Статистически значимые слова четырех славянских служебных миней XI века

Author(s): Viktor A. Baranov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

The work deals with experiments on search of keywords in Slavonic Service Menaia of the 11th century by means of three statistic measures — Weirdness, TF*ICTF' and Log-Likelihood. Statistically significant words are found in the lists of 30 the most frequent lemmas of each copy (three other manuscripts play the role of the alternative subcorpus) and their different assessments by the respective measures are shown. The words that are the most significant due to the assessments done by the three measures on the basis of comparison of the ranks of the lemmas ranked by the values of measures are found in each list. Their comparison with the lists of lemmas that are the most significant on the whole for the collections of hymnographic texts of the corpus “Manuscript” helps to find the keywords in each of the manuscripts. Minimal threshold values of the measures are established for revelation of statistically significant linguistic units. Semantic-thematic interpretation of the keywords gives a possibility of seeing their relationship with the main notions of the Christian church and its realization in each manuscript: Menaion of May — defeat of suffering and death, holiness, praise, joy, Menaion of September — purity, God, Menaion of October — truth, peace, Menaion of November — praise, truth, salvation.

Статус партиципâ у српским граматикама из прве половине 19. века

Author(s): Kristina Stamenković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 53/2022

У раду се анализирају систематизација, структура и нормативни статус партиципског система у дескриптивним граматикама за Србе које су објављиване од 1811. до 1850. године, с циљем да се испрате тенденције губљења ове морфосинтаксичке категорије у првој половини 19. века. Региструју се вредновања и нормативистичке препоруке пласиране у освит језичке кодификације у вези с партиципским облицима, те скреће пажња на терминолошка разилажења међу приручницима који их презентују. Резултати указују на вернакуларизацију предметног језика и модернизацију метајезика у публикацијама овога профила штампаним реформисаном ћирилицом и фонолошким правописом.

СТВАРНОСНА ПРОЗА ПРЕДРАГА СТЕПАНОВИЋА

(ликови, лозе, језик, форма)

Author(s): Rada B. Stanarević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

Predrag Stepanović comprehensively analyzed realist prose, both as a linguist and a dialectologist, as a literary critic, theoretician and literary historian. What he created as a narrator puts him side by side with our most renowned writers of realist prose such as Dragoslav Mihailović. When we put aside indelible facts about reality that make Stepanović’s prose what it is, that being real people, real geography, real historical events, real vernacular of a region, and when we shield ourselves from the intoxicating influence of this type of narrative, from its playful beauty, we come to the conclusion that the novel Living in Mohacs (Živeti u Mohaču) is the most significant work of that kind in the writer’s opus so far. This novel absorbs or it engenders stories and characters of many other author’s stories such as Afganistan, Pakistan and Gajo Novaković, Razbibrige and Živko Tošković, Čobanska posla and Stokan Džambas, while Božićna priča, which like the entire Stepanović’s realist prose takes place in Mohacs, is an important pillar of this literary edifice insofar as all the characters pivotal to the story later appear in one place: Tihomir Bolmanac, Milan Panić and the writer himself. Besides the novel Living in Mohacs (Živeti u Mohaču), another prominent piece is Stepanović’s story Happy Man (Sretan čovek), which is also given due attention in the paper. Although it is an important factor, the political dimension of these works is not their most characteristic feature, but instead it is the family ties. Two family lines, Bolmanac and Panić, intertwine and the events presented in the works take place in the same period from mid 19th century until the end of the 20th century. Family ties, the life saga and oral history of their own origin and tradition are presented through the protagonists’ stories and they make up the essence of these works of Stepanović. Because of the writer’s exceptional linguistic and narrative gift his realist prose far surpasses the time of which he speaks and the time in which it was created.

Стереотипы Литвы и сведения о ней в древнейших восточнославянских летописях

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2004

The article is devoted to the question in which way Lithuanians and Lithuanian phenomena are represented in the oldest East Slavic chronicles (Novgorodian I, Laurentian [Suzdal’] and Hypatian [Kievan, Galician, and Volhynian] codices) in the entries up to the end of the 13th century. The analysis shows that the Hypatian codex, in particular its Galician-Volhynian part, contains most substantial entries on Lithuanians and Lithuania, whereas the bulk of entries in the Novgorodian and in the Laurentian (Suzdal’) codices tend to be elementary and stereotypical. The epitheta used with regard to Lithuanians (“godless”, “damned”) are not to be viewed only in the context of Lithuanian heathenism. When the East Slavs had Lithuanians as allies in their war campaigns, no epitheta were used at all. Only Daumantas and Vaišalgas, who fought along with the East Slavs against the Lithuanians, are treated as “good Lithuanians”, whereas Mindaugas and Traidenas come off as personifications of all “Lithuanian evil”. Mindaugas is the Lithuanian grand duke (king), who remains in the focus of the chronicles, in particular the Galician-Volhynian codex. He is also the first Lithuanian who appears in the chronicles as an acting person whose motives and goals are interpreted consecutively in the chronicles. His baptism in the Latin rite is described as a fraud. The appendix contains a synopsis of all entries on Lithuanian matters mentioned in the three oldest East Slavic chronicles.

Стилизация на устна комуникация в български художествени текстове

Author(s): Mariya Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

In the present paper the problems of the stylization of the oral communication in a literary text are interpreted. The observations upon the works of modern Bulgarian authors aim at determining the preferable means of stylization. In the first place the characteristics of the direct and inner speech are studied to this end, that the boundary between oral and written communication is overcome in these speech forms.

СТИХИ И ПИСЬМА ЯКОВА ЕМЕЛЬЯНОВА КАК ИСТОЧНИК ДЛЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ НОРМЫ ТАТАР-КРЯШЕН XIX ВЕКА

Author(s): Fanuza Sh. Nurieva,Gulnaz N. Fakhretdinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (43)/2021

The article analyzes the language features of Yakov Emelyanov’s collection of “Poems in the Christianized-Tatar language”, published in 1879 for Baptized Tatars. Written manuscripts are one of the main sources for studying the history of the language, however, this collection has not yet been considered. The article analyzes the phonetic, morphological, and lexical features in the text. The language of the poems is compared with the linguistic material of the translated liturgical Cyrillic books, the Tatar literary language and its modem dialects. The results suggest that there are a number of graphic and phonetic features, including rounded vowels, the use of diphthongs and certain vowels and consonants in accordance with the literary variants, and the vowel deletion. The morphological features include the affix -ym, -em instead of the literary first person singular of the future tense with -r, the infinitive -maga affix instead of the literary -rga, as well as lexical peculiarities that distinguish the poems language from the modem Tatar literary language and some of its dialects. Moreover, all of them are recorded in the Mamadysh and Laishev dialects of the Tatar language, the regions where the poet was bom and lived. Thus, we can assume that forms of real colloquial words of that time are presented in Yakov Yemelyanov’s poems, and in translated liturgical books, these features were leveled. Analysis of the poems allows observing the history of the Tatar language and its dialects.

Страдателният залог в устната реч

Author(s): Marina Dzhonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The main topic of the article is the use of passive voice in Spoken Bulgarian. Special attention is paid to the passives with the auxiliary verb biva. A review of the existing opinions on the use of the forms under consideration is made. The possible contexts of use, as well as the presence or absence of competing passive verb forms in the given context, are considered. A conclusion for the preference of a passive verb form with biva is made.

Стратегии номинации и «языковая политика»: названия жителей городов

Author(s): Mariya Vyacheslavovna Akhmetova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The article studies two cases illustrating the attempts to regulate the use of names of town-dwellers in the late 20th — the early 21st centuries. Both cases are about the introduction of the least popular variants in two towns (“tveritiane” in Tver and “tambovtsy” in Tambov. Tver’s experience was more successful since it was initiated by local linguists; the name, proposed by them, is widely used in almost a half of the local media (though other variants are more popular in the local usage). In Tambov, the editor of the local newspaper published a program editorial, and the first mayor sanctioned the establishment of a billboard with a slogan “Tambovtsy, love your town” in the town center. But this name wasn’t so popular in the local newspapers, and it’s become marginal by now.

Структура прагматического макрокомпонента значения (на материале группы слов, обозначающих национальность)

Author(s): Marina Aleksandrovna Lappo / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2016

The research under scrutiny develops the ideas of integral theory of lexical meaning and a number of studies on the structure of the pragmatic macrocomponent (Yu. D. Apresyan, G. N. Sklyarevskaya, V. N. Telia, E. Yu. Bulygina, T. A. Tripolskaya). In order to identify the structure of the pragmatic macrocomponent of ethnonyms a complex of methods was used: comparison of lexicographical dictionaries’ strategies of different periods and study of the Russian National Corpus. The investigation involves "Dictionary of Russian language" edited by D. N. Ushakov (19351940), "Dictionary of Modern Russian literary language", edited by V. I. Chernysheva (19481965), "Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by A. P. Evgeneva (19811984), dictionaries and encyclopedias of different periods of time and about 2,000 con-texts from the Corpus.The purpose of this article is to describe the structure of the pragmatic component of eth-nonyms, the ways of fixing this semantics in dictionaries and realization in the modern Russian discourse. It is established, firstly, that academic Russian dictionaries present ethnonyms as neutral lexemes in the interpretation area, and in some cases in the illustration area a pragmat-ic context is applied. Ideological microcomponent is often revealed while comparing dictionaries of different time periods. Secondly, the structure of the pragmatic macrocomponent of nomi-nations on the national basis includes estimating microcomponents and ideological values. In its turn, the ideological microcomponent includes such components as closeness, farness, alienness, hostility, and evaluation microcomponent includes such components as developed / undeveloped nation, which determines its position in the scale of prestige, usefulness and / or ac-cepting – a kind of ranking of nations. The level of development is supported by a set of particular judgments (ethical and rational), representing national stereotypes.

Структурирование топонимических данных в свете разработки историко-топонимического словаря Западной Ингер­манландии (часть II)

Author(s): A. V. Dmitrijev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2022

In the light of the development of the historical toponymic dictionary of West Ingermanland, Russian and Swedish sources of the 16th and 17th centuries have been searched for the names of those settlements of Ingermanland which disappeared by the early 18th century. The area under consideration is the western part of Kingisepp district, Leningrad region. The material for the study consists of 16th and 17th century Russian and Swedish scribal documents and 17th century Swedish maps. The place names found were classified according to six territorial areas determined. Each place name was lexicographically considered by the following components of the dictionary entry: the original place name, its historical variants with administrative-territorial reference, hypothetical etymology, brief information about the local ownership of the object, variants of the name with a common root on the territory of all five pyatinas. As it turned out, not all place-names that have fallen out of documentary use can be unambiguously referred to a particular disappeared settlement. The reason for this is complex historical and geographical transformations that led to the emergence of doublet names for the same object, sometimes semantically completely unrelated, while some oikonyms do not always refer to one and the same settlement.

СТРУКТУРНЕ И ТВОРБЕНЕ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ КАРАШЕВСКЕ АНТРОПОНИМИЈЕ ИЗ ПРВЕ ПОЛОВИНЕ XVII ВЕКА

Author(s): Mihai N. Radan / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2019

Le travail fait une analyse des noms de famille enregistrés dans la première moitié du XVIIème siècle dans les listes des moines franciscains de Bosnie conservés dans les Archives du Vatican. Ces listes ont été créées lors des activités de conversion au catholicisme des Carashovènes menées par les missions de la Congrégation pour la propagande religieuse FIDE de Rome qui ont travaillé à cette époque dans le Banat. Les noms de famille enregistrés sont analysés en termes de structure et de modalité de formation. En même temps, les anthroponymes du XVIIème siècle analysés sont comparés avec la forme des anthroponymes carashovènes contemporaines, afin de surprendre la direction d’évolution des anthroponymes carashovènes et donc de révéler les changements survenus dans la structure ethnique de l’enclave carashovène depuis le XVIIème jusqu’à présent. Le cas échéant, d’autres caractéristiques pertinentes de ces anthroponymes (étymologiques, sémantiques) sont également mises en évidence.

Структурно-вероятностная модель монгольского языка (на базе Генерального корпуса современного монгольского языка)

Author(s): Sergey Krylov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (6)/2012

The article describes a General Corpus of the Modern Mongolian language, which contains 966 texts, 1 155 583 words. The Modern Mongolian language is described in its quantitative aspect, according to a structural-probabilistic model which contains frequency dictionaries (FDs) of different types: FDs of word forms, lexemes, grammatemes, root morphemes and allomorphemes, affixal morphemes and allomorphemes, flexionemes, grammemes. The article reports the top-lists of some FDs: top-list of the “upper” 100 word forms having frequency higher than 922 ipm, top-list of the “upper” 100 lexemes having frequency higher than 1198 ipm and top-list of the “upper” 100 grammatemes having frequency higher than 761 ipm.

СТРУКТУРНО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СЛОЖНОСОКРАЩЕННЫХ СЛОВ И АББРЕВИАТУР, ОБРАЗОВАННЫХ В СОВЕТСКИЙ ПЕРИОД

Author(s): Jaroslaw Wierzbiński / Language(s): Russian Issue: 10/2014

In the present paper there are shown different types of abbreviations that convey the Sovietperiod reality. As it is proved in the contemporary dictionaries, many of such words and structures are still in use today. However, some abbreviations are recognised as obsolete. With the status of historicisms, they became the prove of bureaucratic paperwork that grew in the Soviet era. In thehistory of Russian language numerous abbreviations, such as ЧК or НКВД, became the symbols ofthe Soviet repressive past.

Структурно-семантические типы предложений квалификации, образованных лексическим повтором, в хакасском языке

Author(s): Larisa Chebodaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (6)/2012

The article deals with sentences of qualification with the predicative core N1 ― N1 formed by a lexical repeat. The author identifies five main structural and semantic types of tautological sentences in the Khakas language.

Структурно-функционален статус на славяно- българския език на „История славянобългарска” (към типологията на хибридните варианти на църковнославянския език)

Author(s): Anastasiya Tosheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

The impartial analysis of “Istoria slavyanobalgarska” shows that Paisiy’s language can not be fully related neither to Church-Slavonic, nor to colloquial Bulgarian. In epilogue Paisiy presents his linguistic scheme and standard by defining the language of his “Istoria slavyanobalgarska” as Slavonic-Bulgarian – a new linguistic hybrid which has been present in the Bulgarian literature till the 1840s. The linguistic hybrids strengthen their position in the Bulgarian and Serbian historiography and mark the period between the decline of the Church-Slavonic tradition and the beginning of the linguistic revival.

СУБСТАНТИВИРОВАННЬІЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЬІЕ И ПРИЧАСТИЯ С КОНКРЕТНЬІМ ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬІХ СЛАВЯНСКИХ ПИСЬМЕННЬІХ ПАМЯТНИКАХ

Author(s): Tatyana Ilieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The article examines the substantive use of adjectives and participles of concrete meaning in medieval Slavic written monuments. An attempt has been made for semantic classification, according to the named substantive base of the motivational phrase, and within its framework – according to the named adjectival base of the substantive. Some peculiarities of their usage are traced, as well as the arising paradigmatic relations in the system. A comparison is made between the analyzed category of words historically and its status in our modern discourse.

СУБСТАНТИВНЫЕ СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ С РОДИТЕЛЬНЫМ ПАДЕЖОМ В ДРЕВНЕРУССКОЙ ГИМНОГРАФИИ

Author(s): Anfisa Vladimirovna Rozhkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The study is based on the original poetic and liturgical texts created between the XI and the XV centuries. The research novelty lies in the fact that it investigates for the first time the word combinations with the genitive case functioning in the Old Russian hymnographic texts. The article analyzes the constructions formed using the model “noun + noun in the genitive case”. Observations show that this type of word combinations is the most frequent one among the combinations with subordinate adnominal cases. The purpose of the study is to determine the meanings of the genitive case through lexical and semantic analysis of the components of the word combinations, as well as to establish correlated grammatical constructions with other case forms and adjectives. The analysis revealed eight specific meanings of the genitive case. In quantitative terms, the groups of word combinations are represented unevenly, with combinations in which the meaning of the genitive case is defined as metaphorical being the prevailing group. Within each semantic domain, there is a different ratio of parallel grammatical constructions. Along with the substantive-adjacent genitive case, there are combinations with the adnominal dative case or with a dependent adjective. Other semantic zones include three correlated constructs. In some cases, combinations with the dative and local cases are used in parallel with the genitive case (for example, when expressing the object meaning), while in other cases a number of correlated constructions form combinations with the dative case or a dependent adjective. It is concluded that there are such semantic areas, where the substantive-adjacent genitive case serves as the only means of expressing the meaning.

СУПИН В КАЗАНСКОМ ЕВАНГЕЛИИ XIV ВЕКА

Author(s): Nataliya Gennadyevna Nikolaeva,Anton Ermoshin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5-6/2019

The paper analyzes the supine functioning in the Kazan Gospel, an ancient lectionary of the 14th century. The study aims to establish general patterns in the supine use, the description of its phonetic appearance, and the influence of the latter on the morphology, as well as in the gradual replacement of the supine with an infinitive. The focus of the study is the supine and its syntactical relations in the context. The research was performed with the help of simultaneous description of the phenomenon of historical grammar of the Russian language in a certain period and diachronic observation of this phenomenon in a number of similar texts, as well as linguistic methods of gospel textual studies. We revealed the signs of supine as a vanishing form (variations in different Gospel manuscripts, replacement with the infinitive, replacement with personal verb forms, errors in its use) and, thus, confirmed: firstly, the period when the text of the Kazan Gospel was written (no later than the end of the 14th century); secondly, the mixed nature of its text, namely apparent preservation of Old Slavonic protograph features followed by the evident text russification. The results obtained are important for the historical grammar of the Russian language and for the textology of the Old Slavic gospels.

Суфиксалномотивирани съществителни с абстрактно значение в текста на Египетския патерик

Author(s): Petko D. Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 101/2016

The development of a new literary language requires elaboration of the system of abstract nouns. The use of abstract lexis, of theological terminology, and a big number of compound words differentiates the Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic) literary vocabulary from every Slavic dialect in the 9th century and today. The present study of the abstract nouns formed with suffixes in the Egipetski Paterik sheds light on an early stage of the development of abstract lexis in the Old Bulgarian literary language. Such nouns characterize translator’s style and the challenges he met. This paper discusses the following types of abstract nouns in the Egipetski Paterik: abstract nouns of feminine gender with suffixes -ость, -ъınʜ, -ота/-ета, -тва, -ʜna, -ьва and neuter abstract nouns in -nʜѥ/-тʜѥ, -ʜѥ, -ьство и -ьствʜѥ. The semantics of the lexemes examined is discussed according to the context in which they are used. Further, the use of these lexemes in the Egipetski Paterik is juxtaposed with their use in three types of sources: the so-called classical Old Bulgarian (OCS) corpus from the 10th–11th centuries; texts originating from 10th-century Preslav that survive in later copies; and similar – in style and language – Old Bulgarian translations of paterica.

Съвременни лингвистични идеи, обогатяващи обучението по български език

Author(s): Tatyana Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The paper is about modern linguistic ideas which enhance Bulgarian Language Teaching. The emphasis is on the contribution of Prof. Stefana Dimitrova concerning her studies in Pragmatics, Corpus Linguistics, and Text-Linguistics. The implementations of these key statements in Core Curriculum, textbooks and methods of teaching have been described. Some productive issues about relation between Linguistics and Bulgarian Language Teaching are discussed.