Ph. Baldi. The Foundations of Latin
Review of: Ph. Baldi. The Foundations of Latin. [Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 117, ed. W. Winter]. Mouton de Gruyter. Berlin — New York, 1999. 534 p.
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Review of: Ph. Baldi. The Foundations of Latin. [Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 117, ed. W. Winter]. Mouton de Gruyter. Berlin — New York, 1999. 534 p.
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Review of: К. Вачкова. Изследвания по история на българския книжовен език. Помигало за студенти. II част. Шумен, Университетско издателство „Епископ Константин Преславски“, 2001, 144 стр.
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The German language is (stereo)typically viewed as a language that is both hard to learn and harsh to the ear, as well as useful and (sometimes overly) precise. Considering a few linguistic studies but focusing on layman manifestations from different countries found in literature, press, television and social networks, the author analyses these stereotypes as to their spread, connection to German culture, possible origins and social connotations. Following a qualitative approach, the analysis highlights how the outside view of Germany and the Germans has been shaped by specific historical events, from the era of the Germans as a people of poets and thinkers to the two World Wars and the modern EU. Finally, the analysis allows the identification of a clear connection between Germany/Germans-related and German-related stereotypes.
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The author presents an erotic lexicon belonging to the category of “prostitution” and appearing in historical criminal jargon. He excerpted lexical material from Polish historical studies from the 19th century and the beginning the 20th century (38 words). In the article the author presents the provenance of some expressivisms. He analyses less familiar and forgotten names of brothel, prostitute and pimp: i.e.: bajzel, majdan, binia, nafke, marucha, lupa, chonte, babustyna, szantrapa, rachla, gonia, wytyczka, przydupnik, maciornik, luj, bratpolski, alfons). Most of the studied words constitute neo-semantism, less often – borrowings. The author presents the etymology of this vocabulary, but he also hypothesises the origin of several lexemes. He puts the analysed words in the context of linguistic and cultural taboos (he mentions euphemisation and vulgarisation). The text invites discussion; some of the author’s observations provoke debate.
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Our paper aims to approach one of the most important problems that emerge when using a foreign language in any manner, that is – combinatory valences of words. The given matter relates to a wide range of linguistic segments: morphology (since valence has to do with the connections between certain parts of speech), lexicology (as all these words are part of the lexical background of the language) and, last but not least, translation (because the result may vary from occasional funny mistakes to serious translation errors). Starting from a number of theories elaborated by various linguists, we illustrate each category that has been mentioned by providing contrastive examples, so as to ensure the access to as much information as possible. We argue that the usefulness of such a study lays in the fact that errors can and should rather be prevented than corrected and the more relevant the examples are, the easier it is to keep them in mind and make proper use of one’s knowledge.
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Eugeniu Coșeriu had a meta-linguistic and multidisciplinary approach to language’s phenomenon, by using all scientific instruments he could find, from linguistics to philosophy and history – amongst these, a central role was performed by semiotics. Employing semiotics meant, amongst others: using semiotic categories, identifying semiotic phenomena in language, searching for psychological explanations regarding philological processes, and identifying the semiotics’ role for interpreting the world. In the present paper we are analyzing Coșeriu’s use of semiotics in order to further widening and advancing his meta-linguistical vision upon linguistics. We have used the qualitative research method as defined by Zoltán Dörney. (2011: 24 and the followings). We have aimed to argue the multidisciplinary character of Coșeriu’s general linguistics and his extraordinary capacity of using notions from a wide variety of science branches in order to accomplish an existential meta-vision on communication.
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Because pharmacology is a field developed for people everywhere, it is necessary for specialists to use, among other phrases, international words too. These are characterized, on the one hand, by the identical meaning in several languages, on the other hand, by a similar sound envelope. The purpose of this article is to highlight, through a comparative analysis, that some pharmaceutical words can fit into an international scientific vocabulary.
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The origin of any language has as its main purpose to serve as an exclusive mean of communication, however this process varies according to the orator who use different linguistic variants, in order to express a certain word, according to the ages of the speakers, but also to the history of the country. The main purpose of this article is to explain why communication is important in everyday life, but also to show that there is an enormous variety of ways through which we can communicate: signs and signals, gestural language, mime language, but the easiest modality that allows us to carry out communication itself is given by the language.
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This study aims to investigate the intricacies of translating highly specialized medical terms, providing practical insights and strategies in order to overcome the challenges encountered when dealing with the translation of Patient Information Leaflets. Despite the fact that many scholars have acknowledged the difficulty of translating medical/pharmaceutical terms formed by noun phrases having a complex premodification, there are still few studies that propose an analysis in order to find a solution to this problem. Starting from the theoretical approaches available on this topic and analysing the examples taken from the corpus of texts under investigation, we have aimed to observe if we could establish certain regularities in the translation of these terms. While we could identify certain patterns only in a few situations, most of the analysed terms were characterized by a high variability which proved that transposing them might be problematic even for experienced translators.
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No linguist or grammarian proposed the status of mode for the imperfect. The new modal meanings attached to the imperfect are: counterfactuality and distancing. The prelude would allow marking the unreality of the facts imagined by a child. Therefore, the prelude forms would serve to express two types of modality: an epistemic one, in which the transition from the real world to the imaginary one, of the game ("reality-switching") is marked, and one of the illocutionary, as specified by the authors: Berthonneau & Kleiber (1994), Anscombre (2004), Patard and Richard. We note that similar epistemic modal effects have been observed in other uses of the imperfect by authors such as; Adam (1992), Gosselin (1999), Berthonneau & Kleiber (2003), Bres (2006), being associated with counter-real processes (eg: "Un pas de plus et elle était dehors.") or hypothetical (eg: " Si j'étais riche, je partirais aux Maldives.». Thus, modal values leave open all possible perspectives: follow-up, inflection or process interruption, as specified by S. Mellet (1988: 10).
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Më 6 qershor 2022, në Prishtinë, nisi punimet edicioni i 13-të i konferencës “Java e Albanologjisë” e organizuar nga Instituti Albanologjik. Në këtë edicion morën pjesë 90 studiues të shkencave albanologjike. Në seancën solemne fjalën e hapjes e mbajti drejtori i Institutit prof. dr. Hysen Matoshi, i cili krahas shpalosjes së programit dhe temave që do të trajtohen theksoi se kjo konferencë mbahet në vigjilje të tre përvjetorëve të rëndësishëm të shkencave albanologjike: 60- vjetori i botimit të numrit të parë të revistës “Gjurmime albanologjike”, 50-vjetori i standardizimit të gjuhës shqipe dhe 40-vjetori i revistës “Gjuha shqipe”. Pas tij, me fjalë përshëndetëse të pranishmëve iu drejtuan: në emër të Akademisë së Studimeve Albanologjike, prof. dr. Valter Memisha (zëvendësrektor), kurse nё emёr tё Institutit të Trashëgimisë Kulturore e Shpirtërore të Shqiptarëve në RMV, prof. dr. Skënder Hasani (drejtor).
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Kongresi i Drejtshkrimit i Gjuhës Shqipe, i mbajtur në vitin 1972, është ngjarja më e madhe në historinë e kulturës shqiptare. Me rëndësinë e tij, me ndikimet e tij shumaspektore në jetën shoqërore, arsimore, kulturore, shpirtërore në përgjithësi të popullit shqiptar ai hyn në radhën e ngjarjeve politike, shoqërore, kombëtare, historike që qe 50 vjet e lëvizin, që e çojnë përpara në pikëpamje kulturore, që e shumëkuptimësojnë dhe e lartësojnë jetën e këtij populli. Me njësimin e gjuhës letrare shqipe rregullat drejtshkrimore të së cilës janë paraqitur në Kongresin në fjalë, është përplotësuar, është pasuruar, është njësuar gjithëkombëtarisht identiteti i përtashëm dhe historik i shqiptarëve.
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Prof. Tito Jochalas është një emër i mirënjohur në studimet albanologjike. Ka kryer studimet e larta filologjike në Universitetin e Athinës (1965). Punoi në fillim si lektor i gjuhës greke në Universitetin e Palermos, ku u njoh me mjedisin arbëresh. Më 1970 kreu studimet në fushën e albanologjisë në Universitetin e Mynihut pranë prof. M. Camajt për gjuhë shqipe dhe prof. G. Stadtmüller-it për histori ballkanike. Më 1971 filloi punën në Akademinë e Shkencave në Athinës, ku për 35 vjet drejtoi sektorin për neologjizmat dhe terminologjinë e gjuhës greke. Krahas kësaj ishte edhe drejtor i Institutit të Studimeve të Europës Juglindore në Athinë. Në fushën e albanologjisë T. Jochalas ka botuar një varg librash dhe dhjetëra artikuj. Ai është një filolog i rysur në fushën e studimeve për Arvanitët dhe për ligjërimet e tyre.
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Siç dihet, në themel të leksikut të gjuhës së sotme letrare shqipe – edhe për arsye historiko-gjuhësore të zhvillimit të saj – janë bashkëmarrëdhëniet gjuhë letrare (standard) – ligjërim popullor (të folme). Në studimin e tij të gjatë, “Baza popullore e gjuhës letrare shqipe dhe i ashtuquajturi purizëm”, profesor Androkli Kostallari thotë: “Duke ruajtur nëpër shekuj strukturën fonetike e gramatikore, fondin themelor leksikor, strukturën e mjetet fjalëformuese me vlerat reale e potenciale të tyre dhe me prirjet themelore të evoluimit të tyre, baza popullore ka luajtur e luan një rol vendimtar e shumë aktiv edhe për përhapjen e zhvillimin e pasurimin e gjuhës letrare njëformëshe e të përbashkët, e cila, jo vetëm është kristalizuar si e tillë duke u mbështetur në tërë sistemin e vet te kjo bazë shumë e gjerë dhe e thellë, por edhe është ushqyer e ushqehet pandërprerë prej saj”
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The study reveals the historical changes in the semantics of the verbs облагати /обложити and their derivates облогъ, обложениѥ, обложник. Material from lexicographical works, electronic corpora of medieval texts, manuscripts is used. The obtained data have been structured in view of the semantic changes that have occurred. Some interesting cases of homonymy are traced. Errors in existing dictionaries are also analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the main changes in the semantics of Old Bulgarian verbs and their derivatives in the millennial development of the Bulgarian language. Attention is paid to cases of changes in semantics imposed by the terminology of words.
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Source knowledge searches can be conducted in different directions, including in the linguistic field. This or that manuscript may become a new source for the research of various issues of historical grammar. Such is the Gelatian manuscript (K14), which contains several interesting materials in theological, philosophical, historical, linguistic, and other directions. In the article, we discuss the attempts to reflect the grammatical category of gender in the grammatical system of the Georgian language. We will conduct the discussion based on the 12thcentury Gelatian translation of St. Maximus the Confessor's "Questions and Answers to Thalasses". We also take into account the indications of the original Greek text of the works. In the article, we will also discuss one metatext of a linguistic nature, which was made by the Gelatian anonymous translator on one of the pages of the manuscript. The mentioned text is related to the issue of the representation of the grammatical category of gender in the Georgian text and also to the manner of production of derogatory forms. The named samples demonstrate the necessity of studying old Georgian sources from the point of view of studying this or that issue of historical grammar.
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The unpublished works of S. I. Mordvinov have not yet come to the attention of linguists and are a new source for studying the vocabulary of the Russian language of the XVIII century. Two essays by this author on maritime affairs have been preserved, written at intervals of a couple of decades – in the late 1730s and in 1764. The purpose of this study is to describe the changes that the terminological system of the sphere of ship tactics experienced in the usage of one author. According to our observations, the later work of 1764 is a revised version of the work of the 1730s. Each of the manuscripts stored in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences has its own unique content – some paragraphs and sections, but the main sections coincide, including the headings, sometimes with variations. A comparison of the terminology of the two treatises shows that the specific terms of ship evolution (i.e., the position of ships in formation and its changes), in contrast to the more general marine terminology used by Mordvinov, are oriented towards the French usage. At the same time, in his later work, the gallicization of the terminological system intensifies – at both the morphological and phonetic levels. In this way, Mordvinov tries to standardize the terms in this area.
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