Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyete Doğu Karadeniz’in Fındık İhraç Merkezi: Giresun Limanı

Author(s): Muzaffer Başkaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 34/2024

Throughout history, Giresun Port has been an important center both commercially and strategically due to its extensive hinterland. The port, which sustained the economy of the city, experienced its heyday during the 19th century. With the opening of the Black Sea to international trade, Giresun Port, like other ports in Eastern Black Sea, entered a period of commercial vibrancy. In this period of activity, hazelnut exports held a significant place. However, Giresun Port, lacking railway connections to inland regions and far from having a modern port appearance, gradually began to lose its commercial vitality over time. With the outbreak of the First World War, Black Sea trade declined, and Giresun Port was also affected by this downturn. This stagnant period continued into the early years of the Republic. When we look at the general appearance of the port during the early years of the Republic, we see a pier primarily exporting hazelnuts. The main purpose of this study is to shed light on the period of Giresun Port from the 19th century to the early years of the Republic. Developments in the construction of the port and import-export activities at the port are also addressed in this process. The study, primarily based on local newspapers in Giresun as well as national press and other periodicals, aims to fill the gap in the literature on this subject.

Impactul efectului de levier financiar asupra prețului riscului pe piața bursieră egipteană

Author(s): Mustafa Hussein Abd-Allah,Wael Ibrahim Abdelrahim Hamimy / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2024

This paper examines the impact of financial leverage on the risk pricing in the Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX) by adding an additional risk factor reflecting financial leverage to the three factor model of Fama and French. We used monthly excess stock returns of 50 stocks listed on the (EGX) from January 2014 to December 2018 to test Fama and French model before and after adding the financial leverage factor. Total debt to equity ratio was used to calculate the financial leverage. The results do not support Fama and French model before and after adding the financial leverage factor, therefore there is no effect of financial leverage on the risk pricing.

The TE33A Series Diesel Locomotive Brake Equipment Tests

Author(s): Seidulla Abdullayev / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The purpose of the article was to present the results of braking equipment testing and determination of the adequacy of compressed air production of the braking system when the train is loaded. Experimental tests of the braking system of TE33A diesel locomotive in a goods train are performed. According to the initial data the main parameters of the braking system in the empty and loaded train were evaluated. As a result of tests, and according to the calculated data, the dependences of the volume of the main reservoirs, and the dependences of the required compressor capacity, on the number of axles have been obtained. It has been established that the braking system operation in release modes for a 400-axle train corresponds to the operating conditions and the main requirements of the normative documents.

Generalized Ordered Logit Model with Testing Assumptions: A Case Study of Using Urban Light Rail in Bursa

Author(s): Nurten Akgun,Tiziana Campisi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Logistic regression has been a widely used prediction technique to analyze categorical variables. However, if the assumptions are violated the results may be biased. The study in this paper applied an analytical technique namely generalized ordered logit model. A case study of using urban light rail under pandemic conditions was applied for the analysis. The results suggested that logistic regression should not be applied before exploring the multicollinearity and applying the test of parallel lines. If the assumptions are violated, generalized ordered logit model should be considered. Regarding the predictive variables, sociodemographic, socioeconomic and travel pattern, related variables were found to have a statistically significant impact on the perception of safety and infrastructure of urban light rail. The outcomes of the study would provide a deeper understanding of developing regression models for categorical variables for future studies.

Examining the Effect of Geometric Design Features on the Speed in Horizontal Curve on Mountain Road

Author(s): Ehsan Ramezani-Khansari,Fereidoon Moghadas Nejad,Sina Moogehi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

In this study, the effect of five geometric design features, including radius, superelevation, longitudinal grade, lane and shoulder width, on the average speed in the horizontal curve on a two-lane undivided rural road was investigated. The standardized regression coefficients showed that the most important factor affecting the speed was the radius (10.47) followed by the longitudinal grade (4.46). Superelevation and lane width had little effect. Shoulder width had no significant effect. This would be due to the wide width of the lanes. It was found that the relationships between speed and radius, longitudinal grade, superelevation and lane width were radical, quadratic, linear and linear, respectively. Increasing the longitudinal grade has increased the speed of the drivers. Increasing the superelevation was effective when its value changed from negative to positive.

Личностен профил и автентичност (кроскултурално изследване на мениджъри в съвременни бизнес организации

Author(s): Velislava Chavdarova,Ivan Palichev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The report presents the results of a cross-cultural study of the authenticity and personality profile of 128 Bulgarian, Russian and Italian employees from different levels of the organizational management structure of companies with more than 50 employees. By analogy with the concept of K. Rogers, authenticity is used as a dynamic dispositional structure that includes the components “an authentic way of life,” “acceptance of outside influence,” and “self-alienation.” The five-factor personality model of McCrae and Costa, including extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience, is used to determine the personality profile. Of particular interest are the comparative manifestation of these factors in different national groups and the extent to which the individual succeeds in covering some of his/her important needs, such as competence, connectedness (with oneself and others), and autonomy.

Публичните услуги – форма на активна държавна намеса в икономиката (по примера на местните администрации в Централна Северна България)

Author(s): Vanya Tsonkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Специфика на процеса на набиране на персонал в детската градина

Author(s): Mariyana D. Mladenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Recruitment is the activity of identifying, searching and attracting qualified candidates from which the organization can select people for specific jobs. The objectives of the selection are to determine which of those who have applied are best suited to fulfill the requirements of the organization. On this basis, there are differences and specificity in the rules and procedures used in the recruitment and selection of personnel in the organization.

Benefits of Using Artificial Intelligence Tools in Education

Author(s): James Osondu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) is impacting education in many ways. From virtual assistants for personalized education, to student or teacher tracking systems, the potential benefits of AI for education often come with a discussion of its impact on privacy and well-being. At the same time, the social transformation brought about by AI requires reform of traditional education systems. in this study, A comparative analysis methodology was made in this study, and the best free tools under 10 categories regarding education were identified to view their similarities and differences. The focus of the study was on the benefits these tools regarding the needs of students.

The Wider Black Sea Region Through the Lens of Three Alternative Connectivity Initiatives – The BRI, 3SI and Global Gateway

Author(s): Yasen Georgiev,Mariana Trifonova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The wider Black Sea region is increasingly coming into the spotlight against the backdrop of the war in Ukraine from early 2022. However, aside from the security angle, the region proves to be strategically placed in several connectivity initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the Three Seas Initiative (3SI), Global Gateway. In all of them the wider Black Sea region is seen as an opportunity for an enhanced infrastructure connectivity and/or a route for freight transportation. What is more, under the current circumstances, the Black Sea has a potential to compensate for bottlenecks in connectivity arising directly or indirectly from the present situation in countries such as Ukraine but also Russia and Belarus. However, the immediate Black Sea region as well as its wider area remain examined mainly within the scope of one of the above-mentioned connectivity initiatives. As a result, contemporary academic literature elaborates insufficiently on it in view of the variety of ongoing and – to a large extent – overlapping connectivity concepts between Europe and Asia.In order to address these shortages, the authors conduct a comparative overview of the Black Sea region’s current standing and significance for the three main connectivity initiatives. An analytical framework is proposed for assessing the competition vs. compatibility potential of the BRI, 3SI and Global Gateway with regard to the Black Sea region as a prospective tool for outlining future connectivity trends, challenges and opportunities for the countries of the region.

Икономическите региони на Китайската народна република: Североизточен регион

Author(s): Iliyan Mateev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article presents the conditions for the development of the Northeastern region of the People’s Republic of China and the achieved results.

Икономика и демография: преглед на литературата

Author(s): Lyuboslav Kostov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

A review of the contemporary empirical literature on the impact of demographics on economic performance is made. From the empirical review, it is clear that demographic processes and productivity are the two most important factors explaining the growth of per capita income. The impact of population growth on economic growth includes both negative and positive aspects, and these effects change over time and are different in the short and long term. An example of a good economic policy is investing in human capital, which would increase labor productivity and help mitigate the negative effects of certain dynamics of demographic indicators.

Лидерски стил в българските общини

Author(s): Loreta Traykova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The purpose of the article is to explore the leadership styles in Bulgarian municipalities. It argues that in their management the mayor rarely applies only one style, but the most effective and preferred is the leadership style which is oriented at fulfilling the commitments made to the residents of the relevant municipality/district and the employees in the administration, because in the governance at the local level, the close, daily contact of the leader with the followers (of the mayor with the voters and employees) is of particular importance. Part of the results of an author's study of mayors in municipalities and districts in the Republic of Bulgaria are presented. The methods used to analyse the collected data are descriptive statistics, arithmetic mean calculation and correlation analysis. The study reveals that the most common leadership style adopted by the Bulgarian mayors is the transformational one. In further work on the topic, an association between the applied leadership style and the financial-economic condition of the municipality/region can be investigated as well as qualitative methods will also be included – in-depth interviews, case studies, with the aim of examining the specific features of each leadership style and linking them to the broader context.

The uncertainty of Brexit and COVID -19 as factors determining EU exports

Author(s): Zuzana Kittová,Dušan Steinhauser,Simona Krivosudská / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The repeated risk of the so-called hard Brexit created great uncertainty about the future of mutual EU-UK trade relations. In 2020, the uncertainty was exacerbated by the COVID-19 global pandemic. These critical situations affected the EU's external trade and, in particular, the EU export capacity. Therefore, in addition to the standard factors, such as GDP, labour productivity or the presence of the FTA determining EU exports, this paper examines those factors that were relevant for EU export between 2016 and 2020, i.e. the uncertainty stemming from Brexit and the global COVID-19 pandemic. Fixed and time effects panel data analysis combined with the difference in difference method and a Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator were used. The negative impact of Brexit uncertainty on EU exports has not been proven. The COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a deep downturn in international trade in 2020, had a negative impact on EU exports. However, EU exports to all partners decreased significantly regardless of the COVID-19 prevalence. This study updates the literature on the nexus between uncertainty and trade by examining the recent critical factors affecting EU export developments.

Resilience of the Ukrainian society in wartime: components and influencing factors

Author(s): Olga Reznikova,Oleksandr Korniievskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to the issue of societal resilience in wartime. Given the fact that the potential of a society's resilience is fully revealed under conditions of shocks and crises, studying the experience of the Ukrainian society during the Russian-Ukrainian war provides valuable information for testing theoretical assumptions, developing knowledge and practices in the field of societal resilience. We have analysed the resilience of the Ukrainian society through the prism of the resilience of complex social system`s elements and connections between them in order to maintain the system`s functionality under destructive influences of war. We argue that there is a cumulative effect of the interaction of human, cultural, organizational, political, economic and other components of societal resilience, which enhances the adaptability and transformability of society. The article contributes to a better understanding of the civil society's role in crisis management and intersectoral linkages in ensuring society`s resilience.

Boosting the cultural dimension of sustainable development - from grassroots to policy level

Author(s): Mihaela Clincu,Alexandru Bănică / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The current article explores the integrative dimension of culture within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the European level while fostering cultural stakeholders' empowerment. As sustainable development is an international priority, the interest in the significance of the cultural sector to the transformative process towards sustainable development has risen. The dominant explanation for this trend is given by the cross-cutting dimension of the cultural field and its premises to connect the three pillars of sustainable development: social, economic and environmental. The article supports this connection by using data from semi-structured interviews with representatives of ten organisations active in the cultural field from Belgium, Greece, France, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain and Hungary. The research findings show the relevance of the cultural sector as enabling sustainable development through its transversal dimension. The results are directed towards facilitating better understanding and increased attention to the benefits of trans-sectorial cooperation between grassroots, research and decision-making actors as a contributive approach to the SDGs.

Exploring local income inequalities by using spatial statistics. Emphasis on Romanian metropolitan areas

Author(s): Cosmina-Daniela Ursu,József Benedek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Following the collapse of the communist regime, Romania underwent significant economic, territorial, and social transformations that exacerbated inequality. To help policymakers create effective economic strategies, it is necessary to pinpoint the areas with the largest disparities. Thus, using spatial statistics available in ArcGIS, the primary goal of this study is to identify spatial clusters/outliers of income per capita. The findings indicate a strong concentration of high incomes at the regional level in Bucharest-Ilfov, West, Centre, and North-West regions. Conversely, low-income groups are concentrated in every other region, and their circumstances do not appear to improve over the course of the analysis period (2007-2021). At the metropolitan level, large cities are particularly home to high-value clusters and their influence within metropolitan areas is outlined.

Оценка на риска при неопределен бъдещ паричен поток

Author(s): Velina Yordanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

In a dynamic economic environment characterized with a high level of uncertainty and risk, investment evaluation is vital for investors. Options for investment evaluation are considered in the present paper taking into account some peculiarities. Various criteria are proposed for choosing the best investment.

Една идея – много задачи „Формиране на данък добавена стойност и някои особености“

Author(s): Rosen Nikolaev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The generally accepted value added tax (VAT) in the Republic of Bulgaria is formed under 20% rate. Several years ago it was reduced to 9% in Tourism, while recently it became 0% for bread. Unfortunately, these reductions do not result in corresponding reductions of the final prices. Problems that are connected with such peculiarities are considered in the present paper, also problems which are essentially related to VAT.

ИЗБОР НА СТРАТЕГИЯ ЗА ТЕХНИЧЕСКОТО ОБСЛУЖВАНЕ ЗА ОСИГУРЯВАНЕТО НА ЕКСПЛОАТАЦИОННАТА НАДЕЖДНОСТ НА МЕДИЦИНСКА АПАРАТУРА В КОНТЕКСТА НА ЕЛЕКТРОБЕЗОПАСНОСТТА

Author(s): Anton Slavchev Georgiev,Marinela Yordanova,Margreta Vasileva,Rosen Vasilev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article focuses primarily on the three typical states of modern electronic equipment: operational state, state of failure and state of recovery. The failure state (SF) and the operational state (SO) are characterized by the probabilities of residence in each of them – failure probability Q(t) and probability of failureless operation P(t).The aim of this paper is, as a result of a study of the case studies related to the operational reliability of different in type and complexity electronic systems, several different concepts for conducting maintenance have been developed, proposed and analyzed. The strategies are proper and for medical equipment. In conclusion, the most appropriate maintenance strategy is proposed for the purpose of ensuring a high degree of electrical safety in the maintenance of medical equipment.