Međusobni utjecaji gramatike, semantike i pragmatike
Review of: Ismail Palić, Gramatika, semantika i pragmatika rečenice, Institut za jezik, Sarajevo, 2019
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Review of: Ismail Palić, Gramatika, semantika i pragmatika rečenice, Institut za jezik, Sarajevo, 2019
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Estonian transitive verbs are traditionally divided into partitive, aspect, and perfective verbs. While the classic definitions state that partitive verbs are to express imperfective aspect and to be applied with partitive objects only, and perfective verbs to appear with total objects in genitive or nominative cases, both verb types may allow differentional object case alternation (DOM) under certain circumstances. Object case alternation could be seen as regular (or distinguishing aspect) and non-regular (e.g., differentiating meanings of a verb, depending on context, object features, ‘neutral’ aspect, or the structure of a fixed expression). All these cases are analysed in the article based on the Estonian National Corpus 2017 materials.
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Employing a questionnaire, we investigate how well the advanced learners of Finnish recognize different zero-person constructions and what kind of zero-person constructions the L2 speakers of Finnish find the most plausible. While doing so, we also experiment with different exercise types and explore how they could benefit the L2 research. The zero person often receives less attention than the passive voice in the L2 textbooks of Finnish, which may be due to the difficulty of approaching it because of the lack of specific structural features. In the L2 teaching of Finnish, this has led to the emphasizing of certain types of zero-person constructions, such as those containing a modal verb. However, since the zero person (and the zero subject) is a very frequent phenomenon in both everyday speech and in more formal language use, recognizing it and its contexts of use is essential also for the learner language. Our questionnaire makes use of a corpus study of spoken language data. Our results suggest that the interpretation of zero-person constructions is often difficult for the L2 learners of Finnish and that the interpretation is primarily affected by verb semantics and not by the other constituents nor their order in the clause.
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Some theorists in meta-ethics have recently defended so-called ‘meta-ethical pluralism’, which denies that ordinary moral discourse is uniform, instead claiming that it contains several different concepts of morality. But critics have objected that such a theory cannot adequately explain both moral and meta-ethical disagreement, because the use of, or focus on, different concepts, respectively, means that speakers in these contexts would frequently end up talking past each other instead of having a genuine disagreement. In response, I will argue that, in both cases, pluralism leaves more room for disagreement than its critics have thought: in ordinary moral discourse, speakers could still disagree about content that is communicated as a matter of pragmatics rather than semantics; and in meta-ethics, they could dispute both how moral discourse is to be conceptualized, and which concept is best. And that undermines any immediate inference from the presence of disagreement to the falsity of pluralism.
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The article deals with language associations related to weather phenomena. The article’s literature review provides an overview of previous research that has focused on meteorological phenomena and their relationship to emotional, linguistic and psychological matters. The literatutre section is followed by an overview of the study underlying the paper, in which 59 participants completed a weather-based stimulus questionnaire. The rest of the article presents the results of the study, namely that the vast majority of weather-related language associations were of syntagmatic type, whilst sound-based associations were not detected. Adjective associations also prevailed over nouns.
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The article deals with language portrait of motivational speaker. The purpose of the study is to try to give description of such language personality, create his language portrait based on analysis of language means abundant in motivational speeches. The methodology of our study comprises scientific methods and tools applicable to investigating language portrait of the studied type of speaker, particularly semantic and structural analysis. We use the term language personality in the sense of referring to one individual of a certain language community who has a particular set of language skills and qualities. Language personality is thought by us in two aspects: 1) as a characteristic of a certain individuality; 2) as description of typical personality. The article supports the idea of language personality of motivational speaker as such manifesting himself in speech, having knowledge, charisma, ability to persuade. Whereas language portrait of motivational speaker is an organized structure comprising linguistic, personal and psychological factors. While building language portrait we have analyzed communicative type of motivational speaker, defined reinforcing vocabulary, grammar and syntax, described aspects of motivational speeches, investigated the elements and techniques of speech.
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Spanish possesses a vast array of items that codify the speaker’s degree of certainty or doubt (i.e., epistemic modality), such as quizá, igual, seguramente or sin duda. Little attention has been devoted to them in the field of Spanish as a Foreign Language, especially regarding their semantics. The aim of this article is to show that some of the semantic descriptions of such items reveal inconsistencies in a variety of didactic sources, and this might hinder students from mastering them. We focus on three case studies involving (a) where certain items are allocated in the epistemic scale, (b) how a group of similar expressions is treated, and (c) how the semantics of an adverb is described vis-à-vis its cognates in other languages.
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Słowo głuchy obecne jest w języku polskim od bardzo dawna, tak samo zresztą jak i sami Głusi. I słowo, i ludzie funkcjonują wśród polskiej społeczności od wieków [Czajkowska-Kisil 2014, 25]. Ale jakie nastawienie mają użytkownicy języka polskiego do tego słowa? Nie chodzi tutaj o nastawienie świadome, o odpowiedź na pytanie Co sądzi Pan/ /Pani o słowie głuchy? Czy jest ono pozytywne czy negatywne? Ciekawsze okazać się może nastawienie nieświadome, ukryte w danych leksykograficznych oraz korpusowych języka polskiego. Aby do niego dotrzeć, trzeba przeanalizować słowniki języka polskiego oraz słowniki etymologiczne. Niezbędna okaże się też analiza Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego oraz przeprowadzenie testów mających na celu wydobycie wartościowania w nim zawartego.
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The following research demonstrates the analysis of clauses used by the Chief of Police, General Jarosław Szymczyk, during an interview which created the discursive image of the police at the time of epidemic of coronavirus. The aim of the article was to provide an answer to the following questions: which clause type dominates in the interview, how particular clauses construe the discursive image of police and whether the created image is positive or not. Such questions required a study which draws on the ideational clause type analysis described in Michael Halliday’s theory of Systemic Functional Grammar. The application of the aforementioned allowed to conclude the following. Material clauses, which are the most numerous, were used to convey a dynamic and professional image of the police which, although had to struggle with the epidemy of coronavirus, is able to continue its work. Relational clauses were used to depict the police as an institution that is prepared to fight with the coronavirus epidemy and additionally to present that there are close bonds between police officers. Verbal clauses were used to depict police officers as caring and interested in people. Mental and behavioural clauses were used to show that the police work in a rational way. Existential clauses were used to present events in which the police offices took part. All in all, it was concluded that the discursive image created by General Szymczyk is a positive one.
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This article deals with inaccuracies that occur in the process of transmission of the Hadith and are related to either mistakes made in writing (transcribing) the texts of sanad or metn of a hadith or by a wrong pronunciation of the same. These mistakes are made by a transmitter who either did not hear clearly at the time of oral transmission (tashif as-sam‘) or did not see the written text well (tashif al-basar) which, however, resulted in changes to the texts. Morphological or semantic inaccuracies that can happen with transmitters who are not well versed in Arabic language, however, were not the subject of this article. The aim here was to make a contribution to the study of transmission of the hadith (‘ilm al-hadis riwaya) and to analyse the possible implications of this phenomenon upon the actual meaning of the text. Of course these implications are magnified, in cases of translation of the hadith from Arabic language, by not understanding the style of the language or by not knowing the context in which it was delivered. In this article we analysed two types of the Hadith: musahhaf and muharraf wherein we observed the above mentioned inaccuracies and we give examples to further explain this phenomenon.
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The article concerns the grammatical interpretation of sequences created by combining the particle niech with the present or future tense forms of verbs, e.g. niech usiądę, niech usiądziemy, niech (Pan/i) usiądzie, niech (Państwo) usiądą. In the grammatical descriptions of the contemporary Polish language they are characterized either as the inflectional forms of the imperative mood of the verb or as syntactic constructions (and thereby are included into the verb paradigm or excluded from it). The author subjects to analysis the criteria used by the scholars advocating either of the interpretations and confronts them with various types of usage of the analysed sequences and with the usage of the imperative mood forms created in a synthetic manner. The discussion offered in this article leads to a conclusion that neither of the abovementioned two interpretations of the sequences containing niech is free from defects and in order to adequately describe the linguistic phenomena analysed here further detailed investigation is required.
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This article discusses the criteria of neonymy which are adopted in the literature and in practice of registering new words, as exemplified by the internationalism demokratura. In the first part we briefly describe the history of this word, possible sources of borrowing it, and explore its fate in the Polish language. In the second part we discuss the neonymic status of the noun demokratura. In conclusion we propose a set of objectivized criteria, which allow to more precisely determine the status of new words as neologisms, ephemerida or occasionalisms.
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The article explores the linguistic lexical means that served Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz to express the selected colours of the poetic world he created in the three initial volumes of his poetry, regarded as his juvenilia (Oktostychy, Dionizje, and Kasydy zakończone siedmioma wierszami). The subject of the author’s particular interest are lexemes that refer to the colours gold (złoty) and golden (złocisty), as well as the colours similar to them (i.e. yellow, citron, and amber). Their description is formal-semantic, performed in accordance with the principles of stylistic grammar, not considering the poetic function of the used linguistic means. The exponents of the abovementioned colours make up 18% of the usage of all the words referring to colours. The primary names of the indicated colours are the simple adjectives złoty, złocisty, topazowy, żółty, bursztynowy, cytrynowy, and the compound adjectives biało-złoty, różowo-złocisty, złotolisty, złotooki, złotoskrzydły, złotowłosy, żółtooki, żółto-jedwabny, as well as the adverbs złoto and złociście. Secondary in relation to them are the nouns złoto, złocistość, żółtość, and the verbs złocić (here in the form of the participles złocąc and złocony) and żółcić (in the third person singular form żółci). In the analysed poems Iwaszkiewicz appears as a poet sensitive to colours, of which the colour gold is the most intensive and renders the best the sensuality of the world of his poetic juvenilia.
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This text is the linguists’ voice in the discussion on the human identity, undertaken in the field of social sciences and humanities. An individual is often reduced in this context to the role of a possessor and user of the group ideologies, of which the consequence is accepting the assumption that the differences, distances or discrepancies of interests can be balanced by the similarities, the sense of proximity and the mutual overarching goals, ideas or interests which, however, proves to be difficult task to achieve, particularly when we find ourselves in the melting pot of languages and cultures. According to the authors, an opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of communication in the intercultural relations is provided, among others, by the psycholinguistic research into free associations, as they enable the diagnose of the differences in perception that are one of the most frequent reasons of misunderstandings. The studies on free associations performed so far have revealed such differences which, according to the authors, justifies the need to carry out an associative experiment on the samples of students of three nationalities, i.e. the Poles, Germans and Russians, in order to develop the Polish-German-Russian dictionary of associations, supplemented with a scientific monograph.
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The phrase pokazać, pokazywać plecy, although is present in the Polish language at least from the middle of the 19th century, has been scarcely documented in the language vocabularies. It is not registered in the NKPP. The SJPD and SFS were the first to note it, with merely two citations. In these vocabularies the phrase was assigned only one meaning, while in more recent lexicographic collections it functions as a polysemantic unit. None of its meanings, however, is a present day innovation, as all of them came into existence during the 19th and 20th centuries, although some weren’t noted by the vocabularies. Therefore, nowadays the phrase is used to express three meanings, the most prevailing of them today having come into existence most recently. The oldest citation containing it dates back to 1938 and testifies to the usage of the phrase in the sense “to pass someone, to be better in a bicycle race”. It had to be a rare usage at that time, as the next examples are from our times. They also point to the progressive generalization of its scope. Today, the phrase pokazać, pokazywać plecy is used in various sports to mean “to pass someone, to prove faster, better than someone”. Two further meanings of the phrase, today actualized definitely less frequently, appeared at the turn of the 20th century and initially were semantically poorer, while during their functioning in the language acquired new shadows of meaning. In its second meaning, the phrase pokazać, pokazywać plecy evolved from the sense “to turn one’s back on someone; go away, escape” to the present content “to turn one’s back on someone; go away, escape, depart, leave some place”. In the third meaning, the semantic evolution of the discussed phrase proceeded from the meaning noted in the contemporary “to turn one’s back on someone, leave someone in order to show them some negative feelings” to the content functioning today in the customary usages “to turn one’s back on someone showing them dislike, disregard or disdain, break off relations with someone, deny someone support, acceptance”.
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The purpose of this study was an attempt to recreate the idiolectal image of the noun żart and the verb żartować in the writings of Cyprian Norwid. These lexemes – and their derivatives – make up a not very large family consisting of: żarcik (3 uses), żart (34 uses), żartobliwie (1 use), żartobliwy (1 use), żartować (12 uses), żartowniś (2 uses), żartujący (1 use) and zażartować (8 uses) – in sum 8 lexemes and 62 uses. The results of the performed analysis show that only in a part of the contexts the discussed lexemes are semantically connected with the category of humour. Even then, however, the joke and joking rarely have purely ludic character and are a manifestation of a serene, affirmative relation of the sender towards reality or other people, or are the expression of careless joking, a kind of a parlour game or an innocent play. Far more frequently a joke is presented as something inappropriate, improper, often something aggressive, aimed against somebody or something. Relatively frequently żart, as well as żartować, are completely unrelated to humour and laughter (or the ludic aspect is clearly secondary) and refer to something of little importance, insignificant or regarded as such by the sender, or to something made believe, not true, pretended to be said and done. The description of the lexical field from the word-formation field of the lexeme żart complements the previous analyses concerning the lexemes dowcip and humor and allows us to better understand how a broadly understood element of humour was present in the work of Cyprian Norwid.
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The article describes the use of the lexicon of Upper Silesian dialect as a persuasive component of the Polish consumption language. The analysis aimed at (1) showing the role and meaning of dialectal components as ingredients of the regional culture and the Polish consumption language, (2) revealing persuasive mechanisms of introducing the dialectal code into the advertisement space, (3) describing the changes in meaning and (con)textual functionality of the regional lexicon recognized as the valuable material for promotion and advertising. The analytical material collected from advertisements, leaflets and billboards was described from the perspective of cultural linguistics, pragmatic linguistics, and the theory of meaning fields, with the consideration of appropriate methodological solutions and the complex system of commercial conditions creating the picture of the Polish consumption language.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse the structural and functional differentiation of hashtags – to record their formal types and illustrate functions which can be determined by the tag’s form but also independent of it. The author divides hashtags into one- and multicomponent ones, discusses their syntactic structure, grammatical form of the phrases used in them, and shows hashtag as a phenomenon in statu nascendi, pointing to the changes of its structure and its role in the internet communication.
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The skill of verbalizing mental processes is one of the basic competences of humans, which enables them to survive. Conveying simple and complex language messages, putting thoughts into words, articulating the needs and attitudes, abstracting and differentiating are the foundations of the social existence of an individual. By confirming, we accept reality. Negation of what was previously confirmed enables adopting a differentiated attitude. Without the skill of negation we wouldn’t be given the possibility to set boundaries of self- acceptance in a competent manner. The essence of the competence of negation makes it necessary to recognize its autonomic position among the basic statements determined by the intention of the sender of a language message. Every language user, free from verbal dysfunctions, is capable of evaluating the normativeness of a given language message. This skill is determined by a finite number of grammatical rules learned during the process of language acquisition, which determine the construction of syntactic structures. Despite the belief that the number of constructed sentences has an infinite value, it should be stated that because of the limited, although great, volume of the vocabulary of a given language that encompasses a finite number of words, the number sentences is also finite. The functional negation in Yiddish, German and Polish is realized with the use of diverse lexical-semantic exponents in the syntactic structures. Their positioning and the sentence quantification directly influences the process of semantic polarization [+]/[-] of a given utterance. This article provides a basic inventory of negation determinants and describes main types of negation distinguished according to the contribution and kind of determinants. On the basis of examples collected from the normative linguistic corpuses of the examined languages the process of semantic polarization [+]/[-] has been verified. Negation as a diverse process, used not only to construct negation or to modify the prosodic features of an utterance, constitutes an extensive research material, and the anomalies of syntactic structures pointed to in this work, as well as open questions to which answers should be sought in the further research process, prove the peculiarity of this language phenomenon.
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