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In the article on the basis of the researches by Kolessa, Fylypovych and Krymskyj the main trends in the development of comparative literature in the 1920s are examined. Those scientists represent different directions and methods of comparative literature. The most important of them have contributed to the development of this literary discipline in the 20th century.
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The author uses the study of the axiological systems of the Russian, Bulgarian and Romanian paremiological pictures of the world based on proverbs with ‘good–evil’ components and their synonyms as a framework for researching proverbs and sayings of Bessarabian immigrants who have lived in a foreign Russian-Romanian ethnical context for over 200 years. This article describes and presents in a comparative way some Russian, Bulgarian and Romanian proverbs with the components ‘good–evil’ and their synonyms, obtained as a result of continuous sampling of the most complete representative sources. The author brings forward statistical characteristics of arrays paired with observations upon the universal and nationally specific traits at the conceptual, structural and discursive levels. Some entry-level comparative interpretation is carried out, building upon the Russian, Bulgarian and Romanian paremiological ideas about the essence of such categories as ‘good’ and ‘evil’, as well as the balance between these categories and the expected reactions to good and evil.
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Based on the comparative-typological analysis, the article considers the ideas of Russians and Balts about the person and the world imprinted in the semantics of phraseological units with the somatizm foot in the Russian, Latvian and Lithuanian languages. The results of the research show that these cultural ideas of the world and the person first cover different aspects of the person’s life (physical and emotional states, character, behavior, the relation to the world and so on) as well as the main categories of the world (space and its organization, time, movement, etc.); secondly, a considerable part of these representations is universal for Russians and Balts. The majority of these universal ideas about the person and the world are structured by a certain set of universal oppositions into which fit equivalent Russian and Baltic somatic phraseological units.
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В настоящей работе рассматриваются вопросительные предложении фразеологизированной структуры м их сербскохорватские эквиваленты. Исследование проведено на материале литературных произведений советских и югославских писателей, причём собрано 3650 вопросительных предложений. В работе особенное внимание уделяется вопросительным предложениям фразеологизировэнной структуры, в состав которых входят вопросительные слова: что, как, где и почему. Результаты исселдования показывают, что русские вопросительные предложения фразеологизированной структуры нельзя переводить на сербскохорватский язык дословно. Им в сербскохорватском языке соответствуют предложения свободной структуры.
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This study traces the evolution of conditionals in the Ruthenian literary language basing on V. Tjapinski’s Gospel, printed around the year of 1580 (further on TG). The Ruthenian language evolves from a living language and changes together with it. Here I dwell upon the variation of the conditional. The article represents the reconstructed paradigms with different variants of the use of conditionals in TG. A table shows the use of language models, analogous to Polish, in the Ruthenian language. The verb forms that emerged under the Polish influence are rare in TG and the most distant from the Old Russian language
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In this article, is defined types of oral folk creativity, the parallels between them in Russian, Turkish and Azerbaijani languages and distinguishing characteristics are determined; is emphasized the role and importance of folklore education and upbringing of the younger generation.
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In this article I make a review of the proverbial comparisons from the semantic field “natural elements” and track their connections to the stereotypes in thinking. Stereotypes I define according to E. S. Kubryakova’s “Short dictionary of the cognitive terms”. I want to understand, how in the formation and functioning of the proverbial comparisons is represented folk culture, primarily, ritual and ritual comparison. A lot of in¬formation give us proverbial comparisons, connected with water. As an example here I can state a custom of making kurban near the river, so that the blood of the animal would flow into it. This is made so that the milk of other animals flows like water, to have it a lot (Sofijsko). We can also state the expression “let it go like with water” and the rituals to pour water in front of someone, so that everything goes right (especially in time of the initiation). Also, to clarify this topic I include analyses of the spells, where the analogy between the illness or the symptoms, or the curing process and the outer world is vivid. For example, if someone wants to get rid of the warts, he or she cuts the stick and places them in the river, so that it takes them away together with the warts (Sofijsko, Dolni Lozen).
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Nowadays, sports play an important role in the world, both from the pure competitive (even emulative) and political point of view. The influence of sports is also traced here at the linguistic level: many words and expressions from the field of sports penetrate the language but, on the other hand, the sphere of sports itself becomes a fertile ground for the emergence of new expressive words and idioms having different stylistic and expressive colours that can perform various pragmatic functions. In the language of sports, lexical units often acquire a new meaning related to sports; in some cases, the meanings of already existing metaphorical phraseological models are actualized. The paper is devoted to the problem of the status and description of one of the types of phraseological units, i.e. stable comparisons, which are used in the sphere of sports or sports discourse in modern Russian and Ukrainian languages. On the one hand, these units have their origins in sports slang as well as in mass media language and also come from common phraseology and other discourses. On the other hand, such units have not only a high expressive level but they are often used as picturesque and metaphorical means in other discourses, e.g. political, social, or economic. Such expressions are nowadays very popular and commonly used both in spoken language (speech) and in mass media language. Stable comparisons are, in fact, a universally figurative and expressive means of language which can be used in any situation, context, and in any pragmatic field of language use. The sphere of sports is not an exception, where such language units fulfil various functions both in the language of sports journalism (oral reportages, articles on sports, internet communication and discussions in internet forums specializing in sports) and in the speech of the athletes themselves. This paper discusses some of the most commonly used stable comparisons in the sphere of sports (i.e. sports discourse) both in Russian and Ukrainian languages. The metaphorical models of such units are examined from the point of view of Russian–Ukrainian language convergence. It can be stated that the language of modern Russian sports journalism can be seen today to a certain extent as a possible (or potential) prototype for the development of Ukrainian-language sports discourse. Generally speaking, live contacts in interdiscourse sports communication, including the language of sports journalism, however, are still ongoing and active language interaction at the level of vocabulary and phraseology remains one of the most effective means of enriching the vocabulary of the national language.
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In this paper we analyse Serbian, French and Italian idioms comprising the culinary terminology as their component (lexemes that denote groceries (e.g. apple, egg), certain types of meals (e.g. goulash), meat products (e.g. sausage) and other culinary products (e.g. bread)). The aim is to observe the influence of the European culture on phraseolog ical meaning as well as to determine the lexical and semantic similarities and differences of the chosen idioms by using comparative-contrastive analysis. We classified the idioms into four groups according to their origin: 1) idioms of biblical origin, 2) idioms rooted in mythology, legends and anecdotes, 3) idioms originating from fables and 4) idioms of uncertain origin. We noticed that, despite the different national cultures and different lan guage groups (French and Italian are Romance languages, while Serbian is Slavic lan guage), the majority of the chosen idioms that were influenced by European culture are lexical and semantic equivalents in the three languages, which indicates the similar met aphorical manner of thinking of the three nations. However, the results of our research also show that certain idioms can be found in just one or two languages due to the influ ence of different historical and sociolinguistic factors on the observed languages. Addi tionally, some of the idioms are semantic, but not lexical equivalents.
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The aim of the paper is to present the current influence English has on French, as well as the point to which the increasing use of English is superseding all other languages in daily scientific, economic and trade communication. The changes that are detected in contemporary French under the influence of English are illustrated through several examples. These changes mostly appear in the field of lexic, whereas morphosyntactic changes are slight. Research shows that English is used less in business communication than commonly believed, and that members of the middle class and those with a secondary education are more prone to be proud of their ability to speak English than the wealthier and highly educated ones respectively. Another idea discussed in the paper is that many speakers of French see this influence as an attack on their language and cultural identity, whereas others see it as a natural phase in the development of every language and an opportunity to enrich a language.
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Inclusion of others’ words into authorial discourse is actually the trans- mission of someone else’s speech. Forms of the journalistic style of writing are used in order for transmission of other people’s speech to have the same expressive value as to readers of newspaper media. In the introductory part we present the impor- tance and role of journalistic style of writing in transferring someone else’s speech into newspapers. The paper also discusses two grammaticalized types of conveying another’s speech - direct and indirect - from daily newspapers published in the Re- public of Serbia. We will pay attention to the examples taken from the texts that are an integral part of the daily newspapers which we have divided into two large groups, depending on whether they belong to the model of direct or indirect speech and what their fuction is in a given context.
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Considerando que la enseñanza moderna de lenguas extranjeras presupone que la lengua y la cultura forman una unidad única e inseparable, es necesario que los alumnos desarrollen una opinión positiva hacia la cultura cuya lengua aprenden. No obstante, son numerosas las investigaciones que confirman la existencia de varios estereotipos a la hora de aprender lenguas extranjeras, y que los mismos de cierta manera moldean el proceso de aprendizaje de la lengua misma. Teniendo en cuenta que los mencionados estereotipos pueden aparecer en dos formas, como positivos y como negativos, su influencia en el aprendizaje de las lenguas extranjeres puede tener un doble efecto. A este respecto, es importante la relación que existe entre los estereotipos y la motivación, porque partimos de la hipótesis de que los estereotipos positivos pueden motivar el proceso de aprendizaje de la lengua extranjera, mientras que, por otra parte, los estereotipos negativos pueden ser un motivo de desinterés para los alumnos, y por lo tanto para su éxito. Asimismo, no hay que descuidar la competencia intercultural cuyo desarrollo depende en gran medida del grado de la existencia de los estereotipos entre los alumnos y los estudiantes. Este trabajo tratará la influencia de los estereotipos en el aprendizaje de la lengua española. El objetivo principal es señalar la importancia del estudio de la dicha problemática a través de la revisión de algunos trabajos e investigaciones más relevantes, es decir comprobar en qué medida los estereotipos influyen en el aprendizaje de la lengua española, al igual que señalar las implicaciones pedagógicas que ellos traen consigo. Las investi- gaciones muestran resultados similares en cuanto a la presencia de los estereotipos entre los estudiantes y los alumnos que aprenden español como lengua extranjera. Aparecen tanto los negativos como los positivos, aunque los segundos emergen en mayor medida, lo que está a favor del aprendizaje de la lengua española, así como a favor del crecimento de motivación y desarrollo de la competencia intercultural.
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The material the article is based on was collected by N.L. Fedotova in 2009-2010 in the Parabel village from two speakers of the Narym dialect of the Selkup language – Irina Anatolyevna Korobeynikova and Yakov Yakovlevitch Martynov. In 2009 a word-list of indigenous vocabulary and some paradigms were collected from both informants (the latter as much as they could remember, which they did with difficulty). In 2010 the full dictionary (about 2000 lexical items) was collected from I.A. Korobeynikova, who speaks the language somewhat better. The article presents the analysis of the vowels of the first syllable in the Narym dialect of the Selkup language on the basis of field recordings and their parallels in the Taz and Ket dialects. Qualitative oppositions in the vocalism system are described, using the results of the analysis in a phonetic software Praat, which gives to the transcriptions the base of formant analysis, not the one of the author's intuition. The results of the analysis allow to clarify the system of Selkup bases cited in [Alatalo 2004] and reconstruct four additional Protoselkup phonemes — *e, *ä, *y, *˱i. It is shown that specific Taz phonemes е — е (broad) и ε (lax) — and two i — i (broad) and i͔ (regular) can be recounstructed for the Proto-Selkup language and, as such, should be accounted for during the analysis of the development from Proto-Samoyed system to the Proto-Selkup one.
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In the article we discuss some evidence for the existence of long vowels in Proto-Selkup. These vowels are preserved in the Selkup dialects. We have analyzed the audio recordings of the Togur dialect of the middle Ob subdialect of the Selkup language, which were collected in phonetic laboratory in Novosibirsk in 1973 from Fiona Tobolzhina (born in 1911), using Praat phonetic software. The resulting glossary is currently available online at http://lingvodoc.ispras.ru. We have found that minimal pairs for long and short vowels exist in this dialect. While analyzing the Togur dialect wordlist and comparing it to E. Helimski’s Middle Taz dictionary we have found out that the length of vowels in these dialects coincide, regardless of their speakers living geographically far from each other, indicating its Proto-Selkup character, which is very accurately presented in the dictionary of J. Alatalo. Further analysis of Proto-Selkup vowel length and comparing it with the Nenets data showed that it has the Proto-Samoyedic character and was relevant for the development of vowels from Proto-Uralic to Proto-Samoyedic.
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The article aims to analyze the functional load of Russian ball dance that represents fragments of XIII – XIX century sociocultural history and life in their correlation with modern reception and practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The author’s vision of the place and significant role of the ball dance in Russian culture, especially literature and art, is revealed. The focus is put on the phenomenon of ball dance etiquette and ceremony, suggesting a great variety of topics and different methods of exploring this outstanding cultural emblem, described from the point of view of synergy, imagology and innovative technologies, used in the process of teaching foreign languages.
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The article examines Spanish components in the toponymy of the Republic of the Philippines, regarded as a kind of “cartographic” form of the Spanish language present in this area. Through the language contacts prism between Spanish and Filipino and other languages, primarily English, the authors systematise the structure and pragmatics of the Spanish components in the toponymy of the Philippines, consider their current state by means of onomastic methods and linguocultural research. The article shows that the main thematic groups of motivating attributes in Philippine toponyms of Spanish origin are: 1) religious units with a widely ramified system of symbols and associations, including personalized, 2) motivating anthropotoponyms, i.e. protagonists known in the history of Spain and the Philippines, 3) migrant toponyms, 4) descriptive toponyms. The language status of Spanish lexemes in the Philippine toponymic framework reveals both their complete assimilation and likening to the norms of the receptor language. Spanish components in the toponymy of the Philippines are represented in macro- and microtoponyms, reflecting various aspects of interaction at the level of onomastic vocabulary of Spanish and Philippine ethnoses in the polyethnic Republic of the Philippines.
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The article presents the specific phonetic and morphological features of the dialect of the village of Hebilevo, Komotini district. They are compared to the peculiarities of the dialect of Gorni Yurutsi village, Krumovgrad region, which is part of the dialect of village Hebilevo. It shows the general peculiarities and differences between the two Bulgarian dialects.
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The article focuses on the problems of analytical adjectives. These lexical units act, as a rule, in relation to the control word in the definition function. Theoretical information about analytical adjectives (A. A. Reformatsky, M. V. Panov) is the starting point for further research on such lexical units. The presence of analytical adjectives in modern Slavic languages, including Russian and Czech, is closely related to reinforcing trends in analytism and agglutination. The main attention is paid to the formal and structural characteristics of the studied lexical units in the comparative Russian-Czech aspect. Analytical adjectives have a rather diverse and rich formal and structural expression.
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Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas mokslinės kalbos vertimo kompetencijos ugdymas, remiantis išsamia dviejų kalbų lingvistine lyginamąja analize. Mokydamiesi užsienio kalbos, studentai jau turi susiformavusią lingvistinę gimtosios kalbos patirtį; susidūrę su svetima kalba, perkelia turimą patirtį ir atvirkščiai – šį tą skolinasi iš svetimosios kalbos. Taip pat vyksta kalbų interferencija. Straipsnyje daug dėmesio skiriama mokslinės terminijos interferencijos problemoms. Taip pat pateikiama lyginamoji ekonominės terminijos struktūrinė semantinė analizė. Šios analizės tikslas – nustatyti lietuvių ir rusų kalbų ekonominės terminijos gramatinių kategorijų ir semantikos panašumus ir skirtumus. Tai leidžia išryškinti šios terminijos vartojimo sunkumus ir padės tikslingai ir kryptingai organizuoti mokymą.
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The present article deals with the evolution of the past tense forms in ‘prosta mova’, basing on The Peresopnytsia Gospels (further on PG). The study traces the formation, variation and the Polish linguistic influence on ‘prosta mova’ past tense. Special attention is paid to the problem of translation and the uneven distribution of the past tense forms in PG in comparison with the 1580’s V. Tjapisnki Gospel. The comparative analysis and the description of two verbal systems of the past tense are shown in the table.
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