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The specificities of the processes accompanying the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the EU and beyond are investigated based on the example of the interconnection between foreign trade and economic growth. The dynamics and changes in the structure of foreign trade in the two countries are examined from a comparative point of view, and an attempt is made to determine how they affect the economic growth rate. The analysis covers the period 2007-2018, which was chosen because it encompasses the time from the start of Bulgaria and Romania's EU membership until the present.
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The paper analyzes the structural sources and characteristics of the inflation process in Bulgaria in different sections of the economy and of the consumer price index (CPI). It studies the behavior of the wage, the average labour productivity, as well as the existing between them dependencies by economic sectors, economic activities and some of their groups. It interprets the dynamics of these indicators in the sectors of tradable and non-tradable goods, and traces the changes in the relative prices of the non-tradable goods. It comments the changes in the relative prices of the goods with competitive and administrated prices, and of aggregated groups of goods and services in the CPI structure. The paper draws the connection of the analyzed indicators and the correspondences with the dynamics of the general price level. It evaluates the empirical validity in the Bulgarian conditions of base assumptions and conclusions of some of the fundamental structural inflation models.
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The main objective of the present paper is to analyse whether the EU’s banking system is progressing towards conclusion of the present legislative reforms which were mainly triggered by the recent economic and financial crisis or, on contrary, it is still left at crossroads and the directions towards which it could continue forward are different. In the second part of the research the author presents other legislative initiatives in the banking sector initiated by the EU and some of which had already been published and implemented. Then the author focuses attention on the proposal for regulation pertaining to the structural measures to enhance the bank stability in the EU and discusses to what extent the latter could be treated as a concluding element for the banking reform in the EU.
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Changes in the trade and economic relations of Bulgaria under the influence of Global Value Chains have been analysed. The changes in the value added trade of the national industries under the influence of the country’s participation of a country in the integration processes were have been examined. The characteristic structural elements of the foreign trade flows have been identified and the impact of the international trade regulatory framework on the country's external economic environment has been assessed.
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This article deals with some structural problems of contemporary capitalism, caused by toxic mixture of unproductive entrepreneurship and the use of political and tax regulations for increasing the market power by leading corporations. The redirection of public resources and transfer of risk to the productive part of society, creating particracy by using public funds are causing structural problems on the labor market, where part of the jobs are meaningless. The myth of entrepreneurship as a driving engine of capitalist system is colliding with the rise of destructive entrepreneurship and decline of labor productivity.
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The changes in the sectoral composition of the economy reflect many processes and are an accurate indicator of the nature and rate of economic development of the state. What is more, sectoral structure is important for the analysis of economic development rate and the patterns and the increase in the productivity of all economic activities. Sectoral changes are important due to their role in the production process and the different labour productivity of different economic sectors and activities. Hence, the assessment and the use of the opportunities for accelerated development of the different sectors can contribute significantly to the economic growth and the increase of labour productivity.
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The aim of the article is to mark some structural changes in the sector of the cereals of the Bulgarian Crop subsector in the period of CAP implementation. The analysis covers a period of 12 years. The results in the end of the research period show a growth of the grain production as a part of the common production of the plant-growing sub-branch. In the 2012 half of the common production of the plant-growing derives from the cereals. This is due to an almost industrialized production as a result of the higher absorption of the European funds supporting the agricultural sector. Essential support aimed at ecologization of the production is envisaged during the new program period of the implementation of the CAP 2014+. The measures for diversification of the cultures and other “green” measures will contribute for the restoration of the growing of products, for which Bulgaria has comparative advantages, among others, the growing of fruits and vegetables.
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The paper seeks answers to theoretical, methodological and descriptive research questions. The main finding of the paper that in the long run it is not what countries specialize in, that matters, but rather the quality properties of economic activity. In the short and medium run “good specialization” can spectacularly improve the performance, but not the competitiveness of a country. Analysis is based on Hungarian structural data, since the paper tries to find out whether and in which way the Hungarian structural changes fit into global tendencies.
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The report examines the structural differences, the unevenness and the concentration in the distribution of some indicators characterizing the activity of the Construction sector by statistical regions. The research is conducted through popular measurements, justifying the need for their use. Based on the results of the survey, there is a clear uneven distribution of statistical regions and insignificant structural differences and concentration. According to the magnitudes of the indicators used to characterize the construction activity, three groups of areas with similar values are distinguished. The first group is the Southwestern region where Sofia is located. The second group includes the northeastern and southeastern regions, which include the sea ports of Varna and Bourgas. In the third group there are southern central, north central and northwest regions, the latter being characterized by the lowest values of observed indicators. There are also observed regularities in the change of the indicators characterizing the sector.
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The paper studies the structural characteristics of GDP and its dynamics in Bulgaria. It interprets the resulting perspectives for economic growth and measures the degree of structural convergence of the Bulgarian economy with the Eurozone. The empirical analysis leads to the conclusions that the level and the dynamics of GVA have been dominated by the services, and Bulgaria converges with the Eurozone most strongly in the industry and most weakly in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries, as the deviation in aggregate production structure does not tend to decline. Furthermore, in the income structure of GDP, the increase in the relative share of compensation of employees leads to convergence with the Eurozone, but has an adverse effect on investment and economic growth.
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Leisure has a unique nature, different from the structure and meaning of the other spheres of life. It includes reaction-concerned activities and generates positive emotions for those, who take part in it. The different manifestations of leisure, such as game, sport, recreation and tourism, could be met in almost all human societies. And they are of an extremely great significance of people’s lives. The modern understanding of leisure emphasizes on the attitude or perception of freedom, satisfaction and emotions. According to the modern concept, the intensive human experiences are being defined as a “transfusion”, i.e. as a complete devotion of the leisure participant to her/his activity or involvement. Another approach in research of leisure is to regard it as an activity. The main advantage of this approach is its objectivity and impartiality. The later is expressed in the possibility to quantatively define and compare the activities included in leisure. Leisure is this certain, non-engaging and discretion period of time, which remains after the completion of one’s work duties and home chores, as well as after the time needed for covering of some personal needs, and which in no way resembles the employment activity. Fairly and objectively regarded, between work time and leisure exists a deep and organic connection. They could not be opposed to each other, as in leisure one can restore her/his labor potential and thus is being prepared for the labor process. And the work time arises and creates the conditions and preconditions for the leisure’s nature and contents. In leisure, a human regains the life energy spent in work; she/he recreates herself/himself and achieves a further development of her/his individual abilities. All theses, however, depend both on the quantative scale and the possibilities for satisfying of necessities by the work-earned income. In this regard, work time can be considered as an estimate of labor product value, and just similarly leisure is a measure for the society’s progress and the freedom of the individuals.
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All processes and trends, that concern the different aspects of the new economy, the structural changes and the relations between them, are targets of the research work. The most important fields of that structural reform were sketched on the basis of the received findings.To occur obvious and positive change in the main macroeconomic indicators, towards their increase, in order to reach the European standards, the government bodies must focus their efforts exactly on these fields. As a result of the carried out investigations, combining study of a significant volume of specialized literature, analysis of broad size statistics information and conduct of empirical inquiry, it was confirmed that our a priori scientific thesis that structural economic changes are major approach to realize the post-industrial society as exhausted their potential for prosperity of the population and does not meet its very high standard in every respect: the environment, labor conditions, incomes, education, health, culture, etc.
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All processes and trends, that concern the different aspects of the new economy, the structural changes and the relations between them, are targets of the research work. The most important fields of that structural reform were sketched on the basis of the received findings.To occur obvious and positive change in the main macroeconomic indicators, towards their increase, in order to reach the European standards, the government bodies must focus their efforts exactly on these fields. As a result of the carried out investigations, combining study of a significant volume of specialized literature, analysis of broad size statistics information and conduct of empirical inquiry, it was confirmed that our a priori scientific thesis that structural economic changes are major approach to realize the post-industrial society as exhausted their potential for prosperity of the population and does not meet its very high standard in every respect: the environment, labor conditions, incomes, education, health, culture, etc.
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In this paper an attempt is being made at assessing the opportunities granted to countries receiving accession into the EU, including Bulgaria, through the tools of structural funds. The main problem is related to the acquisition of these funds, since in our opinion they represent a considerable financial flow, which could be the basis for making investments, and creating new jobs. In this respect it is important that the degree of acquisition of the funds granted to Bulgaria be increased in the preaccession period in order to prove the need for them in the future. Otherwise, this financial flow, necessary for the country, might be considerably diminished.
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Introduction. From the perspective of researching the problem, both institutional reforms to decentralise public administration and the formation of globally competitive national corporations are actualised by understanding the relationship between the institutional mechanism and mechanisms of business, market, economic and state regulation. The purpose of the article is to justify structural links of the institutional mechanism with business, market, economic and state mechanisms as a complex mechanism for regulating business entities development and to improve the basis of implementation of public administration systemic reforms. Methods. The usage of system analysis allowed us to consider the institutional mechanism by systemic characteristics. Results. An institutional mechanism is a subsystem of business, market, economic and state regulatory mechanisms and is specifically defined for a certain activity of a business entity. Consequently, an institutional mechanism as a system of institutional norms and rules, creates certain links to coordinate state and market influence on activities of business entities, providing limitations within organisational and legal framework (as a business mechanism) for their multi-vector needs and interests (as an economic mechanism), taking into consideration that economic feasibility is determined by the level of total expenditure during the period of making decisions and their implementation. Conclusions. It is concluded that the institutional mechanism is a structural component of business, market, economic and state regulatory mechanisms; it is created by certain institutions that differ by content and mode of operation; it is improved through the institutionalization of business entities’ activities and creates new conditions for their activities. These mechanisms have different nature and origin, thus cannot be universal for all business entities. However, the influence of the state on the process of law enforcement of institutions in open economies converts the regulation mechanisms into the universal ones that actualises their improvement in the context of public administration reform.
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Aggravation of social and economic situation in regional systems in Ukraine and in many countries of the world claims more attention to studies of cause-consequence relations of such systems’ elements with their environment. The precondition and simultaneous effect of such relations realization is dynamic and structural improvements in the system which in a certain way are reflected to the efficiency of its functioning. The article is devoted to substantiation of the actual cause-consequence relations between structural changes in the system of regional socium, results of its vital functioning and external influences which have become more visible. Substantiation builds on specification of correlative dependence between the coefficients of elements allocation uniformity within the system, intensity of structural changes in it, and values that characterize investment dynamics and gross value cost as measuring values of materialization of factors that influence system’s functioning and the results. Proved is the fact that the existence of the relation is the base precondition of taking into account structural changes within regional socium system to develop state and regional programmes and strategies that will determine the development vector of social and economic systems.
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Pacific Russia is considered as an aqua-territorial macro-region entering the Far Eastern Federal Okrug and its adjacentwater area within a 200-mile sea economic zone. The macro-region has the richest nature-resource potential of a dry land andthe sea, the possibilities to use the sea transport for communications of Russia and Europe with the countries of the Asian-Pacificregion. In Pacific Russia, two latitudinal zones are allocated: the northern and southern ones, consisting of the territories of theFar Eastern Federal Okrug of Russia. Combinations of activities by the subjects and by the latitudinal zones are considered asthe territorial structures of economy. The distinctions of these latitudinal zones by their socio-economic potential and the levelof development are shown. By the changes of homogeneous activities in the subjects and their ratios, measured in the sharesof the added cost, the assessment of the structural transformation of economy was carried out in the latitudinal zones from2004 to 2013. The tendencies of the transformation of the territorial structures of economy were revealed in the latitudinalzones. The greatest changes of the structures of economy occurred in the northern zone for this period. In the southern zone,the structural transformations of economy were a little less, except for Sakhalin. In this case, in both latitudinal zones, a shareof processing manufactures reduced and that of the extracting industries increased. The generalized assessment of the changesin social and economic efficiency (by increased personal income, labor productivity, profits) in correlation with the structuralchanges in the economy of the regions of Pacific Russia has been made. The authors note that an important premise for buildinga sufficiently sustainable system of interregional division of labor in Pacific Russia is the location of extractive industries andinitial stages of the manufacturing industry activities in the northern zone, while the major manufacturing industries andinterregional transport and logistics services are located in the southern zone. The article is intended for the experts and thestudents, interested in the problems of the development of the eastern regions of Russia.
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The aim of this study is justification of the nature and content of the process of forming social policy and construction on this basis the structural and logical model of social policy.It have been proved in the study that the formation of social policy should be carried out in accordance with the author's model, which is based on the logical relationship of a sequence of meaningful actions summarized to the following steps: diagnostics of social problems; identifying of the goals and social priorities; development of social norms and standards; assessment of the resources needed to achieve these goals; development of social policies and programs; separation system of developed policies and programs of organizational levels and timing of implementation; evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed system of social activities and programs.The proposed approach to the formation of social policy is aimed to improving its efficiency in social and economic aspects. More detailed consideration of issues related to the determination of the sources of financing of social policy, primarily taxation as a major source of income for the realization of purposes of social policy, is urgent and important.
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The author structures the elements of corporate capital, the hierarchy of which is considered as a subsystem in the structure of corporate system. Structural orientation of corporate capital, presented in the article, allows estimating the contribution of all its elements to additional value creation by means of substantiation of an appropriate assessment approach, and to develop an adequate control system of corporate capital according to existing economic conditions.
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