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CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR AS A MEANS OF RENDERING UNIVERSAL OR CULTURAL SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF THE “DREAM”

Author(s): Viorica Lifari,Oana Șulic / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2022

In this article, we try to give a definition of the conceptual metaphor as a means of rendering the universal or cultural specific aspects of a people, definition which comes in opposition to the one embraced by classical linguistics. We also present some aspects related to idioms, offering a few examples from Romanian and English, instances that will have as a core the concept of "dream". The study is based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory introduced by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson and the one suggested by the Australian professor A. Wierzbicka by creating the prototypic cognitive scenarios of the mental models typical of a concept from a certain culture by using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM).

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NOUNS BORROWED FROM OTHER LANGUAGES WITH SPECIAL PLURAL FORMS, BUT WITH THE SAME MEANING. RELEVANT IDIOMS

Author(s): Emilia Ştefan / Language(s): German Issue: 30/2022

As generally known, nouns manifest certain variations in their plural forms in German language, as some may have a second or even a third plural form. In most cases, only one variant is classified as standard use, while the others can be used as regional colloquial alternatives. This paper attempts to outline nouns borrowed from other languages with special plural forms and to explain the meaning of various idioms in which they are inserted.

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FRENCH AND ENGLISH INFLUENCE ON THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Octavia Moisil,Gabriela Szabo (Voșloban) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2022

Borrowing as an external factor is an important means of vocabulary enrichment. As for the Romanian lexicon, a major importance in its formation is represented by the influence of English and French. These foreign words, taken from other languages and included in the Romanian vocabulary, are adapted to the language systems. Some words entered the Romanian language directly (through direct contact between peoples with different languages; orally) or indirectly (through books or in writing in general, having a religious or bookish character). These loans were possible due to various factors, among which we can identify the geographical space around the Romanian territory, various relations between people.

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CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS AS IMAGES IN ROMANIAN AND ENGLISH ANTONYMIC PHRASEOLOGIES: “SUCCESS” AND “UNSUCCESS”

Author(s): Oana Balan / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2022

The article is devoted to the investigation of the way images are created with the help of the conceptual metaphor within the phraseological units in the English and Romanian linguistic pictures, regarding the antonymic relationship between the concepts of “success” and “unsuccess”. The aim of the article is to find both common and particular components of the English and Romanian antonymic phraseologies that lead to creating images through metaphors related to the concepts mentioned above. The methods used for this research are those of general linguistics, but also those specific to cognitive linguistics. English and Romanian are languages that have many differences from a structural and semantic point of view, and their phraseologies have not been investigated enough, let alone the relation of antonymy between the two concepts proposed.

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THE INFLUENCES OF OTHER LANGUAGES ON THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Octavia Moisil,Gabriela Szabo (Voșloban) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2022

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THE ROLE OF ASSERTIVE LANGUAGE IN FORMATIVE CONTEXTS

Author(s): Andrei-Lucian Marian / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2022

The study explored the dynamics of the mechanisms underlying assertive communication in formative contexts. In particular, it looked to examine the effectiveness of explanatory models in which empathy, honesty and conscientiousness predict dimensions of assertiveness: the discomfort provoked by assertion (DAI) and the likelihood that individuals will use assertive language (RP). Furthermore, the study aimed to identify which of these factors affect to the greatest extent this type of speaking and, also, to investigate the variability of assertive language with respect to gender of participants. 229 participants filled – out Assertion Inventory (AI - Eileen Gambrill, Cherly Richey, 1975), and other self-report measures assessing their empathy (Toronto Empathy Questionnaire - TEQ; Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., Levine, B., 2009), honesty and conscientiousness (Honesty-humility and Conscientiousness scales from the HEXACO Personality Inventory – Ashton and Lee, 2001). The results showed that participants who have higher levels of empathy, honesty and conscientiousness will tend to express lower assertion discomfort. Also, participants who exhibit high levels of empathy, honesty and conscientiousness will be more likely to use assertive language.

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THE UNIVERSAL AND CULTURAL SPECIFIC IMAGE OF ANIMALS IN ENGLISH, ROMANIAN AND RUSSIAN IDIOMS

Author(s): Viorica Lifari / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

Idiomatic expressions are considered special creations of various languages as they reflect the specific cultural way the people think and bear a metaphoric or metonymic meaning. Moreover cognitive linguistics says that we perceive the reality by means of our body and environment, thus various cultures makes use of similar linguistic means to render various cultural scenarios with cases of universal linguistic representation of similar cultural patterns. Since old times writers used to speak about various vices of humans by means of animal images so as to soften the criticism and the process of deriding the weaknesses of people. However, the existing linguistic expressions were constructed in the course of language development being influenced by some previous common writings as the religious books and common human dwellings since ancient times thus explaining the common cases of associating similar animals with similar situations cross-culturally. The idioms that differ among various languages witness about the different mentality of the humans representing different cultures. In this study we compare the images of domestic animals in English, Romanian and Russian so as to identify the possible similar cases and most important, those culturally specific ones so as to help in understanding which way to conduct an intercultural communication in a correct way.

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ADVANCED SPEAKER, QUASI-NATIVE SPEAKER: THE ROLE OF THE MOTHER TONGUE IN THE MORPHOSYNTACTIC DEVELOPMENT OF FRENCH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE

Author(s): Simona GRIGORAȘ / Language(s): French Issue: 32/2023

Acquisitional literature defines the stages of language acquisition, their characteristic features and the types of speakers, while highlighting the role of the mother tongue in learning a foreign language. In the case of the acquisition of French, it has been found that the pace is very fast at the basic levels while at the advanced levels, the progression becomes less visible. Studies show that age has an important role, but to this are added the input factor, the properties of the linguistic structures to be acquired, the frequency of occurrence and the typical frequency. Specialists note the difficulty of defining the advanced variety. They propose another category „the quasi-native level”. To establish the characteristic features of the advanced variety, three areas of investigation were established: the fragile areas that reveal grammatical competence, discursive competence and the linguistic competence. By analyzing these aspects in the acquisition of French as a foreign language in children and adults, we wonder about the conditions to be fulfilled for a learner to reach the quasi-native level. Even if the studies speak of a critical age between 4 and 13 years, beyond which the quasi-native stage is no longer accessible, there are many examples that contradict them. Attitude, motivation, cultural representations can facilitate the process or become an obstacle. As perfect linguistic competence does not exist, the opposition native – non-native serves rather to give confidence to natives and to insecure others, while remaining a stereotype categorization, of a social or professional nature.

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THE ROLE OF PRESUPPOSITION IN THE DISCOURSE OF ADVERTISING

Author(s): Andreea DINU / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

The world we live in is one of communicative interaction, of the advertising that assaults us every day. Even if advertising is ephemeral, its effect is lasting. The premise of this work is that advertisements are forms of discourse that make a significant contribution to the way we build our identity. By choosing this topic I set out to examine the breadth of the advertising discourse, so that I can define the communicational act that we name advertising. From the perspective of practical experience I tried a textual analysis focused on printed advertisements, combining the practical activity with the texts accompanied by comments to show how the messages are constructed. I analyzed the relationship between language and image, advertising strategies, literary and linguistic theory.

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THE POST – GENERATIVE PROCESS OF A STYLISTIC PHENOMENON

Author(s): Violeta Bercaru Oneață / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2023

Pure philosophical and pure poetical the more or less brilliant issue of the category in the vision of the Romanian writer Lucian Blaga is endowed with the capability to acquire multitude of new functions – this central point of the research, the category – reverberates also on the metaphorism and on the revelatory metaphor as ontological gift, and is observed in parallel with perspectives of forerunners particularly from the philosophical point of view. The argumentation entails some results concerning the language as special category named Quality of the human mind, alongside with its Poetical Function super-structure.

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CULTURAL DISCOURSE VS CODIFIED SEMANTIC STRUCTURES IN ROMANIAN PROVERBS AND THEIR ENGLISH VERSIONS

Author(s): Anca-Mariana Pegulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2023

Starting from the users’ exposure to proverbs in both Romanian and English languages, I am going to analyse the Romanian and English communities’ members’ reactions to possible similarities as well as to cultural differences. Do proverbs shed light on cultural aspects? Do proverbs promote a new understanding of communities values and preferences? Using the thematic approach and underlining the pragmatic signification of the philosophical and the cultural levels, when referring to man and woman within proverbs, we want to prove how much languages and cultures – even if they do not share common roots – are entwined and may display common elements. Differences at the language level might make people have different worldviews. Social life determines people’s relationships and the way culture is learned. Proverbs are rich in connotative meanings and the translator’s work should be carefully done, being aware of the concepts in both source language (SL) and target language (TL).

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OBSERVATIONS ON LANGUAGE AND LEGAL-ADMINISTRATIVE STYLE IN THE WRITINGS OF NICOLAE BĂLCESCU

Author(s): Irina Ion Guță (Vlad) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The chapters entitled The Rights of Romanians to the High Porte and Collective Works and Official Acts during the 1848 Revolution, published in the first volume of Nicolae Balcescu's work, Historical, Political and Economic Writings, provide us with valuable information about the configuration of the literary Romanian language in Wallachia between 1780 and 1860, about the influence of Latin-Romance borrowings on the Romanian lexicon, and about the development and modernization of the legal- administrative style. The legal-administrative style appears as a variant of the language and reflects the relationship between the citizen and public institutions, its specific terminology comprising both words from the common language and strictly specialized words, which individualize this specialized language: abuse, administrator, assembly, voters, elections, ruler, commission, decree, delegate, deputy, magistrate, servant "official".

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OBSERVATIONS ON SOCIAL-POLITICAL TERMINOLOGY IN NICOLAE BĂLCESCU’S WORK

Author(s): Irina Ion Guță (Vlad) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The first decades of the 19th century are characterized both by the unification and modernization of the literary Romanian language and by the enrichment of the lexicon with words from Romance languages. The explosive development of science and technology in the modern era, the growth of inter-cultural exchanges and the accumulation of knowledge in various special fields led to the emergence and development of Romanian scientific terminology. Bălcescu participated in the process of creating, enriching and perfecting specialist terminology in several fields of science: socio-politics, history, religion, economics, by introducing into his writings a large number of terms borrowed from Latin-Romance languages, but also by creating new words, through the process of linguistic calque. In order to contribute to the understanding and understanding of certain specialist terms, the writer resorted to glossing them, explaining them in periphrases or familiar words. In the process of specialising terms, some words change their meaning and become fixed in socio-political terminology with the meaning they will retain to this day. Thus, 'elect' evolves from the meaning 'to accept' to today's meaning - 'to designate by vote'. Through his constant activity and the variety of topics he dealt with, it can be said that Nicolae Bălcescu contributed to the evolution of socio-political terminology in Romanian.

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THE DYNAMIC STRUCTURE OF THE LIBRARY TERMS IN ROMANIAN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Cristina Caterev / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The evolution of ideas and facts in library science is due, as in other fields, to some personalities, because a field cannot exist in time if it does not have behind it those pillars on which a vocabulary or terminological language can be created. The terms from the biblio-economic lexicon are grouped into lexical systems, isolated from the words from the common lexicon, and are correlated with other objectual-notional fields. The article presents an analysis of the structure of the terms in the field of Romanian library terminology is generally mentioned as one of the main methods of researching terms in linguistics. Insights derived from statistical accounts of a domain's vocabulary can be useful in solving and clarifying specific qualitative and quantitative problems regarding language use. In the linguistic research regarding the library terminology, we rely on the information extracted from specialized publications, the research is about the 17452 grammatical terms and phrases.

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DISCOURSE STRUCTURE. A RETHORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE CURRENT ROMANIAN EDITORIAL

Author(s): Roxana Prisacaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The old rhetoric of Quintilian considers that the perfect discourse of oratory includes five parts: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, actio. This article first describes these parts and highlights the features that are important for the editorial, as a journalistic and also an epideictic discourse. Thereafter, some examples from the contemporary journalistic editorial will define the main rhetorical strategies that occur in inventio, dispositio and elocutio, describing the specific features that are congruent or different from the old rhetoric. Therefore, this paper presents specific rhetorical structural features of the contemporary Romanian editorial.

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BIBLICAL SOURCES OF THE BARTOLOMEU VALERIU ANANIA NEW TESTAMENT (1993) TRANSLATION

Author(s): Cătălin Varga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The article addresses to romanian biblical scholars preoccupied with the history of biblical translations. We search for the biblical sources (editions and critical editions) of „Anania” translation of the Sacred Text in order to establish the dependence of the authorized versions in Europe and America. The most common francophone editions used by translator was the following: La Bible de Jérusalem (Paris, 1973); La Bible. Traduction Oecuménique (Paris, 1978); La Bible. Traduction par Émile Osty (Paris, 1973). We identify La Bible. Traduction Oecuménique (TOB) as the key one. The most common Anglophone editions used by translator was the following: The Holy Bible. King James Authorized Version (Oxford, 1977); The New Oxford Annotated Bible (Oxford, 1977); Good News Bible (New York, 1978) – with the preeminence of KJV edition. These two biblical translations (TOB and KJV) influenced the Romanian translator in his entire process of translating the original Greek text.

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LOANWORDS FROM ENGLISH – INTERNET AS THEIR MAIN SOURCE

Author(s): Emilia Ștefan / Language(s): German Issue: 34/2023

In this paper, I shall try to outline the importance of internet as the main source of anglicisms in German language. The communication technology developed in the USA indeed plays a prominent role in the field of English foreign words, as a wide array of technical loanwords are being exported to German language (and not only). Online talks, web surfing and writing e-mails have become routine activities of today’s society. It is natural that German language should change with the technological progress, especially in terms of internet. Internet is used by most people all over the world, and if its mother country is the United States, how could languages not be impacted by anglicisms? Languages are different and cannot be compared to one another, but a language is a complex unit undergoing a constant development process. The appearance of anglicisms is only a part of this development, that can no longer be avoided today.

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BILINGUALISM, AN IMPERATIVE OF THE ACADEMIC NARRATIVE

Author(s): Andrei-Lucian Marian / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

The paper explored the topic of bilingualism regarding its conceptual variety, explanatory models, existing forms and educational implications. As it is considered an imperative in various multicultural settings, the study looked to examine the implications of being bilingual, and also to underly the advantages and disadvantages of speaking and understanding two or more languages. Given that previous scientific literature has found both positive and negative effects of bilingualism on the cognitive development of individuals, the authors' aim was to identify the different meanings of bilingualism, and based on this to decipher the mechanisms, determinants, and the facilitating conditions by which different degrees of bilingualism are developed. The current study tried to reveal the different facets of bilingualism, assuming the existence of sometimes contradictory, other times complementary conceptual approaches that make understanding such a phenomenon more challenging.

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A FEW THEORETICAL OBSERVATIONS ON RETRANSLATING

Author(s): Georgiana Din / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2023

This paper explores the utility and cultural relevance of translation, delves into the limitations and difficulties faced by translators, discusses the intricate problems related to equivalence, and examines the concepts of fidelity and translatability within the context of translating and retranslating a text. Translation and retranslation are often regarded as the bridges which connect diverse cultures and languages and they serve as essential tools in our increasingly globalized world. These processes facilitate cross-cultural communication, make valuable knowledge and literature accessible to wider audiences, and bear profound implications for culture, diplomacy, and education.

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Languages in the communication of deaf people: Czech Sign Language and Czech

Author(s): Jana Grohmannová / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2021

Review of: Macurová, A.; Zbořilová, R. a kol. Jazyky v komunikaci neslyšících: český znakový jazyk a čeština. Praha: Karolinum, 2018. ISBN 978-80-246-3412-8

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