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O rečima

Author(s): Milka Ivić / Language(s): Serbian

Milka Ivić je redovni član Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti, kao i nekoliko inostranih akademija. Njene stručne i naučne prokupacije mogu se razvrstati u nekoliko osnovnih oblasti: istorija lingvistike, opšta lingvistika, lingvistička teorija, sintaksa i semantika slovenskih jezika, savremena serbokroatistika. Najpoznatija dela Milke Ivić objavljena su u Biblioteci XX vek: Pravci u lingvistici – 1963 (u devet izdanja, i u prevodima na desetak jezika sveta); Lingvistički ogledi – 1983, 1995, 2008; O jeziku Vukovom i vukovskom – 1990; O zelenom konju. Novi lingvistički ogled – 1995; Lingvisički ogledi,tri – Beograd, 2000; Red reči. Lingvistički ogledi četiri, 2002; O rečima. Lingvistički ogledi pet, 2005 i Jezik o nama. Lingvistički ogledi, šest. 2006. Predrag Piper i Milorad Radovanović priredili su zbornik radova u čast Milke Ivić pod naslovom Lingvistika Milke Ivić (Biblioteka XX vek, 2008). Prvi deo knjige O rečima posvećen je kognitivnim i gramatičkim, a drugi kulturološkim aspektima srpske leksike.

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Semantic relations and conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are many rich semantic resources (mainly for English but also for other languages) that include different types of semantic information: WordNet, FrameNet, VerbNet, PropBank, Ontonotes, PDEV, Yago, BabelNet, VerbAtlas, SynSemClass, among others. The objectives of research presented in the book “Towards a Semantic Network Enriched with a Variety of Relations” are to expand the WordNet structure with an extended network of conceptual frames that represent verb predicate-argument semantic relations in a generalised way. Our assumption is that a relatively small number of conceptual frames which define predicate-argument relation pairs (classified with respect to an ontology of semantic classes) introduce a large number of semantic relations.

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Beyond lexical and semantic resources: Linking WordNet with FrameNet and enhancing synsets with conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper sums up the research and findings made towards the linking of two large lexical semantic resources – WordNet and FrameNet (their verb inventory in particular) – by combining the rich conceptual description provided in FrameNet with the vast lexical coverage and structured relational representation in WordNet. The underlying idea is not just to map the two resources to the extent that their overlap allows, but to expand the mapping in such a way as to assign a FrameNet frame to as many synsets as possible, going far beyond the lexical correspondence in the two resources. We suggest that as a first approximation this mapping be implemented by using the relation of inheritance from a hypernym to a hyponym in WordNet to transfer the frame assigned to the parent synset from the parent to the child synset (inheritance based mapping), and then refine the obtained mapping through a number of procedures. The paper is divided in two large parts. In the first part we explore the relation of inheritance and other semantic relations as represented in WordNet and FrameNet and how they correspond to each other when the resources are aligned from a theoretical perspective. In addition, we provide a discussion of the implications of these observations with respect to the enhancement of the two resources through the definition of new relations and the detailisation of conceptual frames. The second part of the paper outlines the procedures defined for the validation of the consistency of the inheritance-based mapping of frames and the extension of its coverage which exploit the lexical information in WordNet (synset literals, synset glosses, etc.) and FrameNet (language units and their definitions, the names of the frames, etc.), the structure of the two resources and the systematic relations between synsets in WordNet and between frames in FrameNet. We present a case study on causativity, a relation which provides enhancement complementary to the one using hierarchical relations, by means of linking in a systematic way large parts of the lexicon. We show how consistency checks and denser relations may be implemented on the basis of this relation. In addition, we propose new frames based on causative–inchoative correspondences and in conclusion touch on the possibilities for defining new frames based on the types of specialisation that take place from parent to child synset.

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Putting pieces together: Predicate-argument relations and selectional preferences

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova,Maria Todorova,Hristina Kukova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper presents the work on enhancing WordNet with semantic relations between verb synsets and classes of noun synsets corresponding to major participants in the predicates’ conceptual structure. We first provide the theoretical background and motivation for the study and discuss the integration of the three complementary semantic resources – WordNet, VerbNet and FrameNet – which we then use to the end of devising a framework for enriching the relational structure of WordNet with a system of predicate-argument and predicate-adjunct relations. We pay particular attention to the analysis of the relations of inheritance between conceptual frames in FrameNet and between frame elements (the elements of these conceptual frames) which results in the elaboration of a hierarchy that is then translated as a set of relations and relation subtypes between predicates and the main elements in their conceptual structure. The conceptual frames with their corresponding frame elements and selectional restrictions are assigned to verb synsets in WordNet. We then go on to propose a typology of selectional preferences that verbs impose on the nouns they combine with. Using restrictions that have already been defined in FrameNet and VerbNet as well as other semantic information from the three resources, we propose a unified and extended set of selectional preferences represented as sets of WordNet classes and (sub)trees in the WordNet structure. The model is illustrated by a case study of the relation Theme and its subtypes.

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Towards conceptual frames

Author(s): Svetla Koeva,Tsvetana Dimitrova,Valentina Stefanova,Dimitar Hristov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study presents an effort in enriching the Princeton WordNet with information from the verb patterns (predicate–argument structures) from another resource – the Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs (PDEV) – and the semantic types from the Corpus Pattern Ontology (CPA) which describe the arguments of these patterns. The PDEV verb patterns were automatically mapped to the WordNet sentence frames thus adding information about the character of the arguments. The resulting patterns are conceptual frames whose arguments were specified for a set of lexical units – the semantic types assigned to WordNet noun synsets.

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Семантические классы предикатов состояния (на материале русского языка)

Author(s): Galina Ivanovna Kustova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This chapter deals with the analysis of states from the perspective of the typology of predicate vocabulary. States (along with qualities) occupy the lowest rank in the semantic hierarchy of predicates; prototypical states, e.g. ( В комнате темно (The room is dark), Детям холодно(The children are cold) are one-place predicates: their only argument (semantic actant) is the subject (inanimate or animate) undergoing he state. However, many experiential state predicates have two arguments, an experiencer and a stimulus.The chapter is focused mainly on experiential states, i.e. human states, which are the result of a person’s ability to react to the impact of the outside world and to construct in formational images of non-linguistic situations. A hierarchy of experiential states and the semantic relations among them are presented as well.This chapter deals with the analysis of states from the perspective of the typology of predicate vocabulary. States (along with qualities) occupy the lowest rank in the semantic hierarchy of predicates; prototypical states, e.g. ( В комнате темно (The room is dark), Детям холодно (The children are cold) are one-place predicates: their only argument (semantic actant) is the subject (inanimate or animate) undergoing he state. However, many experiential state predicates have two arguments, an experiencer and a stimulus. The chapter is focused mainly on experiential states, i.e. human states, which are the result of a person’s ability to react to the impact of the otuside world and to construct informational images of non-linguistic situations. A hierarchy of experiential states and the semantic relations among them are presented as well.

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The system of diatheses in Bulgarian and stative predicates

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The investigation is intended to provide a clear distinction between the category of grammatical voice in Bulgarian (grammatical diatheses) and lexical diatheses by analyzing grammatical facts and by applying semantic criteria. The category of (grammatical) voice is used to describe a wide range of phenomena. Only the lexical diatheses are presented in more detail: se passives, impersonal passives, middles, anticausatives, lexical reciprocals, optatives, impersonal optatives, property of “oblique” subject. The semantic and grammatical characteristics (arguments and semantic roles, verb aspect, transitivity, and morphological categories of the verb lemma) of the source and derivative diatheses are studied, compared, and described. A large number of the source diatheses affect imperfective verbs that may express activities or states; in such cases, the alternations may lead to one of the following configurations: activity – activity; activity – state; state – state. We trace the correlation between the diathesis type and the eventuality type in the context of the ontological description of the state predicates proposed in this study. The investigation is intended to provide a clear distinction between the category of grammatical voice in Bulgarian (grammatical diatheses) and lexical diatheses by analyzing grammatical facts and by applying semantic criteria. The category of (grammatical) voice is used to describe a wide range of phenomena. Only the lexical diatheses are presented in more detail: se passives, impersonal passives, middles, anticausatives, lexical reciprocals, optatives, impersonal optatives, property of “oblique” subject. The semantic and grammatical characteristics (arguments and semantic roles, verb aspect, transitivity, and morphological categories of the verb lemma) of the source and derivative diatheses are studied, compared, and described. A large number of the source diatheses affect imperfective verbs that may express activities or states; in such cases, the alternations may lead to one of the following configurations: activity – activity; activity – state; state – state. We trace the correlation between the diathesis type and the eventuality type in the context of the ontological description of the state predicates proposed in this study.

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Syntactic realization of stative predicates in Bulgarian (towards a lexical meaning ontology)

Author(s): Yovka Tisheva,Marina Dzhonova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study deals with the syntactic features of predicates describing stative eventualities. We present an overview of the possibilities for syntactic realization of verbal arguments within a framework of a semantic (thematic) classification of Bulgarian verbs based on their primary lexical meanings. Following the main principles of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), we test the hypothesis that predicates belonging to a given thematic group have similar syntactic behavior. The analysis is focused on one-, two- and three-place predicates. Verbs such as седя (sit), лежа (lie), стоя (stand), спя (sleep), блестя (shine), мириша (smell) have one-argument structure. Their single argument occupies the subject position. Two-place predicates are represented by verbs from two subgroups: predicates with a subject and a direct object, e.g. обичам (love), харесвам (like), виждам (see), чувам (hear), чувствам (feel), усещам (sense), желая (wish), искам (want), мразя (hate), помня (remember), and predicates with a subject and an indirect object, e.g. вярвам (believe), надявам се (hope), нуждая се (need), тревожа се (worry), жадувам (crave), радвам се (be happy), вълнувам се (be excited), притеснявам се (worry), гордея се (be proud), срамувам се (be ashamed), плаша се (be afraid), страхувам се (fear). Besides these two groups of predicates, we also consider the possibility for some of the verbs to have three-argument realization. With знам (know)-type verbs, the direct object must be expressed and the indirect object may remain syntactically implicit, while with мисля (think)-type verbs the indirect object has to be represented overtly, but the direct object does not. The alternation of prepositions is also discussed in the text.This study deals with the syntactic features of predicates describing stative eventualities. We present an overview of the possibilities for syntactic realization of verbal arguments within a framework of a semantic (thematic) classification of Bulgarian verbs based on their primary lexical meanings. Following the main principles of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), we test the hypothesis that predicates belonging to a given thematic group have similar syntactic behavior. The analysis is focused on one-, two- and three-place predicates. Verbs such as седя (sit), лежа (lie), стоя (stand), спя (sleep), блестя (shine), мириша (smell) have one-argument structure. Their single argument occupies the subject position. Two-place predicates are represented by verbs from two subgroups: predicates with a subject and a direct object, e.g. обичам (love), харесвам (like), виждам (see), чувам (hear), чувствам (feel), усещам (sense), желая (wish), искам (want), мразя (hate), помня (remember), and predicates with a subject and an indirect object, e.g. вярвам (believe), надявам се (hope), нуждая се (need), тревожа се (worry), жадувам (crave), радвам се (be happy), вълнувам се (be excited), притеснявам се (worry), гордея се (be proud), срамувам се (be ashamed), плаша се (be afraid), страхувам се (fear). Besides these two groups of predicates, we also consider the possibility for some of the verbs to have three-argument realization. With знам (know)-type verbs, the direct object must be expressed and the indirect object may remain syntactically implicit, while with мисля (think)-type verbs the indirect object has to be represented overtly, but the direct object does not. The alternation of prepositions is also discussed in the text.

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Семантические типы инфинитивных конструкций русских предикативов

Author(s): Galina Ivanovna Kustova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In addition to the valency of the experiencer, e.g. (Мне холодно / страшно / стыдно (I’m cold / I’m afraid / I’m ashamed), in Russian a predicative may have a propositional valency P (stimulus-content). The propositional valency is expressed by a dependent clause, as in Приятно, что они до сих пор меня помнят (It’s nice that they still remember me) or a dependent infinitive (, e.g. Приятно засыпать под шум дождя (It’s nice to fall asleep to the sound of rain). The possibility for combining a predicative with an infinitive depends on the semantics of the predicative. Modal predicatives can subordinate the infinitive, e.g. Необходимо закончить работу в пятницу (It is necessary to finish the work on Friday), while perceptual predicatives do not: *Мне видно читать (I can see to read). Predicatives with physiological state semantics subordinate the infinitive, which represents the situation V (the channel for the stimulus’s influence), cf. Было сладко есть 280 ягоды (It was sweet to eat berries) or the situation R (the situation describing the stimulus affecting the implementation of R), cf. Темно читать (It is dark to read). Predicatives describing emotional states can subordinate the infinitive. This construction has three subtypes: (1) the infinitive P corresponds to the valency P of the predicative (stimulus-content): Грустно покидать родной дом (It’s sad to leave home); (2) the infinitive T (transfer) represents an intermediate situation between the experiencer and the stimulus: Страшно открывать дверь (I’m afraid to open the door); (3) the infinitive V is the link between the predicative and its valency P (the channel for the stimulus’s influence; V≠ P): Грустно думать, что мы больше никогда не увидимся ≈ Грустно, что мы больше никогда не увидимся (It’s sad to think that we will never see each other again ≈ It’s sad that we will never see each other again). Predicatives with the semantics of interpretation subordinate the infinitive P (with the semantic restriction that P must be an action (a controlled situation) for which a person is responsible): Неприлично подслушивать чужие разговоры (It’s indecent to eavesdrop on other people’s conversations) (the interpretative semantics is often represented by an adjective, cf. неэтичный (unethical), неприличный (indecent), неуместный (inappropriate), and by same-root adverbs; as same-root verbs do not exist, the corresponding predicatives are used). During the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the number of interpretative predicatives found in this construction has been on the increase.

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Дативно-инфинитивные структуры и синтаксические идиомы в русском языке

Author(s): Anton Zimmerling / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

I discuss two sentence patterns expressing modal meanings in Modern Russian. Dative infinitive structures (DIS) have the taxonomic meaning of alethic (external) modality in sentences in the indicative mood. Root DIS clauses are productive, while embedded DIS clauses represent a relic type inherited from Old Russian: it only survives in sentences with identical clausal subjects. Syntactic idioms like негде спать, некого винить project an idiosyncratic finite sentence pattern with a negative existential head. The latter consists of a stressed negation не merged with an incorporated wh-word. Such elements, called neg-words, combine features of morphological units resembling dative predicatives with characteristics of reordered sentences derived by the raising of wh-words from embedded infinitival clauses to the matrix clause. Most sentences with predicative neg-words reconstruct affirmative counterparts, which are overtly bi-clausal. Russian sentences with predicative neg-words express the taxonomic meaning of existential quantification combined with the meaning of alethic impossibility. The modal subject does not impose restrictions on animacy in either sentence pattern. Both DIS sentences and syntactic idioms with neg-words are reordered bi-clausal structures, but the reordering vector is different: DIS sentences have a degraded upper clause, while the idioms with neg-words have a degraded embedded infinitival clause.

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Средна скорост на речта за българския език (пилотно изследване)

Author(s): Gergana Padareva-Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Bulgarian science has not yet established the average speech rate of adult native speakers of Bulgarian during a talking task. This pilot study aims to measure the average rate of natural speech by applying a methodology in which the measurable speech unit is syllable per minute. 30 individuals (10 men and 20 women) participated in the experiment. They were asked to talk for at least 2 minutes on a topic of their choice. The study found that the speech rate was 280 syllables per minute. Within this pilot experiment, a comparison was also made between men’s and women’s speech, showing a very insignificant difference genderwise.

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Богатство: ценность или антиценность?

Author(s): Svetlana Šašerina / Language(s): Slovak,Russian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Christian doctrine regulates human life, behavior, and relationships with relatives and strangers through the commandments. Breaking the commandments is considered a sin, and overcoming one’s own weakness leads to one’s betterment and one’s coming closer to God, which is ultimately the goal of every Christian’s life. The desire for wealth and well-being is characteristic of human nature, but the Bible says otherwise: “Indeed, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God." (Luke 18, 25). This article examines the characteristics of the perception of wealth and work from the perspective of popular culture and religion.

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Extended ontology of noun semantic classes

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The primary aim of this study is to propose an effective approach for characterising the frame elements of conceptual frames within the Bulgarian FrameNet using noun classes. This approach will facilitate the prediction of comprehensive and semantically valid combinations between verbal lexical units that evoke conceptual frames and appropriate nouns. The study provides a concise overview of the semantic classifications of nouns in WordNet, Corpus Pattern Analysis, FrameNet, and VerbAtlas, emphasising their significance in predicting verb-noun compatibility. The structure of the Bulgarian FrameNet (BulFrame) is presented, containing components adapted from FrameNet for Bulgarian along with a substantial amount of lexical, morphological, syntactic, and semantic information specific to the Bulgarian language. One distinctive feature of the Bulgarian FrameNet is the specification of noun classes, indicating appropriate nouns for the lexical realisation of frame elements. By aligning synonym sets from WordNet with the semantic types of Corpus Pattern Analysis and FrameNet, as well as with the selective preferences of VerbAtlas, the foundational structure of the Extended Ontology of Noun Semantic Classes is established. The Ontology concepts are linked, not exclusively, to synonym sets from WordNet and thereby to sets of nouns suitable for combination with verbal lexical units that evoke the corresponding conceptual frames. The contribution of this development lies in detailing the steps for selecting semantic classes (concepts) and constructing the structure of the Extended Ontology of Noun Semantic Classes.

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Част на тялото като семантична характеристика

Author(s): Valentina Stefanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the analysis of the frame element Body part as a semantic feature to describe semantic frames according to the hierarchical structure in FrameNet. The aim is a semantical description and a methodological presentation for information extraction and analysis of a group of verbs according to the presence of a specific frame element. The research is part of the development of the Bulgarian FrameNet (BulFrame), a system for visualisation and editing of conceptual frames that are defined in the system (Koeva, Doychev 2022). The analysis is carried out by extracting verbs that are conceptually described by semantic frames with the core frame element Body Part. Semantic resources that are created for the purpose of semantic, syntactic and conceptual knowledge of verbs are used in the study. Mapping with verb synsets from the Bulgarian WordNet is made for the observation. The nouns that the verb conjuncts are considered with respect to distinct synsets and semantic types as a possible realisation of the verb. As a result, a grouping of nouns associated with semantic types from Corpus Pattern Analysis (CPA) is proposed.

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Verbs of communication: validation of conceptual frames in corpus data

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The chapter outlines the properties of the semantic class of verbs of communication in terms of the most representative FrameNet frames of higher frequency and the syntactic realisation of the frame elements in different valence patterns in English and Bulgarian. For the purposes of the study we employ two large lexical-semantic resources: (a) the Princeton WordNet (Fellbaum 1998b), and the Bulgarian WordNet (Koeva 2021), and (b) FrameNet (Baker et al. 1998). In particular, the analysis is centred on the information included in each of the resources and how it can be used towards their mutual enrichment and the extension of their coverage. We discuss the general organisation of the verb lexis representing the domain of communication: the prototypical frame Communication and frames inheriting from it, focusing on the frames Statement and Telling as two of the most representative frames of verbal communication. The objective is to validate the realisation of semantic frames in corpus data using the semantically annotated corpora SemCor (Miller et al. 1993b) and BulSemCor (Koeva et al. 2006). While we use resources for English and Bulgarian, we discuss the universal and language-specific aspects of this description and the transferability of knowledge across languages. The observations made on the valence patterns and the syntactic expression of the core frame elements are used to verify the validity of the assigned frame, while also highlighting the similarities and differences both between verbs from the same domain in one language (Bulgarian) and between equivalent/similar senses across languages (Bulgarian and English).

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За семантичния клас глаголи за контакт чрез преместване

Author(s): Maria Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study offers a description of a group of verbs from WordNet with the semantic class (primitive) “verbs for contact”, which belong to the set of commonly used vocabulary in Bulgarian. The description focuses on verbs of contact combined with displacement, which include verbs for attaching, detaching, placing, removing, filling, and emptying. A semantic-syntactic description is proposed, which covers the frame elements of the corresponding FrameNet semantic frame and their corresponding syntactic implementations. Situations represented by the semantic frames Attachment, Detachment, Filling, Emptying, Manipulation and Touching are considered. The analyzed information is based on manual verification, editing and addition of the semi-automatic correlation of two large semantic language resources — WordNet and FrameNet. Subclasses of motion contact verbs have been proposed according to the location of physical contact.

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Основни фреймове за перцепция и комплексно представяне на семантико-синтактична информация

Author(s): Hristina Kukova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research focuses on verbs of perception and their conceptual descriptions in Bulgarian. An analytical review of previous theoretical generalisations as well as scientifically applied research is presented. The variety of constructions and syntactic realisations that the representatives of this class of predicates project onto their sentential surroundings serves as a starting point for the present study. The analysis is based on semantic and partly morphological information about the lexical units from WordNet (Fellbaum 1998; Koeva 2021a), as well as on semantic-syntactic specificities by which the lexical units under study are represented in FrameNet (Baker et al. 1998; Ruppenhofer et al. 2016). Seven frames are considered, which demonstrate high frequency and a wide variety of verbal lexical units. The description includes grammatical features of the verbs, semantic and syntactic constraints that the verbal lexical units impose on their frame elements, mapping of the frame elements to a certain synonym set or semantic class of WordNet nouns that corresponds to the properties of the elements in the frame. The status of the frame elements is also adopted from FrameNet, which is essential for the realisation of the given lexical unit.

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Значението ’ям’ като резултат от регулярен развой: семантичен паралелизъм в помощ на етимологичния анализ

Author(s): Krasimira Fuchedzhieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper focuses on a group of Bulgarian verbs with the secondary meaning ‘eat’. On the basis of specific lexical material included in the Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, we observe the recurrent semantic shifts ‘to tuck, to cram’ → ‘to eat a lot’ and ‘to thrust, to poke’→ ‘to eat greedily (and a lot)’ which emerge as regular.We explain the semantic development as the result of metaphorical change. The identified semantic parallels, albeit in this small fragment of lexis, could add to the empirical evidence in the systematic representation of semantic transitions within semantic typological studies. They could assist semantic analysis in etymologizing other verbs with similar secondary meanings and correctly mapping them to a particular etymological nest.

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Глаголи за емоция и някои фреймови реализации (върху материал от българския език)

Author(s): Hristina Kukova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

he research focuses on verbs of emotion and their conceptual descriptions in Bulgarian. The main aim of the study consists in presenting both theoretical analyses and empirical observations on the behaviour of this class of verbs and their sentential arguments. In order to fulfill the set objectives, the methodology of frame semantics is applied to study the specificity of syntactic constructions involving verbs of emotion, as well as the Bulnet semantic network to outline individual meanings. In this way, we represent, on the one hand, the meanings of the studied verbs with their lexical, morphological and frame information, and, on the other hand, the selective constraints of their frame elements, expressed by specific synonym sets or subtrees of Wordnet.

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Глаголи, свързани с част от тялото – семантични фреймове и селективни ограничения

Author(s): Valentina Stefanova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on the study of verbs in which the structure one of the nouns can be semantically expressed as body part. Verbs are analyzed in relation to semantic frames, that are grouped hierarchically. Observations are made about the structure of these verbs. Specific selective constraints are proposed to present restrictions of the selected verbs.

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