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The paper deals with imagery that constitute the base of phraseological similes with the semantics of ‘very similar’ on the basis of material from different languages.
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Dans le présent travail, nous avons soumis à l’analyse diachronique des exemples dans lesquels le français et l’italien montrent les différences à l’égard de l’accord du complément d’objet direct antéposé avec le participe passé. Il s’agit des constructions/phénomènes suivants : le pronom relatif que/che, la périphrase factitive faire/fare + infinitif, le pronom en et la construction avec combien/quanto. Une approche diachronique appliquée sur un corpus formé, en général, de textes écrits en ancien français et en ancien italien, démontre que, dans une certaine époque de leur évolution, ces deux langues romanes ignoraient les différences de l’accord existant à l’état actuel. La raison de leur écart repose, entre autre, dans le fait que le français, par rapport à l’italien, vivait des changements très rapides et importants, tant sur le niveau phonologique que sur le niveau morpho-syntaxique.
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Images in Words. Lexical Iconicity of the Serbian Language in the Context of Slavic Mythology: Metaphors of Life and Dead is the first study of the relationship between lexical iconicity and the linguistic world picture in the Serbian language. The research is based on the premises that language is a specific representation of the inner form of thinking, which is indicative of a particular world-view; that semantic systems change in time, but in that passage from complex to categorical thinking the traces of complex thinking stay preserved in lexical iconicity and reveal themselves in the articulation of repressed semantic components in the given context; that not only metaphor and metonymy play an important role in the transformations of semantic systems as mechanisms of understanding and transposing ideas from one field of knowledge to another, but also iconicity and the existence of a number of universal imaginative schemes.
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A special part of the lexicon of each language is formed by proper names that became common words, i.e. eponyms. The aim of this study is the presentation of eponyms that derive from the names of famous heroes in literature. These heroes usually have some characteristic attributes or accomplished a special deed, and the words deriving from their names symbolise the given attribute or deed.
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The article is devoted to researching different problems of contemporary academic neography (neological lexicography) and possible ways of their solving. The aim of the article is the description of the state of academic and semi-academic lexicography from the point of view of сontemporary linguistics. The special attention is paid to the initial problems of the Russian neology, the possible ways of their overcoming, and the “risk areas” of the present neography. Positive and negative trends of contemporary academic lexicography are opened up mostly on the material of the last and the most authoritative neological dictionary: New words and meanings. Dictionary based on materials of press and literature of 90s / Ed. by E. A. Levashov: 2 vol. Vol. 1. Saint-Petersburg: D. Bulanin’s Publishing House, 2009. The article concludes about the main problems of the development of Russian neological lexicography and their suggested solutions (above all, the using of electronic and online databases, the development of a new concept neological dictionaries and the creation a complete electronic neological database).
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The article presents a short review of standard language situations in Slovak and Bulgarian languages during the time of the National Revival in a purist close-up. Purist ideas, implemented at the formation of both standard languages are compared, as common and different features are emphasized.
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The article considers problems of word formation. It concentrates on the model with formant -an/-jan in Ukrainian and Bulgarian derivation. The aim of the analysis is to find out the differences in the derivational meaning of the given suffix and to formulate its specificity in the word-formation systems compared.
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The word order of Bulgarian sentence has common general principles with the other Slavic languages, but is also characterized by its specific features. Reflecting the logical criteria of thinking the word order is one of the most stable features of linguistic reality. The article discusses the reasons for the difficulty in mastering the Bulgarian word order features by foreigners – native Russianс. It is emphasized that tha unsufficient knowledge of the foreign language system on the one hand, and the intervention of native-language habit, on the other hand, are the factors that shape this interference phenomenon characterized by significant stability and consistency in the practice of language learners. The process is further complicated when learning a foreign language system is akin significant number of linguistic phenomena and categories overlap in the native and the foreign language, and regarding to the other – there are no structural equivalents. The learning of word order features of the target language is a prerequisite for building a good linguistic competence and thus follows the formation of communicative ability in learners, that is the main purpose of foreign language learning.
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In Russian and in German events (eventiva) and their subclasses are represented on two levels: on the level of conceptual categorization (as a set of semantic features) and on the level of the manifestation of conceptual base structures (means of expression are here morphological, syntactic and contextual markers of aspectuality). The different distribution of the natural (i.e. of the optimal or preferential) and the non-natural (i. e. of the non-optimal or non-preferential) exponents of aspectuality reflects the typologically relevant peculiarities of the grammatical systems of the two languages compared. In the Russian language with its rich repertoire of means of expressing aspect information a competition between the different types of aspectual markers can be noticed. The replacement of non-natural markers of aspectuality by natural markers proves the existence of a tendency to language economy, i. e. to the optimal organization of the aspect system of Russian verbs.
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The article deals with the general problems of contemporary Russian and Slavic phraseology. Such problems as the evolution of definitions of the central terms of this linguistical discipline (phraseologism, phraseological unit, idiom), its boundaries, the national specifics, cognitiv potencial and typological universality, the translatibility, the variability of the phraseology are especially regarded. The relations between idioms and proverbs, collocations and so called winged words are also interpreted. Diachronically the author proposes systematical methods of the comparative, historical and etymological analyses of Russian and Slavic phraseology and gives concrete examples of such an analyses.
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The author reviews researches on Russian language pragmalinguistics in Poland in the recent decades. This research was divided into two streams: theoretical and descriptive (material). In terms of theoretical some concepts, especially proposed by Oleg Leszczak and Aleksy Awdiejew are discussed. In terms of the descriptive study the followed research areas are discussed: speech acts, linguistic discourse analysis, pragmatic attribution of the lexical and grammatical meanings, sectoral pragmatics, dispositional pragmatics, as well as contrastive pragmatics.
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In this paper the metaphorical extentions of the body parts terms for the top of the head are examined in Bulgarian and Romanian geographical lexis. The body parts terms for the top of the head have the following metaphorical meanings as generic terms: Bulg. теме ‘the top of the head’, ‘a mountain summit without vegetation’, ‘a ridge (of a mountain) without vegetation’, ‘the upper part of a ridge (of a mountain)’, ‘the upper part of an eminence, especially when rounded or fl at’; Rom. creştet ‘the top of the head’, ‘peak, the sharp top of a mountain, of a rock or an eminence’, ‘the crest of a mountain or an eminence’. In both Romanian and Bulgarian languages the body parts terms for the top of the head express the conceptual metaphors THE MOUNTAIN IS A PERSON and THE EMINENCE IS A PERSON. The differences in the metaphorical meanings of the terms in these two languages could be explained by the differences in their general meaning as body parts terms.
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The paper analyzes the somatic phraseologisms with the constituent Kopf (eng. head) in the German language and glava (eng. head) in the Serbian language. The notions of somatic phraseologism and equivalence, which represent the theoretical foundation of this paper, are defined. Using the contrastive analysis method, with German as the source language and Serbian as the target language, and with the help of the contextualized examples taken from the Internet corpus, the similarities and differences between the phraseological units are analyzed from semantic and structural aspects. Somatic phraseologisms are classified as being the examples of complete equivalence, partial equivalence with lexical exception, partial equivalence with morphological/morphosyntactic exception, partial equivalence with lexical and morphosyntactic exceptions, and “false friends.” Each of the excerpted analyzed phraseologisms belongs to the group of false friends, but also to at least one more of the given types of equivalence.
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Straipsnyje gretinamos bendrinių lietuvių ir rusų kalbų fonologinës sistemos (balsiai, priebalsiai). Bendrinėje lietuvių kalboje nëra balsio ы (jis tariamas rytų ir pietų aukštaičių tarmėse), ilgųjų priebalsių š’, ž ir kitų, rusų kalboje – ė., o., e., e, i., u., a., š’, ž’, c’, č’, dz, dz’, dž, dž’. Dël to rusams lietuvių kalbą išmokti yra sunkiau ir jų kalboje dažniau pasireiškia akcentas: ilgieji balsiai tariami trumpiau, dvibalsinami ė., o., kietinami priebalsiai š’, ž’, c’, č’, po jų balsiai i., i kartais tebeverčiami ы, pvz.: kielie „kėlë“, “šы.tыs” „šitas“, žы.na „žino“, cы.nkas „cinkas“, čыguonas „čigonas“. Lietuvių kalbos ilguosius balsius ė., o., e., a., dvibalsius ie, uo rusai, baltarusiai, ukrainieèiai, lenkai trumpina (ypač nekirčiuotuose skiemenyse), neretai redukuoja net kokybiškai. Mažiau įvaldę lietuvių kalbos artikuliaciją rusai neištaria ir minkštųjų priebalsių t’, d’, dvigarsių au, eu, sakydami avtama.tas „automatas“, tirapievtas „terapeutas“.
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The paper clarifies sociolinguistic factors in a particular case of grammatical interference between Bulgarian and Romanian in the dialect of the village of Novo Selo, Vidin district, concerning the biaspectual functioning of the Romanian verb borrowings adapted with formants -ùшъ(м), -łшъ(м) and -àшъ(м) in the Bulgarian dialect. The so-called Blueprint principle in the contact etymology is applied, which aims at identifying the type of contact situation and reconstructing it according to modern language contact studies.
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The paper gives a description of conjunctive coordination in Enets (both Forest and Tundra dialects) based on a corpus of natural texts. It discusses both indigenous Uralic strategies, including juxtaposition, a particle with the main meaning ‘again, also, but’, collective Dual, and double Comitative, as well as strategies based on elements borrowed from Russian, i.e. on conjunctions i, da, a. The strategies with juxtaposition, indigenous particle meaning "again, also, but", and i, borrowed from Russian, are considered main, while all the other strategies are called marginal, with the former being substantially more frequent than the latter. Syntactic properties of the main coordination strategies are studied in detail, i.e. syntactic types of coordinated elements and cross-reference of coordinated subjects and objects on the verb. A special attention is given to the semantic distribution of the main strategies: they are shown to form a hierarchy correlating with a scale from natural/expected to unnatural/unexpected coordination; besides, it turns out that the parameter of morphological homogenity is also relevant for the Enets coordination. The data are studied against a typological background, which allows to highlight rare features specific to Enets, as well as to spot cross-linguistically common phenomena. Formal properties of Enets coordination strategies are unexpectedly diverse as compared to other languages of the world: this can be explained by intermarriage of features inherited from Uralic and those borrowed from a structurally different Russian.
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The objective of this work is an attempt to show the specificity of deixis of personal pronoun I in the political discourse on the materials of the Czech National Corpus. From a semantic point of view this category attracted a lot of attention, particularly egocentrism and the functional semantic field of personality. First I want to designate the place of the personal pronoun I in the functional semantic field of personality, I want to show their substitutive words components with his specifics in the context of both languages translation and at the same time look at how corpus search engine identifies it.
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The aim of this article "Comparative analysis of speech etiquette in Bulgarian and Chinese language" is a Comparative Analysis of the specifics of speech etiquette in Bulgarian and Chinese language. Based on examples from everyday life are presented and analyzed several situations in salute, address, presentation, thanksgiving, application motive, compliments, etc., where most stand out differences or similarities in the culture of the two nations expressed through speech etiquette, whose ignorance leads to misunderstanding in communication. The article also outlined some national traditions that have the biggest impact on speech etiquette. The paper makes an appeal teaching of native speech etiquette for foreigners should be included in language learning.
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The ways of expressing comparative relations in Russian, English, and Tatar vernacular riddles were studied. The study is highly relevant, because the structural and semantic features of these vernacular riddles as of unique language systems and the syntactic relations developed within them have not been described. The research aims to identify and analyze the typical models of comparative relations in the corpus of vernacular riddles. Particular attention was paid to verbalization of the elements in the logical chain of comparison (reference comparison, basis for comparison). Based on the obtained results, a number of conclusions were made. Firstly, the comparative relations in the studied vernacular riddles do not involve verbalization of all the components of the chain of comparison. The standard of comparison was present in most cases, which is directly related to the national mythologies. For the Russian riddles, comparison with a bird (raven, falcon, and swan) is typical, but the basis for comparison may be different. In the English riddles, a wide range of standards was noticed: products, various materials, buildings, and household items. Here, comparison is directly related to the lifestyle of the times when the riddle was created. Secondly, verbalization of the key elements is used to describe a certain feature (color, shape, volume, etc.). Thirdly, in some riddles comparison performs a differentiating function. In this case, the degree of feature manifestation is assessed relative to the “reference” indicators. Such texts may be not image-based and place statistics in the first place. The results of the study are important for further linguo-cognitive analysis of folklore texts.
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Comparative study of the structural and semantic type of communicative statements (declarative sentences) is presented in the paper. A number of features that are typically significant for marking modal values (confidence, probability, possibility, necessity, prohibition, uncertainty, doubt, and negation) as expressed in declarative sentences of the studied languages are analyzed.
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