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Within the framework of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, this paper examines FIGHT metaphors used in Romanian civil procedure. In identifying the metaphors that emerge in the conceptual model LITIGATION IS A FIGHT/BATTLE/WAR, I have analysed the terminology and the historical roots of contemporary metaphors and I have extracted the texts that illustrate the semantic field of two opposite armies. The spreading of FIGHT metaphors in scientific commentaries and judiciary judgments reveal that the concept of procedural FIGHT is deeply mapped in our culture.
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This article investigated how metaphors for COVID-19 were framed in a Catholic-based journal Thinking Faith. Data, consisting of 107 metaphors, were collected from the online journal and were analyzed within the Jesuit perspectives. Results showed that out of the 107 occurrences of metaphoric expressions for the pandemic, the source domains tend to have reflective and empowering aspects. The 12 main source domains of COVID-19 were war, drama, tools, natural forces, journey, manageable item, teacher, other living beings, darkness, pain, threat, and signs of the times. The coverage of Thinking Faith aimed to show the life-changing wisdom of the Gospel, Catholic Social Teaching, and Papal messages. Positive or neutral word choices of metaphors like teacher, drama, journey, manageable items, natural forces, and signs of the times managed to spark hopefulness for the journal readership. Meanwhile, the violence-related metaphors war, pain, and threat may appear to be discouraging. Overall, the metaphors used in the Jesuit online journal were contextually heartening.
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An example of the correlation of thought between the formal sciences, which are a foundation of the natural sciences, and the humanities is the fuzzy set theory. It is the source of a new research paradigm in relation to the surrounding reality, as well as in relation to man himself and his perception of the world. Nowadays, the fuzzy set theory is very widespread in cognitive linguistics. The aim of the article is to show the historical and substantive relations between the formal sciences and linguistics existing thanks to the theory of fuzzy sets, as well as to pose the question about the usefulness of this theory for Polish social sciences, which include legal sciences. The justification of the research question stems from the recognition of the fact that the constituted law manifests itself through language, which is its exclusive carrier.
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The selection of the essential elements for the circumscription of the cultural canon has been the subject of heated debate over the years. The following article provides a critical summary of the most important moments and works that have contributed to the identification of arguments capable of supporting various canonical models, highlighting their limitations, but also their hermeneutic or emulative value. The author’s conclusion is that, rather than a political (liberal-conservative) perspective, an essentially culturalist perspective is needed in understanding the canon. Canonical conflict has the pattern of a typological adversity (classicism - mannerism) and must be integrated into a recurring phenomenon (the old - new opposition), most likely at the foundations of any culture. In this polemical foundation resides the agonistic character of cultural systems.
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The paper examines two enunciative modalities: assertion and the evaluative adjectives. These modalities allow the speaker to modify his/her speech by describing objects and phenomena according to his/her own perception. In this sense, linguists integrate these modalities among the indices of subjectivity in language. In Allah n’est pas oblig , the story focuses on the main character's peregrinations through several countries and cities in West Africa. Implicitly, Kourouma offers the reader a tourist panorama of his course. More precisely, the modalities that we have chosen allow this descriptive function of the language. The enunciation will be used to highlight the speaker's eye perceptions through modal markers. From a pragmatic perspective, we will infer the tourist directions as resulting from their use in the novel.
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Our paper aims to analyze the means and methods of construction of the speaker’s ethos in the discourse of guides during guided museum tours. The general perspective of our research is that of discourse analysis, centered on the specialized discourse, more precisely on the oral discourse of museum guides, whose generic characteristics can be considered as markers of identity of the cultural institution to which they belong. The questions our study will attempt to answer are: What type of ethos do museum guides build? What are the speech strategies used by the guide to reflect a rewarding image of oneself / the institution s/he represents and to build his/her professional ethos? Our goal is to identify linguistic tools and discursive markers that allow us to reconstruct the process of building ethos in the speaking exercise. The oral corpus on which our analysis is based was collected in Dijon and Beaune between 2015 and 2016.
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The Louvre, the most visited French museum in the world, is the subject of online evaluative comments on booking platforms such as TripAdvisor. According to the principle of tourism 2.0, visitors write their reviews, adressing reader, thus constituting a specific discursive type where the enunciation, in an epidictic register, praises the place visited. Using textometric approaches, the present paper analyses this authentic discursive material by understanding how the use of hyperbole constitutes a rhetorical strategy of seduction and persuasion.
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Within the theoretical framework of discourse analysis, we analyze how the enchantment concept (R au / Poupeau 2007; Winkin 2002) finds its way on travel blog productions. To do so, we work on a corpus of 114 posts, 115 photos and 345 comments. We shed light on the discursive, enunciative and semiotic strategies implemented by authors to immerse readers in an imaginary world where reality gives way to the marvellous. How, in travel blog situations, do bloggers seduce web users? And in what way their audience seems to respond to these attempts? How does denial of market and social realities work in online travel stories? After having placed this scientific work within the current research trends which question discourses and travels, we describe the methodology we use to identify, in the bloggers’ productions and their readers’ comments, the mechanisms the authors deploy to create the illusion of a perfect destination before revealing some of our linguistic and semiotic findings. Eventually, we demonstrate that readers are far from being the naive interlocutors one might assume.
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The purpose of this paper is to focus on the poetic function of the topographical landscape based on recollection of memories. In exile, the character-narrator Jimmy Sarano tries, through a specific narrative technique, to reveal feelings and sensations deep in his memory. Spatiality, characterised by a more or less specific imprint, keeps the reader in a warp of thoughts and memories difficult to understand. Therefore, our study represents an in-depth analysis of the spatial representation of topography linked to the existential representation the characters.
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This article accounts for the process of legitimization as a mere instrument of control in society where symbolic power is manifested. By conducting a critical discourse analysis in combination with frameworks for analyzing legitimating devices in discourse as developed by Theo van Leeuwen (2007) and Antonio Reyes (2011), this study scrutinizes the legitimation strategies used in Ben Affleck’s speech before the American House Foreign Affairs Committee on Congo crisis (2011). The paper also investigates the linguistic devices leaned on by this social actor to advance particular political ends. The results from the qualitative analysis have shown that this activist establishes links with his audience outlining common values firmly grounded on US history, cultural tradition and political ideologies. His reasoning constructs specific understandings of US involvement in the new “war on terror” legitimized through (1) hypothetical future, (2) rationality, (3) voices of expertise and (4) altruism.
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The name Međimurje with its symbolic function for most respondents during the interview was clearly defined by the location of the region along the Mura River, and the only doubt was to use it in the official version of Međimurje or in the archaic and, according to many, dialectal expression Međimorje. The problem of this name is much more complex, although there are not many papers on this topic. The most comprehensive and complex is the work of Z. Bartolić (1998), which is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining knowledge of linguistics, history, literary history and geography, but is not monitored and based on field research, which was conducted during the preparation of this paper. The basic thesis of his work is that the correct name of the region would be Međimorje, where the name itself is interpreted with the appellation „otok“ in dialectal speech. This interpretation is proven by examples from older literature where it is used in the meaning of island (otok), alluding to the hydrographic boundaries of Međimurje, which throughout history have been a significant communication barrier to neighboring areas, and thus enhanced the sense of isolation characteristic of an island. The term island is also found in the Latin version of Insula, which in various variations is found in older literature, especially on old maps, but never independently but in variations with the names of the rivers Mura and Drava. At the same time, foreign sources, especially in the languages used in Međimurje in certain periods, such as the German Murinsel meaning Mura Island or the Hungarian Muraköz meaning the area along the Mura, contain the name of the river as the basic determinant of the name. It is interesting that none of the interlocutors in the interview knew the translation of the word Međimorje (island), but they all interpreted it in the Međimurje way of pronunciation, ie “in the local language”. The survey showed that the majority of residents in Međimurje (49%) and beyond (54%) believe that the name Međimurje is associated with the name of the Mura River, almost a third believe that the name comes from the Latin Insula inter Muram et Dravam.
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The paper deals with the orthographic rules and principles of writing capital and small initial letters in individual words in multi-word toponyms. The author focuses on the characteristic of toponomastic terms according to the types of objects they name, but especially on the principles and problematic cases of writing capital letters in multi-word anoikonyms (minor place-names) resulting from their adaptation to the literary form in lexicographical processing and from the process of their standardization by the Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Authority of the Slovak Republic. The paper also presents suggestions for changes in the Slovak orthographic rules that could solve these problems and would simplify writing capital letters in toponyms for ordinary language users.
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The paper deals with the issue of standardization of foreign geographical names in Slovak. The issue for discussion is the standardization of the name Lombardy instead of the hitherto used name Lombardia. The author analyzes the relationship between these competitive names and their functioning in Slovak. She bases his findings on the frequency of occurrence of these names in the corpora of the Slovak language – the family of web corpora Aranea and the Slovak National Corpus. The analysis takes into account the issues of lexicographic processing of these names, the principles of standardization of foreign names in Slovak, as well as international trends leading to reduction of exonyms in national languages. The practical use of the names Lombardia / Lombardsko is evidenced by examples from corpora. The author also notes them in the context of the linguistic adaptation of other names in the Italian regions. She considers the prioritization of the exonym Lombardsko at the expense of the form Lombardia through standardization as a manifestation of adaptive maximalism and linguistic purism in general in Slovak. Thus, the question of standardization of geographical names in Slovak also acquires a sociolinguistic dimension.
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The article states that using colour adjectives as a part of toponyms is a common phenomenon in the onomastic vocabulary of the French and Azerbaijani languages. The object of the analysis of the study is colour toponyms (colour hydronyms, -oikonyms and -oronyms) of the French and Azerbaijani onomastics. It is noted that the differences between the colour toponyms of the compared languages are, on the one hand, their belonging to different language families and, on the other hand, the location of the studied countries in various political and geographical zones. The commonalities discovered in studying the colour-toponymic units of these languages are explained by the universality of some concepts in nature and the primary colour representations in mind.
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The article is devoted to the interpretation of the term discourse in linguistics. As this topic is not unambiguously interpreted in various fields of science, including linguistics, the status of the term discourse is still debated. Given the tendency of the issue to develop in this direction, it should be noted that the subject of research is essential for linguistics. This type of scientific research and various theoretical sources are referred to as the material of scientific research. During the study, analyzes are carried out using the method of comparative descriptive linguistics. At the end of the article, the scientific results are reflected. It is noted here that discourse and text relations allow us to understand the creation of the texts by the persons within any communicative act.
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Shepherd’s purse is a common weed in Poland. Its various colloquial and dialectal names can be found in the literature dedicated to herbalism, yet there is no linguistic study on this subject. This issue is discussed in this paper. Using an online survey, the contemporary Polish names of the plant have been collected. The material is composed of 33 names analysed in terms of classification into variants of Polish, geographical distribution, semantic motivation. A unit used within a limited geographical area is chleb babajagi, with its centre in Greater Poland. The names chlebek świętojański, Boży chlebek, babi chlebek, chleb, chlebek, chlebki are colloquial in turn.
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The article summarizes the characteristics of the unofficial (living) personal names of married women in the largest settlement of town Stará Turá – Paprad (Western Slovakia). It brings the results of quantitative analysis of unofficial (living) personal names. The core of the article is formed by the overview of the distribution of naming models, along with unofficial (living) personal names. The most frequent unofficial (living) personal names in the class of married women in Paprad are two-member unofficial (living) personal names (39.4%) and three-member models (40.3%). Models with a frequency of 1 are 167, which is 81.07% of models. In total there are 206 models of names of married women. The living personal names of the most frequent model, which is a one-member model with a functional element surname by father in the form of a dialectical suffix -ka, account for only 2.23% of all living personal names in the class of married women in Paprad. Direct, indirect and descriptive live personal names are documented in the site and class.
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The present article aims at studying the neological creation by derivation manifested in the headlines of the Spanish political press. It also seeks to discover the type of derivation that seems the most frequent and productive to create political neologisms in the discourses of Spanish political journalists. In this regard, to conduct this research, a corpus of headlines extracted from the Spanish electronic newspaper "EL PAÍS" published between 2020- 2021 was chosen, and a qualitative descriptive analysis approach is used to analyze them. Therefore, from the lexical point of view, we describe the neological units created by the derivation, analyzing their linguistic structure and discovering their meanings. And as a result of our study, it is concluded that the neological creation by the derivation has a greater presence in the headlines of the Spanish political press. It is noted the importance of using neologisms by derivation (prefixation and suffixation) that makes the political discourse argumentative and persuasive to ensure a good political communication, as well as, drawing the reader’s attention.
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The article, originally planned as a chapter in a historical geography textbook, is addressed primarily to historians and archaeologists dealing with human settlements. The author provides an overview of the history of toponomastic studies in Poland and the existent classifications of oykonyms, hydronyms, and toponyms. She emphasizes the potential toponymical traps awaiting researchers and cites examples of both correct and erroneous interpretations of names, for instance, in the research of defensive structures in Polish lands, the scope of the tribal settlement, or the reconstruction of the road network.
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