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Джип подрезал «форда», или Существует ли в русском языке грамматическая категория одушевленности / неодушевленности?

Author(s): Mikhail Fedosiuk / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 51/2016

The purpose of the article is to clarify the concept of grammatical category of animateness / inanimateness in Russian. After analyzing the history of the study of this category and the history of its development, the author concludes that the grammatical category of animateness, despite its name, is intended to mark not living objects, but objects with a potential of activity. The main function of this category is to distinguish nominative and accusative cases in such sentences as modern informal Russian Dzhip podrezal “ forda” (Jeep cut in “Ford”), where without such а distinguishing feature it could be unclear which of these two nouns is the subject and which is the object.

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Диалектика и абсурд в „Слава на империята“ на Жан д’Ормесон

Author(s): Latchezar Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2020

In the present paper, we set our goal to analyze the usage of dialectics in “Glory of the Empire” of Jean D’Ormesson as a weapon against the very idea of Platonic and Hegelian dialectics. Our main thesis is that D’Ormesson projects the dialectics in a formal logical space, which creates artificial contradictions and inconsistencies, which are object to his satire. This is the reason some parts of his critique towards historiography and religion to be inconsistent themselves.

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Дигитализация и социални трансформации: медийна педагогика и медийна грамотност

Author(s): Danail Danov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The article focuses upon the need of media pedagogy development, a crucial element of the overall pedagogic education, yet hardly given due attention in Bulgaria. Introducing the essence of this modern scholarly field, the text zooms into media pedagogy and media literacy, both being direct consequences of media digitization and its subsequent social transformations in contemporary society.

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Дидактически измерения на междукултурната литература

Author(s): Mina Hubenova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2020

Intercultural literary studies in the field of literary scholarship represent a research perspective with a specific theoretical and methodological profile, which is based on two prerequisites: 1) cultural differences can be important in the study and perception of literature, and 2) literature and its reception can reveal these relative differences. In this way culture is interpreted as a category of differentiation, but also as a productive source of exchange, contact, dissemination and integration. Intercultural literary research focuses on specific issues concerning the creation and perception of the literary text, as well as the didactic and methodological aspects of acquiring intercultural competence through it. Literary texts lead, on one hand, to enrichment, curiosity and excitement in students, and, on the other, to the diversification of methodological techniques in foreign language teaching. Literary texts can motivate students and foster their personal development through new methods that not only encourage them to speak, but also inform them about the culturally specific point of view, through the content of the text.

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Допетровские лексические заимствования из нидер- ландского языка

Author(s): Yaroslav Dovhopolyy / Language(s): Russian / Issue: XIV/2012

The article analyzes the borrowing from the Dutch language taking into account theetymological and historical aspects.The origins of relations between Russia and the Netherlands lie in those distant times,when the European system of political, trade and other relations developed itself. Thebeginning of this relationship can perhaps be traced back to the example of Staraya Ladoga,city in northern Russia, which for eight centuries before the founding of St. Petersburg in1703, was the first key port on the main trade route of ancient Russia “from the Vikings tothe Greeks”.In the beginning of the XII century merchant guilds have begun nucleation alliance ofcities, mostly in the basin of the North and Baltic seas, the so-called Hanseatic League. Sincethe main centers of which activities were carried out of the Hanseatic League was North andEast Germany, the Netherlands, respectively, then the language of communication of theHanseatic League was Low German. This article discusses the scope of the term “German”,which is characterized by considerable inconsistency. In modern Netherlandistic to refer tothis controversial use the term bifurcation, which is derived from Latin bifurcus – “forked”.Dialects of Low German are widely spoken in the northeastern area of the Netherlands (DutchLow Saxon) and are written there with an orthography based on Dutch orthography.

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Дополнения к списку полонизмов в русском приказном языке ХVII века

Author(s): Liudmila Pavlovna Garbul’ / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2019

The article examines the history of the four words found in the Muscovite diplomatic correspondence: mevati ‘to have’, menovati ‘to call, to name’, metsja ‘to feel yourself; to live’, meškaniec ‘inhabitant’. The author aims at proving that these words are lexical borrowings from Polish language. The study is based on a careful comparison of data of various types of dictionaries of the Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Polish languages, which made it possible to prove the insincerity of these tokens in the Russian language and to establish the source of borrowing, as well as to identify the intermediary role written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Polish-Russian language contacts. The materials in this publication can be used to supplement and clarify the information of the etymological and historical dictionaries of the Slavic languages.

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ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКО-НІМЕЦЬКИХ ЛЕКСИЧНИХ ПАРАЛЕЛЕЙ У СЛОВНИКОВОМУ ФОРМАТІ

Author(s): Volodymyr Dubichynskyi,Tilmann REUTHER / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 7/2019

The article presents the lexicographical description of lexical parallels — formally similar words in two languages which are semantically similar or not — for Contemporary Ukrainian and German. In addition, the authors revise the concepts of crosslinguistic homonyms and synonyms.

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Древнейшие славизмы в латышском языке: некоторые проблемы исторической реконструкции

Author(s): Igor Koshkin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2014

The use of phonetic and semantic criteria in solution of controversial problems of loanword reconstruction is discussed on the example of such words as mētelis ‘coat, cloak’, miers ‘silence; peace; harmony; end; termination of something’, which are traditionally referred to the oldest Slavic loanwords in Latvian. In the language of the East Slavs (Old Russian language), the word ìò2ëü [m’at’el’] as a Germanism was borrowed before the loss of nasals but in Latvian the word mētelis as a Slavic loanword was transferred later, at a time when the loss of nasals had already begun. This is indicated by the nature of phonetic substitution when the stage of sequential phonetic evolution of the East Slavic nasal sound was reflected. The use of a phonetic (accentologic) criterion during the historical reconstruction of Latvian miers as a possible loanword allows us to attribute the borrowing of this word to the same historical period of contacts when the borrowing of Latvian mētelis took place, but also makes us reconsider the status of this lexeme as a loanword and makes us assume Latvian miers and Slavic *mirъ to be a common Balto-Slavic lexeme. The original denotative meaning of Latvian mētelis reflects the specific features of the realia and was associated with the meaning of the corresponding word in the source language. Latvian mētelis initially meant ‘cape’. The meaning ‘peace as the absence of war, concluded on the basis of the contract; peace as a result of the termination of a certain state’ contributed to the development of abstract meanings of Slavic *mirъ as well as Latvian miers ‘peace, harmony’. In the semantics of the Latvian word (‘peace, end, the termination of something’), the initial (authentic) meaning is exhibited.

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Древние фтирофаги и русский экспрессивный этноним колбиты

Author(s): Aleksandr I. Grischenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2014

This article deals with the hypothetical connection between the Russian ethnic slur kolbít ‘a Kazakh, especially rural’ used by Russian speakers in Kazakhstan up to the end of the 20th century and the ancient tribe phtheirophagoi ‘lice-eaters’ mentioned by many authors in Antiquity. This tribe was placed by Ptolemy to Asiatic Sarmatia beyond the Lower Volga, the present-day location of the Kazakhstan steppes. Young Russian-speaking respondents have almost forgotten the meaning and connotations of the word kolbit, but their elders remember it as a very derogative term deriving from Kazakh bit ‘a louse’ and even translate it as ‘a liceeater.’ However, it is impossible to etymologize kolbit as a word of Kazakh origin. It may be of Russian origin connected with the root kol(o)b- ‘something round’ or ‘something chopped off’ (in particular, ‘a wooden block’) compared with the Russian ethnic slur churka ‘a non-ethnic Russian, especially from Central Asia’ (literally, ‘a chunk of unworked wood’). These slurs could be linked with the rite of circumcision practiced by Muslims. The article also contains an ethnolinguistic analysis of folk nicknames with louse-components based on lexicographical data and field records gathered in Kazakhstan in 2012 and 2013.

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Дровњак а не Дробњак – видљив пример искривљивања топонима са српском језичком основом

Author(s): Mirčeta Vemić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 162/2017

The paper presents a distinct example of how the name of a well-known geographical area in the Durmitor Mountain (Old Herzegovina, today Montenegro) became distorted from “Drovnjak” to “Drobnjak”, to illustrate and discuss an enduring process of altering toponyms with Serbian linguistic basis, under Western, Latin, and Roman Catholic cultural influences, particularly in the last 100 years along with the establishment of Serbo-Croatian linguistic community. The paper presents a distinct example of how the name of a well-known geographical area in the Durmitor Mountain (Old Herzegovina, today Montenegro) became distorted from “Drovnjak” to “Drobnjak”, to illustrate and discuss an enduring process of altering toponyms with Serbian linguistic basis, under Western, Latin, and Roman Catholic cultural influences, particularly in the last 100 years along with the establishment of Serbo-Croatian linguistic community. This paper can be an incentive for similar researches in territories where Serbs predominantly live or used to live, so that such distorted toponyms could be restored to their original forms, as part of the process of new standardization of geographical names led by the Commission for the Standardization of Geographical Names of the Republic of Serbia.

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Думите, изреченията и текстът като езикови знакове

Author(s): Meri Lakova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2018

The aim of the article is to bring to mind the model of the communication of R. Jackobson and to examine if the basic linguistic units fit to this model. We consider that the basic linguistic units are the words, the sentences and the texts. After F. de Saussure we accept that the signs have two aspects: significant (name) and signifié (meaning). It is proved that the two aspects of the sign exists in the three types of linguistic units. It is proved also that the signifié contains not only a semantic information, but also it contains a structural information.

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ЕГО-ДОКУМЕНТИ ЕПОХИ БАРОКО У ПОРІВНЯЛЬНОМУ КОНТЕКСТІ

Author(s): Walentyna Sobol / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 2/2014

The paper is devoted to comparative analysis of two ego-documents from 18th century, from Ukraine and Poland: Travel diary by Filip Orlik of Nowin arms and Travel and unsuccessful success of Poles (or The Pole confederate brought through Moscow to Siberia. Simultaneous news about Pugachov uprirising) by Karol Chojecki of Lubisz arms. A scientific meaning and multicultural potential of both works is considered, in which a lot of European and Asian peoples and customs are described.

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Езикови модели за приобщаващо образование

Author(s): Ekaterina Sofronieva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2017

The article discusses the necessity to implement effective models for inclusive education in the field of early language teaching. It reviews some good practices in other European countries which apply the Narrative Format model for inclusion of children with delays in their cognitive development, or children from migrant or different socio-economic background into the language activities, undertaken in class. Results from a case study in Bulgaria are presented and discussed.

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Експресивна употреба личних замјеница у књижевноумјетничком стилу руског и српскохрватског језика

Author(s): Marina Katnić-Bakaršić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/1988

В работе исследуются Следующиие вопросы, связанные с экспрессивным употреблением личных местоимений в литературно-художественном стиле русского и сербе хорватского языков: 1. Отсутствие (пропуск) личного местоимения в русском языке всегда стилистически окрашено, в то время как в сербохорватском языке, оно нейтрально. 2. Частотное употребление личных местоимений в литературно-худо- жественнам стиле обоих языков может иметь различные семантические и стилистические коннотации. 3. В поэзии, личные местоимения нередко приобретают функцию композиционного стержня всего стихотворения, причем возможны разнообразные варианты этой модели.

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ЕКСПРЕСИВНИ ЕЗИКОВИ СРЕДСТВА В БЛОГОВЕ НА ЖУРНАЛИСТИ

Author(s): Kalina Lukova,Veselina Vateva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2019

The study focuses on the expressive language means in the blogs of famous Bulgarian journalists. The first part discusses the phraseologies in the blog of Veselina Sedlarska and the phraseologies and occasionalisms in the blogs of Dr. Filipov, Ivo Indzhev and Lyuben Dilov, Jr. The subject of research are texts from 2018. The phraseological locutions are analyzed from the point of view of the changes made therein by the authors compared to their vocabulary form. Their semantics and expressive effect are explained. Analyzed are the ways of word formation used for the creation of occasioanlisms. It is rarely only one way, more often there are two or three ways used in combination. The semantics of each of the author’s neologisms is explained. The second part of the study encompasses a corpus of quotations, excerpted from the blogs of Ivo Indzhev, Veselina Sedlarska and Lyuben Dilov, Jr. in Facebook for the period January – September 2018. Three types of analysis are used – quantitative, qualitative and comparative. As a result of the research stylistic means characterizing the authors' styles were identified. The stylistic similarity between the bloggers is commented throughout the comparative analysis, as well as the individual differences. The parallel presence of these blog styles is problematized also in the aspect of their strong impact in social media and online communication.

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Жанры речи в аспекте перевода (на материале научных текстов)

Author(s): Olga Anatolievna Kazakova,Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Golovacheva,Tatyana Borisovna Frik / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2017

Introduction. The paper focuses on actual scientific areas in theory of speech genres and translation. The current study aims to propose solutions to theoretical and practical problem of speech genre role in translation. This paper is intended to identify genre forming factors of scientific text influencing translation. Materials and Methods. The current study is implemented on materials of three genres referring to different types of scientific texts: scientific-technical monograph (scientific texts), popular scientific speech (popular scientific texts), and user’s guide (documentary texts (scientific and business)). Speech genre is considered as a model of statement; its specificity is formed by a set of genre’s characteristics. Genre analysis of the original English texts, the official translations, and Russian texts of respective genres has been conducted; a comparison of the official and interlinear translations has been undertaken; the cases of discrepancies between the official and interlinear translation on the main genre parameters such as the communicative goal, the image of the author and the recipient, dictum, and linguistic features have been also discussed. Results. Genre transformations and modification of genre-forming parameters of the original text (taking into account the features of these parameters specific to genre of host language) often made by scientific text translators have been described. It was discovered that the translators seek to preserve in translation the communicative purpose and the communicative goals of the original text (i.e. do not apply the necessary genre transformation according to the genre-forming parameter), which leads to disorders of language, genre, and stylistic norms of the host language. Conclusions. All genre-formed parameters of the scientific text have an impact on transla-tion: professional translators use the genre transformation in accordance with the common genre and stylistic translation rules. The degree of influence of genre-forming parameters on translation primarily depends on the type of compositional and semantic organization of scientific text: genres with ‘fixed’ structure require more genre transformations; genres with ‘loose’ struc-ture do not need genre transformations. There is the problem of genre-oriented training of pro-fessional translators at present.

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Женски и мушки граматички род у настави шпанског као страног језика: правилно усвајање граматике и/или промовисање идеја о родној равноправности

Author(s): Milica M. Đuričić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 15/2017

Considering the fact that a foreign language classroom can be a suitable place for questioning both the target and native languages in relation to gender issues, we have decided to analyze the attitudes of Spanish teachers in Serbia toward the issue of the use of the feminine and masculine in the process of teaching in order to answer the question of whether teaching staff uses both grammatical genders and for what reason. The study is based on the ideas of critical pedagogy and critical applied linguistics. We have parted from the hypothesis that teachers enter the classroom with already formed gender and linguistic ideologies, which can be reflected directly in the process of teaching. The questionnaire has been sent electronically to the teachers. After the qualitative analysis, we concluded that the teaching staff evaluate the use of gender sensitive language in the classroom of Spanish foreign language in different ways, which is associated with their personal attitudes and beliefs with which they enter the classroom. The results of such research could be indicative primarily to the teaching staff, which should be ready to deal with possible gender stereotypes in textbooks and to contribute to the development of tolerance in the classroom, acceptance of diversity and equal evaluation of both genders.

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За видовете интернет форуми по съдържание

Author(s): Rusin Kotsev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2017

Тhe paper is an attempt to overcome the asymmetry in the descriptions of web forums as a genre of Internet communication. It supports the classification based on content by challenging the differentiation of forums according to their communicative goals.

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За езика като органон

Author(s): Todor Shopov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2017

This article explores the model of language known as Organonmodel. The theory has historical value but the original ideas of Karl Bühler are a contribution to basic research on language. Bühler claims that functionality of language is one of three sources of human communication along with practical activity and social contact.

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За интерпретирането на иносказателността на фразеологичните единици в процеса на обучението по бъларски език като чужд

Author(s): Vesela Shushlina / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2017

The present paper aims at presenting some of the possible approaches to understanding the ingenuity of the various phraseologies when they are introduced in the process of studying Bulgarian as a foreign language.The development of certain skills to use Bulgarian set phrases is considered a process that takes place in three stages, each of which has a specific purpose and requires a specific approach. The study also includes appropriate tasks and exercises suitable for each of these stages, which aim at improving the receptive and productive skills of Bulgarian language learners when mastering the phraseologies.

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