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MEDICINOS PREKIŲ REKLAMINIŲ LEIDINIŲ KALBA

Author(s): Birutė Briaukienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 27(32)/2015

Increasingly audacious steps in advertising are made to affect the customer and to encourage them to buy the advertised goods. Advertising is highly important in gaining a foothold in the business environment. Usually, the advertising texts fail to meet the norms of the standard Lithuanian language. The aim of this article is to compare the language of the advertising booklets of two pharmacies. The linguistic analysis of the advertising booklets of Camelia and Euro Pharmacy for March 2014 showed that in terms of language errors the booklets of the two pharmacies were similar, and the character of the errors was identical in both cases. The advertising booklets of both pharmacies contained lexical, syntactic, morphological, and logical errors. The advertising booklet of the Camelia pharmacy presents 121 items, which advertising descriptions contain 55.3% of language errors. The advertising booklet of the Euro Pharmacy presents advertising descriptions of 103 items, where language errors comprise 57.2%. The majority of the errors detected in the advertising booklets of the two pharmacies are lexical (Camelia – 33.8%, and Euro Pharmacy – 37.3%) or syntactic (Camelia – 27.9%, and Euro Pharmacy – 37.3%). Both publications contain nearly equal numbers of lexical errors (Camelia – 17.6%, and Euro Pharmacy – 18.7%). The greatest difference was observed in the number of morphological errors (Camelia – 20.7%, and Euro Pharmacy – 5.7%). In addition to that, the name of the Camelia pharmacy is in conflict with the norms of both Lithuanian and Latin languages.

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Recenzija. Ramutė Dabrytė, Rūta Sakalauskaitė, Dalia Pakalniškienė (sud.). 2014. Rinkis vardą lietuvišką: lietuviškų vardų žodynėlis. Vilnius: Versus aureus, 336 p.

Author(s): Daiva Sinkevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 8/2016

This review deals with the 2014 dictionary of proper names "Rinkis vardą lietuvišką". Its authors took the names included in the dictionary from two different sources (Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas, by Kazimieras Kuzavinis and Bronys Savukynas, and Lietuvių asmenvardžiai, by Zigmas Zinkevičius) without properly sifting the evidence. As a result, a number of names of questionable origin made it into the dictionary in spite of the fact that they were not traditionally used and do not in reality correspond to the scope of this dictionary. The principles applied when collecting the names are not specified either. As a result, women proper names, hypochoristics, or name variants are presented in rather dissimilar ways. The same holds true for the remarks on the origin of the names and for their cognates in other Baltic languages. Is spite of its serious deficiencies, the main value of this dictionary probably lies in its patriotic purpose to popularize proper names of Lithuanian origin.

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Dėl vietos prieveiksmių bura-, ora- ir şura- vartosenos turkų kalboje

Author(s): Beata Butkevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 7/2015

The paper deals with the Turkish deictic locative adverbs bura- (‘here’) ora- (‘there’) and şura- (‘here’, ‘there’). Some researchers (Lyons 1977, Levinson 1983, Anderson and Keenan 1985) claim that şura- occupies an intermediate position between bura- and ora-. Some others (Küntay and Özyürek 2002, 2006) note that şura- is neutral with regard to distance specifications. This investigation has identified a rather problematic usage of the deictic locative adverb şura-. Taking into account that contemporary Turkish language has gradually developed from a three-member deictic system into a two-member system, the paper attempts to more thoroughly investigate the usage of the locative adverb şura- and describe the prevailing deictic system in the Turkish language

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Sources of one-word terms used in UK and Lithuanian constitutional law acts

Author(s): Liudmila Mockienė,Sigita Rackevičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2015

The article addresses the issues of formation of legal terminology in Lithuanian and English. The terminology of Lithuanian law started to be formed at the beginning of the 20th century. Its development has been influenced by several political upheavals and has undergone considerable changes. Since new legal terms are constantly created, it is worthwhile to compare and contrast the Lithuanian term formation tendencies with the term formation traditions in other languages. Contrastive research not only reveals peculiarities of term formation in different languages, but allows researchers to see the native terminology in a new light and assessing it more objectively. In this article, the Lithuanian constitutional law terms are compared with English constitutional law terminology that has a long history dating back to the 13th century. The terms were collected from the major UK legal acts of constitutional nature translated into Modern English, namely Magna Carta (1297), Habeas Corpus Act (1679), the Bill of Rights (1689) and the Act of Settlement (1700), including the amendments as in force today, and the original text of the Human Rights Act (1998) and the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (1992). The results of the research lead to the following conclusions:1) The majority of one-word terms of constitutional law in English come from external sources. In Lithuanian, on the contrary, terms formed on internal sources prevail over the external sources.2) Terms formed on the basis of internal sources in English include a similar number of simple terms and formations (derivatives and compounds). In contrast, terms that come from internal sources in Lithuania are mainly formations made by means of affixation, inflexion, compounding and conversion. 3) The main source of borrowings of one-word terms of constitutional law in English is Italic languages, such as Latin and French. Terms of other origin, e.g. Greek, Old Norse, Middle Dutch, constitute a relatively small part of borrowed terms in English. In Lithuanian the majority of international terms are also of Italic (Latin) origin. Other minor sources include Greek and Polish. 4) Both languages have a small number of hybrids, terms formed by means of combining internal and external sources (mostly French and Latin).The authors expect that the findings of the research will provide useful information to the developers of the Lithuanian legal terminology, as well as to the users of the Lithuanian and English legal terms.

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Pratarmė

Author(s): Loreta Vaicekauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The editorial gives an overview of a special issue focusing on new borrowings in Lithuanian.

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Naujųjų skolinių kaitybinio ir darybinio adaptavimo modelių produktyvumas

Author(s): Loreta Vaicekauskienė,Ineta Dabašinskienė,Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The paper analyses affixation of new borrowings in Lithuanian and the process of their integration into the system of Lithuanian morphological paradigms applying the framework of Natural Morphology. Two word classes, nouns and adjectives, have been analysed and productivity patterns of the new lexicon are presented and discussed. To the group of new borrowings are assigned those items that have been accepted into Lithuanian since 1990 or those that have not been included into the “Dictionary of International Words” (1985). The corpus of data used for the present analysis is compiled from the material found in the Database of New Borrowings, which provides information about borrowing into Lithuanian in written public texts of the last two decades, and the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian (2006–2009). It has been found that the new borrowings follow the inflectional and derivational rules of the most productive morphological paradigms of Lithuanian. The most productive inflectional class of the borrowed nouns is -as, less productive is -is (-io), and the least productive is -a. As for the suffixes, the most productive are -imas (signalling abstract nouns), -ininkas (naming of persons), and the feminine derivational form -inė (from the masculine form –inis) for naming of instrument/ location. The newly borrowed adjectives, as a rule, are only rarely integrated into Lithuanian vocabulary by just adding the Lithuanian inflectional endings, they are mainly integrated using a suffix. In the adjective group the most productive suffix is -inis, while the least productive is -iškas. The research of new borrowings as either inflectional or derivational. This is due to the fact that the derivational relationship between the base and the derived forms in the case of new borrowing is difficult to identify and to prove.

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Kam reklamai skoliniai? Leksikos skoliniai reklamos tekstuose

Author(s): Laima Nevinskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2014

The aim of the article is to analyse reasons of using new lexical borrowings in advertising, taking into account features of advertising as a genre. The empirical basis of the analysis consists of advertisements including borrowings that were collected in the Database of the New Borrowings. The article offers a qualitative analysis of borrowings in advertising.The theoretical basis of the article is a generalised classification of reasons for lexical borrowing, which includes designative, semantic, stylistic and sociopsychological reasons. Further a more detailed explanation is given by presenting the results of research on multilingual advertising: borrowings are used to fill in a semantic gap; because of creative motives in search for more interesting ways of expression; they help to associate the product with a particular cultural stereotype; or they can help to express the identity of a particular social group. From the viewpoint of advertisers, borrowings help to attract attention to the advertisement or product, to demonstrate its advantages by a symbolic value of other languages, to address a particular audience or to play with language for an emotional effect.The analysis of the Lithuanian data revealed a trend of the majority of borrowings used in advertisements for designative and semantic reasons, in order to name a new object. The origin languages of the borrowings vary; they include English, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese. Some borrowings are used next to their equivalent of Lithuanian origin for metalinguistic reasons. In the group of stylistic reasons, English borrowings are used for creating allusions, language play, and in order to attract the attention of the audience. In the group of sociopsychological reasons, borrowings from English are most prominent; they mostly serve to emphasize the exceptional value of the product. They might also be used as euphemisms. For symbolic reasons, borrowings from French and Italian are also used. English borrowings that are a part of youth slang are used in advertisements to create a youthful identity of the product and to address young consumers.The analysis of spelling of borrowings (original vs. adapted) might also be explained by their functions in the text: original spelling helps to emphasize the authenticity of the designated object, increases the symbolic value of the borrowing. In contrast, the adapted spelling of marked borrowings in the advertisements addressed to young people emphasizes their slang origin.In summary, the analysis of the Lithuanian advertisements confirmed most of the reasons for borrowing found in previous studies on multilingual advertising. The paper concludes that borrowings do not only serve a supplementary role when they are needed to fill a lexical gap, but are also intentionally used as a stylistic, symbolic, identity construction tool in order to enhance the effectiveness of advertisements.

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Vilniečių kalbos vardažodžių kirčiavimas: sinchroninis Saussure’o ir Fortunatovo dėsnis

Author(s): Jolita Urbanavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2014

The article presents the research on how Vilnians follow the main synchronic accentuation law of the Lithuanian language – de Saussure and Fortunatov’s (SF) synchronic law. The research aims at evaluation of whether the stress of nominal words is often not placed on attracting endings; whether accentuation tendencies of Vilnians are predetermined by external (social) factors – age, gender, education; what impact on the accentuation of townsmen is made by dialects. The empirical research material includes 30 direct interviews recorded from 18–75 year-old Vilnians (total number includes 26 hours of records). Sociolinguistic variables were coded via the language element analysis programme CLAN, statistical significance of the results was analysed through SPSS (ANOVA and t-tests). SF law was chosen as the axis of the research, which effect (accentuation of attractive endings) is to be linked with standard language accentuation system. Weakened SF law effect (the stress falls on stems preceding attractive endings) is to be linked with levelling of accents specific for eastern highlanders subdialects and accentuation system changes related with it: accentuation of column model, hypercorrection accentuation and accentuation variability. It was established that in view of accentuation the Vilnius speech is not homogenous. The divide separating most likely two individual phonological systems is between the older (over 50 years old) and two younger generations (18-29 years old and 30-49 years old). In the vertical of language variety, situated between dialect and standard language, older Vilnians language, formed and influenced mostly by eastern highlander’s subdialect, is closer to dialect, whilst middle and younger generation Vilnian’s speech is closer to standard language. In older generation of Vilnians speech 59 % of nominal words with attractive endings are accentuated in stems, whilst in two younger generations (Vilnians urbanolect) – vice versa: 58-63% attractive endings are accentuated by SF law. The research showed statistically significant influence of the age, gender, social status of the informants and activity developed by them on accentuation tendencies. More rare application of SF law is to be linked with the category of male gender, low social status and traditional activity (of industrial enterprises). More frequent application of SF law is to be linked with female gender, high social status and modern activity (of knowledge enterprises, service areas).

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Būdingųjų vilniečių tarties bruožų beieškant: 25–35 metų vilniečių balsių trumpinimo polinkiai

Author(s): Daiva Aliūkaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2014

The article discusses the question of Vilnius variant exclusivity and covers one fragment of Vilnius as a complex microcosm: exclusivity of Vilnius variant is examined by analysing spontaneous speech among Vilnians aged 25–35. Empirical research units are variants of phonological variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions. Applying two different research methods – one based on hearing (auditory) and an instrumental one – the parameter of duration of these long vowels was evaluated in the spontaneous speech of the interviewed Vilnians aged 25-35. The results of the auditory research and instrumental examination (instrumental checks of almost 800 variants of phonological variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions and 384 variants in stressed positions have been carried out) demonstrate that shortened variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions are characteristic of the language of the research group. Unstressed variants of the variables under investigation cover the duration continuum range between 60 and 80 milliseconds. Duration range of the variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in stressed positions starts at approx. 90 ms. Duration data of variants /i•/ and /u•/ in stressed and unstressed positions was correlated and this correlation reveals that duration areas of these variants almost overlap. Transitional zone is between ~80 and 90 ms. Quantitative reduction is very apparent so it is possible to make an assumption that this tendency reflects this particular peculiarity of the language specific to Vilnians. However, it is essential to state that even after shortened variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions are present in the speech of people belonging to different generations or having different sociolinguistic portraits, this characteristic cannot be considered as a distinctive characterization of Vilnius language (Vilnius variant). Distinguishing features in variability analysis cannot be at the same time primary, i. e. distinctive, as well as tertiary, i. e. denoting, characteristic. In this research this would be the case. The value of tertiary features is characteristic of quantitative (shortened) variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in some dialects. Therefore methodologically it is not accurate to evaluate vowel shortening tendency of Vilnians as distinctive characteristics specific to the people of Vilnius. These features are characteristic, but they do not have a clear single-plan dividing power.

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Despre fenomenul kitsch

Author(s): Mariana Mantu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 05+06/2019

According to dictionaries, kitsch is defined as a term that has been used to designate an object of bad taste, a reproduction on industrial-scale of copies of artworks with the purpose of commercial capitalization. Another approach of the term refers to all those pseudo-art objects that promote bad taste, firstly through the low qyuality of materials that exclusively replace the original ones, then by the symbolism they transmit, i.e. the imitation of art-works from a simplistic perspective in which the rigors of valuable artistic creations are abandoned. If one considered only the above definition, this would mean a simplistic approach for an ample phenomenon that penetrated not only the artistic field, but also society, starting with 1860-1870, when the term kitsch appears for the first time. Starting with this period, the kitsch phenomenon has had a perpetual evolution, changing into a concept that makes reference to different levels of the social existence. That is why the paradigm of the term becomes an extensive one: the kitsch –man, the kitsch behavior and mentality, the kitsch language or the invasion of the elements characterizing the phenomenon in today’s mass media. It is also worth considering the synonymous series of the term that mainly includes a negative conotation(bad taste,dilettantism, stereotype, lack of originality etc.), neglecting an aspect that can relativize the paradigm: if kitsch had not existed, we would not have known what real art is.

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ЈЕЗИЧКИ ПЕЈЗАЖ КРАГУЈЕВЦА: НАЗИВИ ПРИВАТНИХ РАДЊИ

Author(s): Ema Živković,Mirjana R. Obradović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 68/2019

This paper aims to investigate the linguistic landscape of the city of Kragujevac,focusing on private company names. The goal is to examine the way language isused in naming companies, i.e. to determine the main language tendencies by analyzingprivate company names in Kragujevac. Another goal is to investigate whether thelanguage used in naming depends on the type of business activity involved. The studyincluded three main business activities: sales, catering industry, and services. Thecorpus involved 530 company names collected by searching through the databasesof the Business Registers Agency and Serbian Business Directory. A detailed corpusanalysis confirmed that the choice of names typically depended on the type of businessactivity. In terms of borrowings, Anglicisms prevail – especially those which reflectthe given business activity (e.g. using hair and beauty in the names of beauty salons)as well as those which point to exclusive and high-quality services (e.g. using elite andstyle in the names of boutiques). A great diversity in using “popular” lexemes in thenames of cafés and clubs visited by young people can be noticed (WHAT’S UP, PLAYOFF), which is how café owners want to attract customers. Serbian words are mostfrequently used in the form of personal names and hypocorisms (e.g. the names offlower shops, convenience stores and hair salons). Serbian names are also dominantwhen it comes to traditional Serbian taverns (Serb. kafana), whose owners seek todevelop a sentimental relationship with their guests – most often realized as a senseof belonging (e.g. STARA SRBIJA, NAŠ KUTAK, BALKAN).

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REPRESENTATIONS LINGUISTIQUES ET FRANÇAIS SPECIALISE EN SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE

Author(s): Mohamed Faouzi Imessaoudene / Language(s): French Issue: 19/2020

Algerian students follow a school course where everything is transmitted inclassical arabic unlike the university where knowledge is transmitted in the French language mainlyin the scientific and technical fields. This is an established observation and a reason given for thephenomenon of the "low level" of young French-language academics. However, we believe that theselinguistic dysfunctions observed at the university level are much deeper and find their origins at therepresentational level. Thus, we will follow with the questionnaire. As a first step, this investigativetool will target students and will focus on identifying their views on the French language and thelanguage of their specialty. Secondly, we will talk to specialty teachers so that they can express theirstudents' views on the French specializing.

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LE HASHTAG, FORME TECHNOLANGAGIÈRE DÉVELOPPÉE DANS UN CONTEXTE ALGÉRIEN CONTROVERSÉ

Author(s): Marouwa Hamdaoui / Language(s): French Issue: 19/2020

As part of our study, we chose the hashtag, through a corpus made up oftwenty popular hashtags that address the political events during the year 2019 whichmarked the Algerian social context, published by twitter subscribers. We adopt an analysisthrough an ecological approach that allows technolinguistic description and a retracementof the relationship between the hashtag and the context and semantic expansion. Ourobjective is to identify the impact of political events in Algeria on the language practices ofInternet users. We assume that the opinions of users manifest themselves which implies acontroversy reflecting the crisis in Algeria.

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Na ken zajike kanta otac ča-vala? Čakavština u stvaralaštvu Duška Jeličića

Author(s): Ivana Nežić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2020

In the first half of the 20th century, the Croatian music scene, from Hrvatsko zagorje all the way to south Dalmatia, was characterised by a strong dialectal wave: a number of musicians began to use local idioms in their music. Due to a very wide audience and continuous media promotion, this movement in popular and rock music was most popular in Istria and the Kvarner area, where it also lasted the longest. It thus contributed to the popularization of regional culture and promoted awareness of the uniqueness and value of the Čakavian idioms used in the song lyrics of many compositions. Songwriter and singer Duško Jeličić from Opatija is one of the founders of ča-val, and often called the father of ča-val. This paper will analyse the Čakavian idiom used by the author in his opus. A methodology shall be applied based on the dialectological theory of distinctiveness, which includes three hierarchical ranks of linguistic features (alieté, altérité, and areal and/or local characteristics) confirmed in the Čakavian language systems. The research results confirm that lyrics by Duško Jeličić were written in a typical Liburnian Čakavian dialect, characteristic for the dialects of Opatija and Lovran.

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Aquí llegas, pero allá coges: distribución dialectal de los auxiliares de las construcciones multiverbales de verbos finitos coordinados en español

Author(s): Magdalena Covarrubias,Silvana Guerrero,Carlos González Vergara,Matías Jaque,Verónica Orqueda,Felipe Hasler / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 31/2020

In this research, we present the main results of the study on dialectal distribution of the auxiliaries of multiverb constructions of finite coordinated verbs (CMVFC) from eight Spanish dialectal areas: Mexican and Central American, Caribbean, Andean, Chilean, from Rio de la Plata and the Chaco province, Andalusian, Canarian, and Castilian (Moreno Fernández 2000). The study includes the analysis of the dialectal distribution of constructions with eight diff erent auxiliaries organized in two paradigms: apprehension verbs (agarrar, coger, pillar and tomar) and movement verbs (ir, llegar, saltar and venir), and we present the main patterns of similarities and differences in their use. The data for this analysis are drawn from two different databases, the Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI (CORPES XXI) and the Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y América (PRESEEA). One of the most relevant findings of the present research is the fact that both in its dialectal distribution and in its frequency, the constructions with auxiliary movement verbs, and in particular the verb ir, are the preferred ones. These results concur with previous studies that demonstrate these verbs exhibit a higher degree of grammaticalization.

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Odstupanja od jezične norme – talijanski jezik digitalnog doba

Author(s): Snježana Bralić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 35/2021

This paper examines the use of Italian digital language, which is often evaluated in negative terms. Considering the fact that internet communication occupies an important place in the life of modern man, the study of the features of digital language has been the subject of much research. For those born in the digital age (it. nativi digitali), digital has become the norm to the extent that it is difficult to imagine life without multimedia interaction through modern means of communication (Bralić 145). Digital text is different from traditional written text and the rapid obsolescence of new media is changing the habits of digital language users. Italian, which has existed exclusively in the traditional written form for centuries, and has received full spoken use in the last seventy years (largely thanks to television), faces today a new revolutionary phase of development in which the majority of Italians in everyday life use written digital language. In this way, the digital age marked a return to the Italian written language. However, the language of forums and social networks is an informal language (e-Italian), quite different from the former, exceptionally formal, written Italian. The aim of this paper is to study and explain the linguistic features of the Italian language in Internet communication. The focus is on the language of blogs, forums, and social networks written in Italian over the last three years, from the beginning of 2018 to the end of 2020. The question is whether everything that deviates from the norm in the language is wrong or if, on the contrary, demonstrates the stability and ability of the language to adapt to new media and thus new conditions.

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Linguistic Creativity and Innovation: Romanian Teenagers’ Language Choices in Digital Communication

Author(s): Alina Resceanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In the context of the new digitalized era, when technology plays an important part in communication and human interaction, we are dealing with anew type of creativity and innovation in language, i.e. a variety of words and phrases that reflect the changes in the way the young generation communicate now.Therefore, in this article the focus is placed on the language of teenagers used intexting, by examining some of the “most frequent, innovative, but also intensely ill reputed,features of teen language” (Tagliamonte, 2016: 2), offering examples from both English and Romanian. Moreover, we agree that, whether we like it or not,teenage language is “critical to the advancement of language evolution and society itself” (Tagliamonte, 2016: 2), and we have to pay particular attention to the means they use to change the language.

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Metonimia jako narzędzie perswazji (na przykładzie tekstów prasowych)

Author(s): Jolanta Maćkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (243)/2020

The article is focused on the role of metonymy in persuasion, on the example of media messages. The research material consists of articles and photos published in Polish opinion weeklies. The aim of the study was to show how the metonymic mechanism (verbal and image metonymy) functions in journalistic texts which perform a persuasive function. The paper consists of three parts. The first part focuses on the mechanism of metonymy and the possibilities of classifying metonymy according to three criterias shown. In the second part, persuasive mechanisms and techniques are discussed. Part three shows how and why metonymy can be used in persuasion. The conclusion of the study is that the three features of the metonymisation mechanism, eg. highlighting, being a cognitive shortcut, and being rooted in human consciousness, allow metonymy to perform a persuasive function.

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SINTAGMA TERMINOLOGICĂ EXTINSĂ

Author(s): Doina Butiurcă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2018

The tight link of terminology to ontology represents a fundamental characteristic of present day terminology. The relevance of the referent, especially the extension led to a significant reconsideration of the type of denotant. In the expanding fields of contemporary science, the start is given by the existing‖object‖ which will be named in rapport with its characteristics. It is the variable that regulates the type of term and especially the typology of the terminological syntagm. The extended terminological syntagm –the general research objective – displays special dynamics in the terminology of humanistic sciences, given the fact that sign do not constantly have a concrete referent. Specific objectives: definition and characterization of the proposed concept, degree of cohesion of the extended terminological syntagm, typology are among the specific objectives. The research method is contrastive, descriptive-linguistic and analytical. The conclusion of the research is that the extended terminological syntagm is a multiword combination that contains more than three components heterogenous syntactically and under the aspect of cognitive concept designation mode.

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ADVOCACY FOR A DIACHRONIC APPROACH TO TERMINOLOGY

Author(s): Doina Butiurcă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2021

The study starts from the assertion that diachrony and synchrony are two modern linguistic concepts, in opposition. The main objective is the argumentative approach of the diachronic perspective of terminology, as the interdisciplinary scientific field. The descriptive-linguistic and comparative method allowed us some conclusions, of which the need for a historical approach to the terms is the first sine qua non condition for the creation of databases and disambiguation in specialized communication.

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