Nová česká knížka o diskurzu
This article is a review of Soňa Schneiderová: Analýza diskurzu a mediální text. Praha: Karolinum, 2015. 164 s.
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This article is a review of Soňa Schneiderová: Analýza diskurzu a mediální text. Praha: Karolinum, 2015. 164 s.
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This paper focuses on the toponyms (place names, field names) and the linguistic landscape in the Czech borderlands in the Jeseník region. Based on a combination of qualitative approaches (interviews with the locals) and quantitative ones (analysis of the toponyms in the linguistic landscape), the functions of German geographical names (and the German language in general) in this area are evaluated. The relationship of both local residents and local entrepreneurs to the German place and field names is also explored. The analysis reveals that the names of German origin are sometimes maintained and even revitalized. The revitalization of such names is influenced more by local entrepreneurs than by the local residents.
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The article aims to introduce the fundamental features of the communicative conception of argumentation based on rhetorical and pragmalinguistic argumentation theories. Argumentation is defined as (linguistic) action grounded in accounting for a controversial position with the purpose of convincing listeners of its acceptability or in order to defend it when it is challenged. The basic form of the argumentation process is described using a three-component model which consists of the argument itself, the justified opinion and the warrant represented by the relationship between the previous components allowing the “plausibility transfer” from the argument to the disputed opinion (cf. Toulmin 2003). The article also deals with the conditions that must be met by convincing arguments, with stable content schemes of argumentation (topoi), and it seeks to answer the question of what the rationality of argumentation is based on, i.e. what the sources of its plausibility are.
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The paper investigates the role of national linguistic purism in modernization of the Ukrainian literary language at the present stage of its development and the status of the study and understanding of purism by contemporary Ukrainian linguistics and linguists of the period of Ukrainization (1920s–1930s). The specifics of purism based on the Ukrainian national soil and the limits of localization of the Russian language influence (where the puristic interventions can be appropriate and reliably reasoned) are studied. The paper outlines the possible steps towards the improvement of the Ukrainian language and its preconditions for obtaining the European status. Special attention is paid to the history of Czech purism and possibility to use its achievements with the goal of purifying the Ukrainian language from undesirable influences of Russian.
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The goal of the study is to present the metaphorical usage of personal names in the newspaper opinion articles contained in the Czech National Corpus. The analysis is aimed at attributive collocations with adjectival forms český/moravský/slezský (Czech, Moravian, Silesian), and pražský/brněnský/ostravský (Prague ‒ Praha, Brno, Ostrava in the adjectival forms) + personal names referring to well-known foreign people, e.g., česká Edith Piaf, moravský Edison. The research showed that the attributive constructions are more frequent in serious newspapers than in tabloids. The Czech society orientation towards the Western, Euro-American civilization is illustrated with the continents (Europe, North America) and states (the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the United States of America) to which the selected personal names refer to. The formal aspects of the names are also examined ‒ e.g., their orthography, morphology, coinages of Czech female forms of male surnames and of hypocoristic forms, as well as their usage in communication (e.g., multireference of the construction to various people).
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The study is aimed at variants and variation of place names in the Czech political discourse in the period between 1945 and 1989. It is illustrated with the place names Podkarpatská Rus / Zakarpatská Ukrajina (Carpathian Ruthenia / Zakarpatia), Bahía de Cochinos / Zátoka sviní (Bahía de Cochinos / Bay of Pigs), and Falklandy / Malvíny (the Falkland Islands / Islas Malvinas). The usage of a particular form (variant) and the substitution of a place name for its variant reflect the process of their politicization and ideological presentation in that-time political journalism. It also shows their usage in symbolic and metaphorical ways through their occurrences in specific collocations. The analysis is based on the Rudé právo newspaper, the official medium of the Com¬munist Party of Czechoslovakia.
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The article focuses on the phenomenon of polyonymy in the north-eastern territory of former Poland in the 1920’s. This was a special period in Poland’s history as the country, until it regained its independence in 1918, had for many years been a part of the Russian Empire. The main purpose of this work was to show a special case of polyonymy in the context of high frequency of giving three to four baptismal names to the children in the aristocratic Bisping family in Wielkie Eysymonty parish (Łunna deanery, Wilno diocese). In the children’s baptismal records there were as many as 18 names of their mother Maria Józefa Bisping of the noble Zamoyski family, and three names of their father Jan Bisping Massalan’s entailer. The tradition of giving two or more Christian names to one person was rooted in the need of intercession with a larger number of patron saints, and also of honouring namesakes from among family and aristocratic protectors alike. Polyonymy in the Bisping family influenced the naming traditions cultivated by other W. Eysymonty parishioners; many children in this parish were baptized with two names. The anthroponymic material comes from metrical books kept in the Diocesan Archive in Białystok.
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This study deals with problems of the typology of place names, the geography of place names as well as the stratigraphy of place names. They constitute the methodological basis for creating an atlas of place names. The entirety of the place names is divided into 7 sub-classes and into 21 types of place names. These can be assigned to specif¬ic time periods (strata). The latter will determine the sequence of maps in the atlas. The purpose of the atlas is to show not only the geographical distribution of place names, but also to provide historical cognizance, particularly with regard to the his¬tory of settlements.
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Review of the book Jan Žižka: Život a doba husitského válečníka by Petr Čornej.
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Review of the book Horo krásná, spanilá! Poutní písně na Moravě (1600‒1850) byJan Malura and Jakub Ivánek.
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This paper aims to analyse the meaning of the salient Czech concept of zdravý rozum, and compare it with its English equivalent, common sense. It does so by using the natural semantic metalanguage, a universal and elementary metalanguage originated by Anna Wierzbicka. This metalanguage represents a shared conceptual core of, presumably, all natural languages, so it is independent of any particular culture and can serve as a non-ethnocentric tertium comparationis for the purposes of intercultural ethnolinguistic research. In this study, it serves to compare and contrast two unique and highly complex concepts that enable us to gain some insight into two different linguistic worldviews – and their respective cultures.
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This article aims to investigate the development of ethnic identity. The main focus of the study is the young generation of Russian minority living in Lithuania’s biggest cities – Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. The hypothesis of this study is based on previous research and tends to examine whether the younger generation of Russians have difficulties identifying themselves as members of a specific ethnic group and/or have hybrid ethnic identity. In order to collect the necessary data, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The main age group of this study was youngsters aged from were 15 to 29 y.o. There were also a control group of older Russians aged from 45 to 60 y.o. The latter group was selected in order to compare the data. The study has shown that around 20 percent of all young participants have double or hybrid ethnic identity. The majority of them identified with two ethnic groups and described themselves as Russian-Lithuanians. Almost half of the young participants had certain doubts in categorizing themselves as members of a particular ethnic group. Even more, around a tenth of all the participants avoided assigning themselves to any ethnic group and defined themselves as “humans”, “Europeans” or “world citizens”. Certain differences between the three cities have been observed as well. Both older and younger Russians from Klaipėda and Vilnius have stronger bonds with their ethnic group and language comparing to Russians from Kaunas. Therefore, the processes of assimilation in this city are more prominent that hybridization. This study has revealed not only the latest tendencies of identity development within Russian minority group, but also numerous different factors that might influence these trends. Complex processes of self-identification as well as the formation of hybrid ethnic identity in young individuals might be caused by globalization, active migration of people, rapid spread of information, multilingualism.
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Lithuania’s national language policy has been a frequently discussed topic in the broad Lithuanian society over the recent years. Due to this, it has been made known that Lithuania’s national language policy is an issue that is currently significant to various members of the speech community. Understanding how a speech community views and accepts their country’s national language policy is crucial in developing that policy well and having the community embrace it. The aim of the research presented in this article was to assess Lithuanian students’ attitudes towards the country’s current national language policy and the standard Lithuanian language. A qualitative questionnaire, which 125 respondents participated in, was conducted to reach this aim. The analysis of the students’ language attitudes revealed that they tended to view the standard language as highly prestigious and to associate the use of this language variant with socially admirable cognitive qualities (especially with formal education though preconceptions about the personality qualities of such speakers were differentiated, either negative or positive. The students tended to associate the use of non-standard written language forms (colloquially called ‘language mistakes’) with socially unadmirable cognitive qualities (especially a lack of formal education) though they also tended to normalise it and not express strong negative attitudes towards such persons. The students tended to express neutral attitudes towards the current national Lithuanian language standardisation; however, they also named more negative aspects of the current national standardisation practices than positive ones, mainly centered around a perceived dissonance between standard forms and language forms widely used by the speech community, stagnation of national language standardisation processes, as well as excessive or unfunctional translation of foreign terms. The students’ attitudes towards national language standardisation were found to be positively related to their aesthetic attitudes towards the standard language. Positive attitudes regarding the matter were also more prevalent in female research participants and philology students (especially in students of Lithuanian philology). However, the students that had had experience in professional text editing tended to express more negative attitudes. The research presented in this article may be useful in the efforts to improve Lithuania’s national language policy, as well as in the development of further research on the Lithuanian speech community members’ language attitudes.
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This paper qualitatively examines mixed speech styles within the context of two single-gendered white-collar Lithuania-based workplaces situated in Vilnius: an IT company and a company producing cosmetics (COSM). In Lithuanian contexts, mixed speech styles could be broadly defined as a flow of speech consisting of linguistic resources from languages other than Lithuanian (mainly English and Russian) incorporated into otherwise Lithuanian talk. The paper focuses on situated usage of mixed speech styles employed in talk at work. It aims to see how the linguistic enactment of mixed speech styles varies according to the working team and how such variation may influence the construction of participants’ complex identities. The research is based on naturally occurring recorded speech, and the method applied could be determined as ethnographically informed Interactional Sociolinguistics. The analysis shows that the two single-gendered communities of practice examined do not draw on the same non-native linguistic resources and that such dissimilar speaker choices and identity work can be predetermined by an intricate interplay of social and situational factors.
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The article analyses 246 hybrid verbs of Slavic origin with the suffixes -inti, -uoti, -yti, -ėti, -auti from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrowings with affixal adaptation are always adapted to the linguistic system. The most popular suffix is -inti (190 hybrid verbs). There are some (64) derivative hybrids with this suffix, hybrids are formed from the adapted basic words, and therefore, in such cases hybrid verbs are derivations of the suffix -inti. There are twice as many adaptive hybrids (126), which are morphologically adapted by replacing the derivative suffix of the language donor with the suffix of the language recipient. Other suffixes are rare: -uoti (21), -yti (12), -ėti (12), -auti (11), with which derivative hybrids are usually formed from already adapted basic noun in slang.
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