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Zamet i harmonia. Profesor Aleksander Tyszynski

Author(s): Magdalena Rudkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article attempts to address a question who Aleksander Tyszyński – the lecturer of the history of Polish literature – was for the generation of Szkoła Główna (The Main School). His multidirectional impact on the generation of young Positivists, and especially on Piotr Chmielowski, cannot be overlooked. The article discusses the contributions of Post-Romantic threads to the formation of the young generation of Positivists. Tyszyński’s views did not fit within the grid of coordinates of the literature controversy of that time, but they cannot be described as anachronistic. Paradoxically, they announced the twilight of Polish Positivism – just at its inception, during a lecture at the Warsaw Main School.

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Świadomość metodologiczna profesorów Szkoły Głównej. O kilku prelekcjach wstępnych

Author(s): Urszula Kowalczuk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyses selected introductory lectures of the Main School professors on the subject of teaching history of literature, as well as the „Introductory Lesson to Methodology and Academic Sciences Encyclopedia” by Józef Kazimierz Plebański, in which the subject matter and the teaching methods were definied. Therefore, it is possible to reconstruct the methodological awareness of the Main School lecturers as well as the process of forming history of literature as an academic science and the difficulties encountered during it. The article refers to the statements of Aleksander Tyszyński, Edward Siwiński, Adam Bełcikowski and Fryderyk Henryk Lewenstam.

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Sikorki i siłaczki. Transmisja ideałów pokolenia Szkoły Głównej do kręgów kobiecych

Author(s): Lena Magnone / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents people, milieus and institutions that played the most important role in the transfer of knowledge and ideals developed within the walls of the Warsaw Main School to several consecutive generations of women. Although girls were not allowed to study or even enter the Main School’s auditoriums, the fact that many graduates of the university became teachers in private female educational institutions – especially Jadwiga Sikorska’s school for girls, pupils of which were called “sikorki” (“Titmice”) in reference to the headmistress’ last name – not only gave them access to the up-to-date state of research but also enabled them to apply the Main School’s moral and social standards. Moreover, the so-called “Flying University”, one of the most important achievements of the heirs of the Main School’s tradition, should be recognized as the School’s feminine equivalent. Among this clandestine university’s alumnae were the most prominent female figures of the era: scientists, educators, journalists, physicians and soforth. The common point of their biographies was their social activism, deeply rooted in positivist worldview. The main character of Żeromski’s Siłaczka (“Strongwoman”) perfectly illustrates long-term impact of the leftist ethos originated in the Main School on women in the Kingdom of Poland.

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Ideał zwykłego życia. O wspomnieniach Andrzeja Rocha Świętochowskiego

Author(s): Eliza Kącka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The history of Polish universities is a history of a broken tradition. That is why the obligation to preserve memories and live for ideals applied to their graduates. One of them – and more specifically: one of the representatives of the Main School generation – was Aleksander Roch Świętochowski. As a writer or thinker, he cannot be accorded a lofty position. According to Samuel Smiles, however, Świętochowski treated his “life without events” as part of his self-education project. The article contains the interpretation of Świętochowski’s work: “Moje wspomnienia” (“Mymemoirs”).

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Kultura w cieniu polityki. Publiczne wspominanie Szkoły Głównej na przełomie lat 70. i 80. XIX wieku

Author(s): Grzegorz Marchwiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article shows the extent to which cultural and political fields were intertwined in the 19th century Poland. The author attempts at describing both fields without reducing their mutual influences. The argumentation is based on the analysis of public commemorations of the Main School. All of them in fact refer to the idea of agreement collaboration (ugoda) with Russian authorities.

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Rok 1862 w 19151, czyli jak społeczna pamięć o Szkole Głównej towarzyszyła reaktywowaniu polskiego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

Author(s): Dorota Kielak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the issues connected to preserving the memory of the Main School during the First World War, especially in 1915, when the Polish University in Warsaw was re-established. It was at that time, when the social discussion concerning a newly-founded University was accompanied by the recollection of Wielopolski’s school. The idea behind the Main School was seen as a factor connecting both institutions. Józef Mianowski and Józef Brudzinski, the rectors of both universities were compared, similarities in historical and political situations of 1862 and 1915 were considered. The new University of Warsaw was perceived as continuation of the old Main School. The process of equating the new University with the old School was complemented by active graduates of Wielopolski’s school, who held important posts at the new University and who discussed its mission in the press, revealing their own cognisance formed during their studies in the Main School.

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Z Krakowa do Warszawy, z Warszawy do Krakowa. Wykładowcy Szkoły Głównej: Adam Bełcikowski, Karol Estreicher i Stefan Pawlicki

Author(s): Renata Stachura-Lupa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Main School in Warsaw was the place of developing the consciousness of the generation which, after the January Uprising, regardless of the worldview, social or political differences that arose with time among its representatives, made a breakthrough in the mentality and social life of the Poles. The lecturers of the School included mostly young people, who had no experience and were just beginning their academic careers. For them, working at the university in Warsaw was a significant episode in their academic biographies, not only evoked in their memories. What mattered was the very atmosphere of the university, especially the fascination of students with progressive and modern ideas. Those people included the scholars: Karol Estreicher, Adam Bełcikowski and Stefan Pawlicki, who were connected with Cracow after the Main School was closed. They left Warsaw enriched with academic titles, didactic experience, social contacts and acquaintances, but also determined to continue their academic activity and social work regardless of circumstances.

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Ze Szkoły Głównej w świat – Dybowski, Rejchman, Wokulski

Author(s): Dawid Maria Osiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the question of Siberian experience as an important factor in understanding the identity of Polish patriotism and the significance of knowledge and research for the students, alumni and academic professors of the Main School. The author is interested in the records of Siberian experience in intellectual and fictional biographies, especially the reconstruction of personal and journalist records, memoirs, diaries, reportages, as well as scientific and popular scientific texts devoted to the images of Siberia as a space of scientific exploration and freedom that can provide cognitive benefits to the Polish migrants. In the article the author writes the profile of Benedykt Dybowski (1833–1930, a zoologist and adjunct-professor, the author of Pamietniki, Memoirs), Bronisław Rejchman (1848–1936, publicist, journalist, alumnus from the Main Scholl, the author of Z Dalekiego Wschodu. Wrażenia, obrazki, opisy z dobrowolnej podróży po Syberii, From the Far East. Impressions, Images, Descriptions of voluntary journey to Siberia) and Stanisław Wokulski (a student of the Main School, a fictional figure from the most known Polish novel written by Bolesław Prus Lalka, The Doll, 1890). The author sees the Main School as the institution which formed the Polish intelligentsia in Siberia and formed the intelligentsia’s ethos and the scientific ethos of Polish patriot-academic. The article discusses the importance of the shift in focus on Siberia as a place of martyrdom and trauma, towards the “unwritten page” to Siberia as a space of education, industrialization, and financial gain as well as a political, cultural, civilizational, and ethnogeographical enclave, but especially as a space which is helpful in understanding the value of knowledge and self-discipline of a political migrant.

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„Znaczenie pośrednictwa…”. Świadomość komparatystyczna Bolesława Leśmiana

Author(s): Anna Czabanowska-Wróbel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents an attempt to reconstruct Bolesław Leśmian’s comparative awareness on the basis of the statements he included in his essays. The comparison of Leśmian’s views with H.M. Posnett’s Comparative Literature, translated by Z. Daszyńska and published in Warsaw in 1896, indicates significant similarities in thinking about literature and culture. The article also discusses Leśmian’s perception of world literature, his understanding of literary translation, as well as his usage of comparison and the category of influence. The additional context for the research was provided by 19th-century anthropology, comparative law, and economics.

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Leśmianowskie dziwożony oraz ich słowiańskie konteksty (literackie i nie tylko)

Author(s): Żaneta Nalewajk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Among the literary female characters to be found in Bolesław Leśmian’s writing, there are dziwożonas – swamp or forest demons from the Slavic mythology, known as malicious and dangerous creatures that kidnapped babies just after they were born and replaced them with her own children. They were often portrayed as wild women with long, straight hair and breasts so huge that they could use them to wash their clothes. A survey of selected literary texts from the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century by Polish (Seweryn Goszczyński, Michał Bałucki, Miron [Aleksander Michaux], Maria Konopnicka, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Wiktor Gomulicki), Czech (Karel Jaromír Erben) and Russian (Konstantin Balmont) writers, shows how the representation of such female demons evolved and provides a frame of reference for Bolesław Leśmian’s portrayal of analogous characters in his poem "Dziwożona" and in prose work Podlasiak from the volume entitled "Klechdy polskie".

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"Studnia i wahadło" Edgara Allana Poego w przekładach Baudelaire’a i Leśmiana

Author(s): Maria Rogaczewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main point of the author’s consideration is "Studnia i wahadło" by Bolesław Leśmian – a text which is a translation of a short story "The Pit and the Pendulum" by Edgar Allan Poe based on a French translation of "Le puits etle pendule" by Charles Baudelaire. The aim of the article is to present the conclusions resulting from the comparative analysis of the mentioned works. Collating these three language versions allows to observ changes that are the consequence of indirect translation, as well as to indicate elements arising from Leśmian’s individual translation strategy. References to the Polish poet’s own writings, which show the exceptional nature of the decisions made by him in the translation process, are an integral part of the study.

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Apis mellifera (Rilke, Leśmian, Valéry, Miłosz)

Author(s): Tomasz Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The reading concerns Paul Valéry’s sonnet "The Bee", a fragment of Rainer Maria Rilke’s letter to Witold Hulewicz, Bolesław Leśmian’s poem "The Beesand" a fragment of Czesław Miłosz’s poem "Orpheus and Eurydice". Recognising the semantics and the symbolism of the figure of a bee, which is common to all these texts, allows us to consider them to be the elements of a broader ontological project: an attempt to answer the question of the relation between being and non-being. In essence, this project is about denying the division between being and non-being, proposing the concept of a greater whole instead.

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Rosyjskie wiersze polskich poetów: Bolesław Leśmian i Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz

Author(s): Eugeniusz Sobol / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The fourth translation of Bolesław Leśmian’s Russian-language poems published in 2017 is a testimony of unflagging interest in his poetic works. A polemic between Jacek Trznadel and Seweryn Pollak that took place in the literary review “Twórczość” in 1961–1962 was a starting point for the analysis of Leśmian’s and Iwaszkiewicz’s poems written in Russian. Moreover, the author of the article develops a parallel Bolesław Leśmian – Aleksander Błok.

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"Dziewczyna" i "Szewczyk" Bolesława Leśmiana w seriach translatorskich na języki czeski i słowacki

Author(s): Magdalena Supeł / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

A translation series reflects the tensions between the original and the translation, as well as between different translation solutions. The article discusses two Czech translations of Leśmian’s "Dziewczyna" and "Szewczyk" – Jan Pilař Děvče and Ševčík, and Vlasta Dvořácková Dívka and Švícko – and one Slovak translation: Juraj Andričik’s Dievča and Čižmárik. It concentrates on the shifts resulting from the different renditions of one particular element of the poetic system – metaphor.

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Próba „paratranslatorska”. "Pochmiel księżycowy" w tłumaczeniu Jerzego Ficowskiego na tle pozostałych przekładów na język polski rosyjskojęzycznego cyklu "Łunnoje pochmielje" Bolesława Leśmiana

Author(s): Malwina Wapińska-Piotrowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The basis of the piece of poetry written by Bolesław Leśmian in Russian consists of the narrative poem "Песни Василисы Премудрой" and the series "Лунное похмелье". For many years, we have been familiar with the three translations into Polish made by Marian Pankowski, Jerzy Ficowski and Jacek Trznadel, who translated a few poems that had been omitted by Pankowki and Ficowski. In 2017, a new collection of translations was published. Zbigniew Dmitroca, who translated all the Leśmian’s poems ever written in Russian, was the translator. Among all the four translators, it was Ficowski who declared the most unusual interpreting strategy. He decided to translate, yet artistically imperfect in his opinion, the young poet’s pieces into the “mature Leśmian style”. How did he manage to achieve this goal? I am trying to answer that question by comparing translations of the poems from "Лунное похмелье" by Pankowski, Ficowski, and Dmitroca.

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Leśmian w przekładzie na niderlandzki a semantyka wierszowa

Author(s): Arent van Nieukerken / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper reflects on the difference between Polish and Dutch verse focusing on the poetry of Boleslaw Leśmian. Is it possible to find rhythmical equivalents for Polish syllabic verse forms in a poetic tradition preferring accentual-syllabic forms and particularly the iambic alexandrine and pentameter? The translator Gerard Rasch attempted – not without success – to transpose Polish rhythms to Dutch surroundings, choosing a strategy of defamiliarization (Shklovsky) that allow the reader to aesthetically experience Leśmian’s poetry.

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Filologia niemożliwego. O tłumaczeniach poezji Leśmiana na język angielski i niemiecki

Author(s): Dawid Maria Osiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyses selected English and German translations of Bolesław Leśmian’s poetry, with a special focus on the solutions regarding versification, rhythm, and language (dialectological structures, syntactical forms and neologisms characteristic of Leśmian’s poetic writing). The translation strategies employed by Sandra Celt, Rochelle Heller Stone, Michael J. Mikoś, David Malcolm, Karl Dedecius, are compared with the solutions used by other translators, including Czesław Miłosz, Janek Langer, Barry Keane, Cathal McCabe, Benjamin Paloff, Anita Jones Dębska, Ryszard J. Reisner, Marcel Weyland, Leo Yankevich, Marek Urban, Marian Polak-Chlabicz, Lorenz Scherlag.

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W obcych zaświatach. "Urszula Kochanowska" Bolesława Leśmiana w przekładach na język angielski

Author(s): Aleksandra Wieczorkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on the English translations of Urszula Kochanowska, a poem by Bolesław Leśmian, especially those penned by Marian Polak-Chlabicz and Krzysztof Bartnicki. The author of the article tries to achieve a critical comparison between different translation strategies ventured to conquer the difficulties associated with translating this verse which is strongly connected with Polish culture and literature. The close-reading of the translations is accompanied by a short outline of Leśmian’s existence in the English language along with an attempt to answer the question whether translating his poetic language is at all possible or, perhaps, Leśmian’s work is an evident proof (as many critics say) of the phenomenon known as untranslatability.

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Leśmian nowojorski. Strategia translatorska Mariana Polaka-Chlabicza

Author(s): Marta Kaźmierczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to identify and outline the strategy applied by Marian Polak-Chlabicz when translating the poetry of Bolesław Leśmian into English. The examination begins with the preliminary norm as reflected in text selection, and initial norm – which proves to be oriented on re-creating the strangeness of the author’s poetics. Examination of the particular elements of the poetics includes the translator’s attitude to Leśmian’s neologisms and other creative language deviations, the issues of syntax, poetic form, ideational contents of the poems. Editorial problems and issues connected with paratexts are discussed as well.

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Doświadczyć sensualności w przekładzie. O hispanojęzycznych tłumaczeniach poezji Leśmiana

Author(s): Aleksandra Jackiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article aims to present the problems which might be encountered by the translators who decide to translate the poetry of Bolesław Leśmian characterized by unique mastery of the language and a specific poetic strategy full of sensual emotions, nature, and the magic of the surrounding reality. The contrastive study of the source texts and their translations into Spanish is intended to verify whether the translation choices made by the translators reveal their awareness of the specific formal and stylistic structure of the selected poems. The purpose is also to determine to what extent the translators made it possible for the Spanish-speaking reader to experience the sensuality depicted in the source texts.

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