collected by other authors all of which were published in 1933 by Stanisław Pigoń in the 16th volume of the collection of Mickiewicz’s literary works special Polish Parliament edition and in Adama Mickiewicza wspomnienia i myśli [Adam Mickiewicz’s Reminiscence and Thoughts] (1958, S. Pigoń). The above readings aim to provide an answer to a question of how Mickiewicz dealt with a spoken word in the act of everyday conversation, how he behaved in the course of a language interaction and how he interpreted it in the next phases of his life. A detailed analysis of the account of Mickiewicz’s exchanges leads to a conclusion that what makes Mickiewicz’s utterances unique is their paideic purpose as in the course of a spoken interaction the author shapes attitudes, beliefs and values and at the same time aims at a comprehensive formation of his interlocutors. Treating Mickiewicz’s conversations as a method of a teaching process based on interaction, makes it possible to correlate it with the tradition of wisdom, especially in terms of one of its manifestations in particular – conversations with a master.

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Mickiewicz wsród filomatów. U źródeł genezy roli Mickiewicza przewodnika

Author(s): Karol Samsel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The study attempts to re-examine Adam Mickiewicz’s attitude towards The Philomaths as well as the phenomenon of Philomathism on the basis of some papers such as welcome speeches, statements, proceedings, decrees or reports documenting his formal activity as the head of The Department I of The Philomath Society. The author of this article poses a question on the necessity to reconsider so called philomathic parallel articulated by Wacław Kubacki and finally concludes that the period of the philomathic activity of the author of Oda do młodości [Ode to Youth] does not easily translate into the character of his spiritual leadership the poet had implemented in the later period of his mature life.

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Zanim został wieszczem

Author(s): Tomasz Jędrzejewski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the concept of Polish national “bardism” (wieszczostwo) Mickiewicz stands for. These days, it is customarily accepted that the name of the author of Ballady i romanse (1822) [Ballads and Romances] is associated with the term – a ‘Polish national “bard”’ (wieszcz). Even today, no matter what types of texts are taken into consideration, whether historical and literary or any other ones, the authors will immediately apply the term as the obvious synonym describing the remarkable Polish Romantic poet – Adam Mickiewicz. The author of this article underlines the fact that this particular practice establishes a clearly defined picture of Mickiewicz’s literary output. Furthermore, the author points out that emphasising the concept of a ‘national “bard”’, which adds extra value to literary work that is already exceptional and deeply rooted in collective consciousness, results in peripheral role of some fields of poetry which do not comply with the poetry model of national “bards”. On the basis of the two cycles of sonnets the author of this paper highlights the dual character of Mickiewicz’s poetry that is constantly orbiting around the literature of social and national nature and that of a literary salon – lighthearted and private.

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Mądrość wywiedziona z baśni. O cudowności romantycznej w świetle koncepcji estetycznych Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Ewa Szczeglacka-Pawłowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Adam Mickiewicz was the author of aesthetic theories which he put into writing, e.g. in a form of a preface to the first volume of his Poems, or presented in the lectures he held in Lausanne and Paris. The study entitled Wisdom Derived from a Fable. On Romantic Miraculousness in the Light of Adam Mickiewicz’s Aesthetic Theories aims to examine the poet’s notion of a fable and miraculousness and to explore the underlying dimension of traditional moral tales, which Mickiewicz perceived as wisdom texts.

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Dwie lekcje przyrody. Poetyckie wykłady w „Drodze do Rosji” (III część Dziadów) i w „Mateczniku” (Pan Tadeusz)

Author(s): Jerzy Borowczyk,Krzysztof Skibski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The authors analyse the style, poetic syntax and ideological issues of the Ustęp Droga do Rosji [The Passage Journey to Russia] in Dziady część III [Forefathers’ Eve, part III] and the part of Book IV of Pan Tadeusz – Matecznik [The Backwood]. The authors consider these two descriptive fragments as ‘lessons on nature’ in verse form. The term a ‘lesson on nature’ is intended to emphasise Mickiewicz’s inclinations to merge and confront a number of various themes and threads such as nature, politics, history, existence and theology with his own creations of artistic and personal nature such as being a poet, a sage, a traveller, an expert on history or an admirer of folk people and their traditions, stories and legends. The construction and space creation, where the movement inwards is easily identified, are the two elements that play a vital role in both fragments. Each text deals with the movement in a different poetic manner and what is more, it assumes a unique significance in each instance. The goal Mickiewicz achieves in both fragments is utopia, yet each time it is implemented differently. In Droga do Rosji [Journey to Russia] it is rendered as a dehumanized space of tsarist Russia whereas the utopia of Matecznik [The Backwood] manifests itself in the absence of aggression, in the local people’s wisdom of life, and in a humble attitude towards the mystery of nature. In the final part of the essay the authors point out that Mickiewicz’s poetic definitions of nature, which emerge from both texts, are nothing but a manifestation of Romantic irony.

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Adam Mickiewicz – słowiański improwizator

Author(s): Zbigniew Kaźmierczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses Mickiewicz’s understanding of what improvisation is – not only a display of rhetorical dexterity but also a speech inspired by God. The article presents a poet who was a personification of a Slavic improviser who, struck by an inspiration, spoke in a Slavic manner of a historic discord deep inside the Slavdom. The author of this article points out that Mickiewicz, composing his improvisations, embodied a mental Slav as he submitted to religious dualism which was based on a belief that promoted equality between the autogenous, perennial and independent principles of Good and Evil and what is more, proclaimed the reign of an evil Tsar-like God or the Slavic peoples’ Black God over the world or Russia.

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Struktura wiedzy ludzkiej według Mickiewicza

Author(s): Magdalena Saganiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The essence of the knowledge Mickiewicz projects is the inner experience presented from a hermeneutical perspective that is as a process of welding the sphere of inner experience with the outside reality as a whole. This particular approach to knowledge makes it a harmonious unity that results from the potential of the spirit which pervades spiritual as well as physical matters, blending at the same time the cognition of the spiritual and material world, and so merging two academic disciplines: humanities and science. The knowledge Mickiewicz craves for proves in action. According to him, anything that can be put in practice is true, hence Mickiewicz's concept of poetry steadily transforms into philosophy of action.

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Czy Mickiewicz był „mistycznym politykiem”?

Author(s): Jerzy Fiećko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article argues the thesis, which has been widely accepted in the research tradition, on mystical irrationality of Mickiewicz’s actions in the area of politics. Analysing the matter from this point of view, the author investigates Mickiewicz’s activity in the period of the Revolutions of 1848, trying to reconstruct poet’s concepts in terms of strategy and here and now tactics. The author of the study proves that the idealism and religion factors, visible in Mickiewicz’s political reasoning and actions, were at the same time well balanced by other equally important ideas and assumptions which Mickiewicz regarded as rational and which took into account the reality and mechanisms that governed the world of politics.

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Polska czyli Europa. Rzecz o Księgach narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego

Author(s): Marek Nowak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

After the failure of the November Insurrection (1830–1831), Adam Mickiewicz wrote the Księgi narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego [Books of the Polish Nation and Its Pilgrimage], in which he included the messianic vision of Polish history and some moral guidelines. The reason for writing the booklet were disgraceful disputes that divided the participants of the November Insurrection in exile. According to some scholars, one can see the similarity between Mickiewicz’s Księgi narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego [Books of the Polish Nation and Its Pilgrimage] and Novalis’s essay Christendom or Europe.

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Rozsądek i szaleństwo około 1833 roku

Author(s): Jan Tomkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Adam Mickiewicz wrote an article O ludziach rozsądnych i ludziach szalonych [On Men of Reason and Madmen] in May 1833. It was published in the emigration journal Pielgrzym Polski [The Polish Pilgrim]. In the article, he distinguished two different groups of people: men of reason, who were inclined for compromise and used the language of treason, and “madmen”, who were devoted patriots – that is to say, ‘mad patriots’. Perhaps patriotism is a kind of madness. At the same time Mickiewicz worked on Pan Tadeusz, the national epic poem which was first published in June 1834. In my opinion there is no contradiction between a realistic, ‘reasonable’ poem and a prophetic journalism included in Pielgrzym Polski [The Polish Pilgrim]. From a patriot’s standpoint it is impossible to be reasonable.

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Zadanie profesora. Dydaktyczny i perswazyjny wymiar I kursu Literatury słowiańskiej Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Magdalena Woźniewska-Działak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the article is to take a closer look at Mickiewicz’s portrait of a professor and a lecturer. Its aim is also to emphasise his exceptional abilities to bond and relate with his students at the University of Lausanne and Collège de France. Also, the paper highlights Mickiewicz’s power of authority that resulted from his considerable knowledge, genuine enthusiasm for the subject he discussed and his passionate role of a committed pedagogue and a formation teacher of the Polish people, which he both regarded as a mission. The thesis statement postulated in the article assumes that Course I of Mickiewicz’s lectures on Slavonic literature proves that the author of Pan Tadeusz had gone through a thorough historiographic analysis of extensive research on the history of Slavonic cultures what makes this part of the lectures a valid and valuable reading.

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Polska na krzyżu

Author(s): Michał Masłowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The presentation highlights Mickiewicz’s never-fading yet suppurating metaphor of the cross from the Vision of Father Peter. By means of the portrait of a crucified Poland Mickiewicz triggers messianism which is sometimes understood as an eschatological hope for political liberation, a Christian mission to transfigure the world in a Promethean manner, acting in accordance with the Gospel, or as a curse of Catholic nationalism (‘Smolensk religion’). The metaphor, brought into existence in the period when a common denominator between politics and religion was in hot pursuit, can today be interpreted as a utopia that activates society or as an ideology of alliance between throne and altar. One of the crossreferences to this way of thinking is a recently published book by Paweł Rojek on Polish messianism popularised by John Paul II – the Pope who referred to Norwid’s idea of ‘messianic labour’. Norwid’s influence on the Pope reached its climax in the period of early Solidarity movement and the publication of Etyka Solidarności [The Ethics of Solidarity] by Józef Tischner (1981). However, Rojek’s approach poses a significant theoretical difficulty, yet inspiring one, which reflects in the fact that the author treats a nation as a collective individual (‘theology of nation’) as well as in the attitude of ‘messianism’ to modernity. On the whole, the metaphor of a cross and the messianic legend constituted or better still boosted the best and the worst attributes of Polish Romanticism – the ideal of spiritual development and solidarity on one hand and Catholic nationalism and national egoism on the other.

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