Artur Czapiga: Gramatyka konfrontatywna rosyjsko-polska. Morfologia. Składnia zdania pojedynczego
Review on a book devoted to the questions concerning Polish and Russian syntax. A comparative study of a clause in both Slavonic languages.
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Review on a book devoted to the questions concerning Polish and Russian syntax. A comparative study of a clause in both Slavonic languages.
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The article explains that the pastor of Äksi, the writer Otto Wilhelm Masing (1763–1832), proposed in his Ehstnische Originalblätter für Deutsche (Original Estonian texts for Germans) (1816) that a separate letter, not included in the standard Latin alphabet, be taken into use for the Estonian õ sound. Masing hailed from the eastern Estonian dialect region, where the õ sound is more common than in other dialects. This could be one of the reasons why Masing noted the importance of õ in Estonian and began searching for a way to mark it in writing. Masing knew Russian, which has the õ sound and a corresponding letter for it, and indeed made his suggestion following the example of Russian. On the basis of Masing’s letters to J. H. Rosenplänter, the article describes the search for a suitable form for the letter intended to denote the õ sound. The article examines how Masing explained his suggestions for the improvement of the Estonian orthography in his German-language writings and the criticism that these suggestions received from his contemporaries. The critical or supportive reviews of J. A. Hirschhausen, W. F. Steingrüber, and J. H. Rosenplänter are summarized, attention is given to the opinions of the founder of the new orthography Eduard Ahrens, and examples are given of the journey of the letter õ into written Estonian as connected to the popularization of the new orthography in the 19th century. The õ sound in Estonian was first published in the form in O. W. Masing’s Pühhapäwa Wahhe-luggemissed (1818). In July 1819, the typesetter Carl Michler suggested to Masing the form õ, which is still in use today.
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The creation of high-quality terminology and professional terminology management are both time-consuming and cost-intensive activities. The access to and the reuse of already existing terminological resources can considerably reduce the effort for terminology work. These economic issues are in many cases the main arguments for the interest in terminology exchange.
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The article presents a contrastive research of approaches to the analysis of ways and means of term formation as discussed in Lithuanian, Russian and English terminology works. The research focuses on an overview of various classifications of typical linguistic means of term formation presented in terminology works in Lithuanian (Keinys 1980, 2005a; Gaivenis 2002, 2014), Russian (Даниленко 1977; Лейчик 2009; Суперанская, Подольская, Васильева 2005, 2012; Гринев-Гриневич 2008) and English (Sager 1990, 1997, 2004; ISO 704:2009 (E)).
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Based on the comparative-typological analysis, the article considers the ideas of Russians and Balts about the person and the world imprinted in the semantics of phraseological units with the somatizm foot in the Russian, Latvian and Lithuanian languages. The results of the research show that these cultural ideas of the world and the person first cover different aspects of the person’s life (physical and emotional states, character, behavior, the relation to the world and so on) as well as the main categories of the world (space and its organization, time, movement, etc.); secondly, a considerable part of these representations is universal for Russians and Balts. The majority of these universal ideas about the person and the world are structured by a certain set of universal oppositions into which fit equivalent Russian and Baltic somatic phraseological units.
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This article discusses the equivalents of the Latvian verb prefix aiz- in Estonian. The main purpose of verb prefixes in Latvian is to make imperfective verbs into perfective ones, but they also add some additional (i.e. spatial, quantitative, qualitative) meaning to the basic verb. Estonian lacks verb prefixes and perfectivity/imperfectivity is expressed rather differently from Latvian, for example by direct object case and/or verb particles and other means. These differences may be difficult to comprehend for language learners of both Latvian and Estonian, and therefore it is important to identify the means of expressing the Latvian verb prefixes in Estonian. This article focuses on the Latvian prefix aiz- as used with verbs of motion, leaving its other meaning variations (quantitative, qualitative) for further research. The analysis is done using a contrastive method, comparing examples from six Latvian literary works and their translations into Estonian.
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The article analyses expressions for the otherworld in Baltic languages. Attention is given in particular to expressions containing the lexeme ‘world’ and to the lexeme’s origin – literally ‘a place under the sun’ – is highlighted. Comparison with close languages (Slavic) and not only linguistic approach, but also some data from folkloristics and mythology research seem to be important. Based on the linguistic analysis, comparison and folkloristic data, up to three groups of placement could be found in the analysed expressions – first: ‘beyond’, ‘behind’, included in the Latvian prefix aiz-, Lithuanian už-. Second ‘opposite to’, ‘across’, ‘on the other side’, represented by the pronoun part viņš in Latvian compounds and anas, kitas the Lithuanian set phrases. There is also possibly a third: a location conveyed by a taboo-induced concealing term in the pronoun part of the expressions. Nevertheless, the main distinction which defines the ‘otherworld’ in Baltic languages seems to be the contrast to ‘our world’, ‘the world upon which the sun is shining’.
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The paper deals with lexical Lituanisms functioning in Polish dialects on the Polish-Lithuanian-Belorussian borderland. Lithuanian lexical loanwords are characterized with regard to time and the ways of filtering of these words into Polish dialects. The conducted analysis shows that the majority of Lithuanian borrowings penetrated into Polish by the mediation of the Belorussian language, which can be an evidence of the Belorussian background of Polish dialects in Vilnius and its area.
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The purpose of the present study is to summarize and interpret the lexemes of Baltic origin in Saami, in the context of Fenno-Saamic and Fenno-Volgaic relations. Our conclusion is that about 20% of lexical parallels between Baltic and Saamic from about 40 Balto-Fenno- Saamic comparisons are without the Balto-Fennic counterparts. It means that it is probable that the ancestors of the Balts and the Saami were in direct contact.
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The study deals with the topics of etymological analysis and brief nascence (consequently, a hierarchical position in the Baltic pantheon) of the theonym Chaurirari mentioned in Maciej Stryikowski’s work Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmódzka i wszystkiej Rusi (1582). The one and only scientific examination of the issue was carried out by Vladimir Toporov. It must be stated with many regrets that tatpuruṣa composite Lith. *Kaur-aris ‘tawny tint (element of fire symbolism) horse deity’, reconstructed by the author of the hypothesis, is not acceptable due to reconstruction motivation of unauthenticated (in any written source of Baltic mythology and religion) Balt. *aris ‘horse’. Providing that non-existence of a horse-deity cult in Baltic and Slavic religious systems, save totemic vestiges, such an interpretation is doubtful in relation to mythological motivation. Being based on the new theonym etymology and analysis of the deity functions, a proposition has been made that Chaurirari could not be interpreted as ἅπαξ λεγόμενον. The lexeme may be correlated with nomen proprium (theonym) Kaukarius ‘ghats God’, which is mentioned in several Lithuania Minor lexicographical lexicons of the 18th century (Brodowski’s and Milke’s thesauruses).
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Our article deals with the marginal manuscript inscriptions of Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus (1733-1807) in two copies of his own printed dictionary Littauiµch = deutµches und Deutµch=littauiµches Wærter=Buch (Königsberg, 1800), which are kept in the Library of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (call numbers: LK'18/5/I and LK'18/5/II). In all we have found 246 inscriptions and 29 underlined words. The inscriptions served to prove the authorship of Milkus' main fictional work - the poem Pilkainis (the analysis of Milkus handwriting was done by Jadvyga Ignatjeva). They also served to trace the type of Milkus' work with his dictionary after it was printed. The inscriptions prove that Milkus did not intend to alter the structure of his printed dictionary. On the other hand they demonstrate that Milkus approached his text critically and attempted to expand or make certain places of the dictionary more precise. The primary goal of Milkus' work with the dictionary after it was published was supplementation. The following main additions were made: (a) Lithuanian equivalents in the dictionary were added as well as word combinations and illustrative patterns from the spoken language; (b) New dictionary entries were created; (c) Grammatical information was revised: certain main forms of verb inflection were added; certain morphological homonyms were separated.
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The Evangelijos (1865) is a Lithuanian book compiled in the Cyrillic alphabet. It is based on an earlier Lithuanian book by Juozapas Arnulfas Giedraitis (1757-1838) Naujas Istatimas (1816), which was printed in Latin letters. Laurynas Ivinskis (1810-1881) was thought to be a compiler of the Evangelijos. However, a comparison of its orthography with the spelling of the autonomously written Kalendorius of Ivinskis of 1865 demonstrates that the concept of Cyrillic orthography diverges greatly in those two Lithuanian texts. Still the orthography of the Evangelijos is analogous to Ivinskis' Kalendorius of 1866 that was compiled in collaboration a year later with Jonas Kreèinskis (ca. 1820 after 1884). The most frequent words found in the Cyrillic based Lithuanian works by Ivinskis and Kreèinskis have clearly demonstrated that the orthography of the Evangelijos was very similar to Kreèinskis' model of that orthography. Philological analysis has shown that Ivinskis and Kreèinskis might have worked together on the text of the Lithuanian Evangelijos in Cyrillic.
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The article studies the quantity and variety of adverbial intensifiers modifying adjectives used for the sake of enhancing the attitudinal and evaluative positions of the writer in Letters to the Editor, sent by readers, and published in British and Bulgarian newspapers. The results of the study show differences between the ways intensification is used in the British and the Bulgarian print mass media. On the one hand, the use of intensifiers is more frequent in the Bulgarian print media, considering both their quantity and variety in texts. On the other, British tabloids rely on intensifiers with reinforcing character, while the Bulgarian yellow press prefers ‘attacking’ the reader with a number of different qualifiers. Examples are presented to prove the abovementioned statements.
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The very first grammar (book) of the Lithuanian language-Grammatica Litvanica by Daniel Klein (KlG) was published more than 350 years ago (in 1653). Kristupas Sapûnas also wrote a grammar even before-360 years ago, but it was revised by Teofilis Ðulcas and published only in 1673 (Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae; SÐG). Both grammars were written in Latin and after 300 years they both were translated into Lithuanian by Kazimieras Eigminas. Even though the first published grammar of the Lithuanian language was researched by a significant number of linguists (Tamara Buchienë and Jonas Palionis, Kazimieras Eigminas, Kazys Ulvydas, Zigmas Zinkevièius, Giedrius Subaèius, Loredana Serafini Amato, etc.) some moot points still remain. The research has been mainly focused on syntactic parts of both grammars. This article aims to: (1) make a quite exhaustive comparison of the syntactic parts of the two grammars, paying attention to both formal and content aspects; (2) bring out some differences in the grammatical as well as the methodological approach of both authors; (3) make a statistical analysis of the syntactic parts of both grammars (of Lithuanian phrases). While writing the grammar Klein was concerned with the scientific aspects of his work, and he divided his grammar only in two parts - etymology (encompassing phonetics, orthography, elements of word formation) and syntax. Ðulcas had more practical language teaching tasks and probably therefore he divided his text into smaller sections (sectio, caput, articulum, distinctio).
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The genetic link between the different groups of languages in the Indo-European linguistic family ever since the dawn of comparative linguistics generated the search for the Indo-European original homeland and for the migration itineraries of the tribes, which resulted in the situation whereby the Indo-European languages and peoples occupied its present huge territory. The paper notes briefly the four main hypotheses on the localisation of the Indo-European original homeland and their corresponding migration paths. In all those hypotheses the Balkan Peninsula is either the focus of the migrational processes, or an important element in them. Therefore, the available data on the Thracian linguistic space, which will be examined, should be taken into consideration in spite of their scarcity (predominantly onomastic evidence) in the ongoing attempts to find a solution to the issue.
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Scientific Conference: “Latin-Albanian Dictionaries and Latin language in Albanian schools”
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This article focuses on the contrastive analysis of Italian tra l’altro, French entre autres and Russian meždu pročim. The authors consider these expressions as markers of one type of mereological relations, the relation of specification, and they maintain that tra l’altro and meždu pročim can express this relation at both levels, propositional and illocutive; whereas by entre autres only the propositional level is selected. Moreover, tra l’altro and meždu pročim have many common semantic configurations, and for this very reason tra l’altro appears as a functional equivalent of meždu pročim more frequently than the French entre autres.
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In the paper we analyse connectors of immediate precedence (IP) in Russian and French taking into account other means of encoding taxis in the two languages. We discuss the membership and the structure of the class of IP connectors in each language and describe the patterns of variability of their form. Our analysis of translation equivalents at sentence level shows, that in Russian discourse IP connectors are used more often and they are accompanied more often by adverbials meaning ‘immediately’ in the main clause. We hypothesize that this may be connected with the absence in Russian of such verbal means of encoding the taxis of precedence as passé antériеur and other relative tenses.
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The article attempts to outline some characteristics of the selected Ukrainian-Russian-Polish-English anthropocentric phraseological units. The author strives to show a significant role of anthropocentric phraseological units in the representation of a cultural mentality, as well as in reflecting the national and cultural identity. The investigated examples are grouped into several paradigms, each reflecting a special human trait. It is the first attempt to draw parallels as well contrasts between phraseologisms in a given semantic paradigm both in related Ukrainian, Russian, Polish and non-related English languages. The attempt has been done to learn and understand the national spirit of the certain ethnic group through anthropocentric phraseological units. This is one of the first attempts when these four languages – Polish, English, Russian and Ukrainian, have been compared in the certain paradigms of anthropocentric phraseologisms reflecting the national and cultural identity in order to capture the spirit of the target language. It is essential for effective cross-cultural communication because the national and cultural factors of a single speech environment significantly affect not only the elements of the communicative code, but they are also important in the communication process with all its components, i.e. principles, maxims, rules of communication, communication strategies and tactics.
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The history of the Czechs in the Middle Irtysh region is closely related to the history of P.A. Stolypin’s reforms of the late 19th – early 20th century. The evidence provided by the language conscious representations has allowed identifying the migration paths of the Czechs, as well as the places where they “exited” the European part of Russia and Europe. The paper traces the formation of the Czech dialect and its development in Siberia. It also underpins the thesis concerning the specific role played by interdialect and inter-linguistic interference in forming the sprachraum of the polyethnic region. The connection of interference and bilingualism has been demonstrated by the example of the development of the Czech dialect in the Middle Irtysh region. The paper also considers theoretical foundations of the research: different approaches to the problem of interference in linguistics, viewpoints on the connection of interference and bilingualism, the author’s point of view has been presented adequately. Based on the material collected by the author, it has been demonstrated that interference appears at all levels of the language system, being especially explicit in lexis. Lexis represents the “power” of the Russian language and of Siberian old-settlers’ dialects, which is reflected in direct lexical borrowings from the surrounding dialects and in adaptation (phonetic, grammatical, derivational, and semantic) of the Czech lexicon seen as particularly important.
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