Sąvoka lietuvių mokslo kalboje

Author(s): Asta Mitkevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

The paper deals with the usage of the fundamental term of terminology sąvoka‘concept’ in academic Lithuanian. The research is aimed at establishing the semantic(contextual) partners of this term and its thematic field and to provide an outline of the concept ‘concept’ according to the usage of the term designating it. This is a corpus-based research, the source of which is Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas CorALit(Corpus of Academic Lithuanian CorALit) (publicly available at http://coralit.lt). Themain methodology of research is semantic analysis of phrases with sąvoka. Conjunctive usage and contextual synonymy of the term sąvoka which reflect paradigmatic relations of this term were also analysed.The lemma sąvoka was found in the corpus of academic Lithuanian CorALit 779times. It is present in texts from all five fields – the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, biomedical sciences and technological sciences. In this corpus the term sąvokais one and a half times more frequent than the terminology term termin as ‘term’.In academic Lithuanian the term sąvoka has attributes and is an attribute itself, it is also used as an object or subject and only sometimes as a predicative or adverbial modifier.Attributes describe term sąvoka according to name, space, action, content feature,other evaluating feature, time, place, author, language, object, etc. As an attribute term sąvoka is a secondary name, also a possessor or constituent and more deeply –object or subject of an action or a state, etc.As can be judged from objective phrases a concept is an object of usage, thinking,cognition and perception as well as research, linguistic activities and expression. It is being looked for, found, obtained, given, introduced or eliminated, legitimatized,changed or some other actions are performed in its respect. Besides that, a concept is a result as well as an instrument – not only of an intellectual activity, but also, according to the data of the corpus researched, an instrument of expression. Thus, the features of a term are ascribed to a concept.A concept as a subject includes, has or receives something, it changes something or experiences a change, takes place in space, performs a function or random actions, is in various states, is of some quality or is something, and rarely – simply exists.It can be observed from the conjunctive usage of sąvoka that its correlates are units of expression (including the term terminas), general terms of science and other abstract nouns, names of mental formations and parts or aspects of a concept.The terms sąvoka and terminas are used in academic Lithuanian not only in conjunction,but also as contextual synonyms. The usage of terminas instead of sąvokacould be seen as metonymy. Contextual synonymy of terms can be justified only if it doesn’t affect precision and clarity.Inaccurate usage of terms in texts distorts the results of research; therefore conclusions about the true meanings of terms and concepts named using these terms cannot be drawn solely on the basis of term usage in texts.

Tarptautinių terminų apeliatyvacijos aspektai

Author(s): Jurgita Mikelionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

Lithuanian terminology research into eponymous terms of various fields (anatomy,architecture, botany, etc.) began in the 21st century. However, a more systematic view that includes the general aspects of the appellativation of terms is still eligible, especially in order to introduce them to the future translators of the subject language, the editors, and other target groups that are interested in the applied and theoretical aspects of the scientific concepts. Although appellativation complements the terminology most often with the borrowed terms, and most eponymous terms were created back in the nineteenth century, it is an active and relevant way of creating new term names. For example, in January 2016 the discovery of four new chemical elements was announced, which, in line with the IUPAC recommendation to give chemical elements the names of mythological figures, minerals, locations, countries or scientists,in June 2016 were proposed to be named as nihon, moskov, tenesin and oganeson. The given terms were legalized on 28th November 2016.An onym loses its individuality in the process of turning into the appellative term,but acquires new features, and and the new words of various structures enter the language system. The article gives a brief overview of the 816 eponymic words from various fields created on the basis of a proper names selected from the Tarptautinių žodžiųžodynas (Dictionary of International Words) (2013), the structural and semantic varieties of the fully appellative terms, by combining linguistic and extralinguistic aspects related to the encyclopedic and scientific knowledge of various fields. According to the field,all the terms are divided into 15 groups (for example, chemistry, physics, mathematics and astronomy, botany, technical, clothing, sports, choreography, etc.). The main method of appellativation is metonymization when there is a strong logical connection between the proper name of a person or an area and a particular object or phenomenon.The oikonyms have become the background for more than 60 percent of the concepts researched, most of which have developed due to egocentric motives. Not only does the appellative onym acquire new semantic components, but it is often derivativelytransformed: among the deonymized terms there are not only grammatically adapted terms (fermis, klarkas), but also there is an abundance of suffixal derivatives(hesianas, mahometonybė, rusoizmas), compounds and blends (atlantozauras, orimulsija).

Jungtinė Lietuvių kalbos instituto ir Lietuvių terminologijos forumo konferencija

Author(s): Rita Dedonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

2 017 m. birželio 1–2 d. jau antrą kartą Vilniuje vyko jungtinė Lietuvių kalbos instituto ir Lietuvių terminologijos forumo (LTF) konferencija. Konferenciją sudarė dvi dalys: pirmoji diena buvo skirta teoriniams ir moksliniams terminologijos klausimams aptarti, o antroji – daugiau praktinėms temoms. Pirmąją konferencijos dieną Lietuvių kalbos institute (Vileišio g. 5) vyko tarptautinė mokslinė terminologijos konferencija „Moksliniai, administraciniai ir edukaciniai terminologijos lygmenys“, o antrąją dieną III Seimo rūmų konferencijų salėje (Gedimino pr. 53) – kasmetinė (jau septintoji) LTF konferencija.

Z problematyki badań nad językiem polskich przekładów „Historii Aleksandra Wielkiego”

Author(s): Rafał Zarębski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

The author presents the research on lexis and style of Polish translations of „The Story of Alexander the Great” – a manuscript translation by Leonard of Bończa (1510) and an anonymous print publication of 1550 as a comparative source; both sources constitute a series of translations. The manuscript provides an interesting lexical material (especially various synonymic equivalents placed in the glosses), which can broaden our knowledge on the affluence of lexical resource of Old Polish language. The study of translational practice of a medieval author opens up new perspectives of research, because of varied use of Latin in Polish language. The 16th century print publication sheds some light on the stylistic and linguistic characteristics of the manuscript, indicating constant and variable elements of the language.

К вопросу о специфике внутренних языковых контактов: русский язык как источник сленгизмов латышского языка

Author(s): Igors Koškins / Language(s): Russian Issue: 162/2018

The article deals with the specifics of the Latvian-Russian language contact and one of its results — slang words and barbarisms. The author consideres also motivations of this kind of borrowings from Russian in the Latvian language. Uriel Weinreich pre¬sented the classification of “motivations of lexical borrowings” in his book Languages in contact. Some postulates of Weinreich’s research can be applied to the study of Russian-Latvian language contacts connected with distribution of slang words. A lar¬ge number of the Russianisms entered in colloquial Latvian as a result of oral com-munication. Slavisms in the colloquial speech (slang) have been borrowed because of internal language contacts and bilingualism. Russian language was eveolving in a so¬ciolinguistic situation of collective bilingualism that assumes the existence of internal language contacts. It is possible to classify Russianisms-barbarisms from the point of view of their motivation in several groups, which are described in the article. Various degrees of adaptation of slang words in Latvian show that various types of lexical in¬terference are parts of one dynamic process.

The Future of the Finno-Ugric Languages of Russia

Author(s): János Pusztay / Language(s): English Issue: 162/2018

The article is an approch to characterize the situation of Finno-Ugric langauges in Russia in 21st century on the basis of statistical, legal and sociolinguistic sources. Globalisation prevails in a more or less closed, originally multi-lingual and multi-cultural society mainly due to political or ideological reasons. This situation can be observed in case of Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia. Because of political conditions one-sided bilingualism is the entrance hall to a new (Russian) monolingualism.

The influence of Russian on the Eskaleut languages

Author(s): José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente / Language(s): English Issue: 162/2018

The main objective of this article is to present a brief overview of the linguistic effects that Russian influence has caused on the Eskaleut (a.k.a. Eskimo-Aleut) languages. There exist very good general surveys, albeit none of them approach Eskaleut as a whole: some of them focus on Eskimo data, others on Aleut. The lexicon, phonology and grammar of various Eskaleut languages present clear traces of Russian influence. However, the degree of intensity reached its peak on the Aleutian Islands.Russian has also experienced much of what the Eskaleut languages went through under Russian rule. The immediate future of Ninilchik and Afognak Russian, however, seems less auspicious than the prospects of Eskaleut languages spoken on both sides of the Bering Strait.

Polskie baśka, rosyjskie башкá, ukraińskie бáшкá ‘głowa’ i ich etymologia w słowniku Maxa Vasmera

Author(s): Marek Stachowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 162/2018

The three colloquial words for ‘head’ adduced in the title of this paper are of Turkic origin, cf. Tkc. baš ’head’. However, this author contests Max Vasmer’s opinion that the Russian word was borrowed from the Turkic dative form (baš.ka) with the meaning ‘per unit, each; pro Stück’. Moreover, it is suggested that the Ukrainian reflex continues, as a matter of fact, two words.

Белорусская «трасянка» и украинский «суржик»: oб основных различиях в степени влияния русского языка

Author(s): Gerd Hentschel / Language(s): Russian Issue: 162/2018

The article deals with the mixed types of speech in Ukraine and Belarus – Surzhyk and Trasyanka. On the basis of multidimensional research conducted by the scholars from Oldenburg University and their colleagues from Ukraine and Belarus, the author discusses the range of Russian influence on the hybrid languages. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were made on the basis of corpora collected in various regions of Belarus and Ukraine.

BOSANSKO ČETVEROEVANĐELJE - SOFIJSKI ODLOMCI

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Church Slavonic Issue: 80/2018

The Sophia fragment of the Gospels comes from a mediaeval codex that belonged to the Bosnian Church. It is kept in the Bulgarian National Library of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Sophia, under call sign. НБКМ 23+468, in the Славянски ръкописи or Slavic Manuscripts collection. The surviving fragment comprises 52 pages from what was originally a much larger manuscript. It contains parts of the second half of the Gospel according to Matthew and the beginning of the Gospel according to Mark. The surviving sections of the codex offer no information that might point to the book's earliest owners and the manuscript has no marginal glosses, but repairs to it and liturgical markings added subsequently do suggest it may have been kept for at least a short period of time in an Orthodox monastery. The Sophia Gospels were copied out in the second half of the 14th century in a Cyrillic script whose palaeographic and orthographic features are consistent with contemporary Church Slavonic manuscripts from Bosnia, while linguistic forms found in the fragments suggest they may have come from an area with a diphthongic value for Jat. The lexical choices in the Sophia Gospels are reliable evidence that the exemplar used by the scribe was highly archaic, a finding in line with the current state of knowledge regarding the Bosnian group, which passed on the oldest version of Cyril and Methodius’ translation of the New Testament. This critical edition of the Sophia Gospels, which includes variants from two other Bosnian manuscripts, the Vrutok and the Dovolje Gospels, has confirmed the high degree of closeness between the exemplars of the Sophia and of the Vrutok gospels. This research makes it possible to state that the Bosnian Sophia Gospels offer a typical example of the New Testament text as preserved under the aegis of the Bosnian Church.

Pitanje klasifikatora u znakovnim jezicima

Author(s): Branimir Belaj,Barbara Majdenić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2018

Classifiers in sign languages have the status of linguistic universals and are productive constructions that describe various aspects of referents and their relationship with other elements in a scenario. Classifiers can be divided into four groups: entity classifiers, handling classifiers, size and shape specifiers, and body part classifiers. Each group has a schematic semantic pole which determines the nature of the whole construction. The schematic semantic pole of entity classifiers can be defined as [THING IN RELATION], the schematic semantic pole of handling classifiers as [THING AS ELEMET OF PROCESS], that of size and shape specifiers can be defined as [DIMENSIONS OF THINGS] and of body part classifiers as [PART OF A THING]. The higher degree of iconicity of classifiers derives mainly from the visual nature of sign languages, but the selection of distinctive scenes is always arbitrary. Even though they are productive units, classifiers can become lexical units through lexicalization.

Йоанна Кирилова. Представата за ума в българската езикова картина на света

Author(s): Mariyana Vitanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 37/2018

Ndërrimi i kodeve gjuhësore në shqip në rrjetet sociale

Author(s): Lendita Kryeziu / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

If you happen to be an active user of different social networks like: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, WhatsApp, Viber or Tumblr, you will be able to see that many users use English as a written medium to express their thoughts, wishes, ideas even when their native language is not English.Code-switching is the alternating use of two languages in the same stretch of discourse by a bilingual speaker. In other words, code-switching is used to identify alternations of linguistic varieties within the same conversation.In Kosova, this phenomenon is not new. The lexicon of Albanian language because of many factors such as: many conquests, geographic proximity to other countries and the subsequent globalization has been enriched with loanwords from Ancient and Modern Greek, Latin, Turkish, Italian, the Balkan Slavic languages and later on from English. Not only words were borrowed but frequently speakers of Albanian and other languages in contact used to shift codes from one language to another one. It is a broadly acknowledged fact that in recent years English has become a global language and as such, it is used all around the world by professionals and scholars in international meetings. English is often the official language of international companies, enterprises, Unions and Academic Conferences, and above all, it is the language of the internet.Nowadays, we are witnesses of the widespread use of the above mentioned social networks by the majority of people, specifically young people who spend many hours conversing with their friends and peers. In these conversations, they often switch from one language to another one. Not only this, but there are also cases when they post their statuses or comments using English language. The reasons for doing this might be of different nature: To code- switch into a high prestige language, to be understood only by their circle of friends, for easier expression and for not a specific reason.In this paper the cases of code-switching occurring on these social networks and mostly on Facebook will be researched and analyzed.

Les verbes introducteurs de noms de sentiments en français et en allemand : étude comparative diachronique

Author(s): Matthieu Pierens / Language(s): French Issue: 30/2018

In this article we compared the introductory verbs of feelings in French (sentir, ressentir, éprouver) and in German ( fühlen, empfinden, (ver)spüren) across the time in order to bring to light the affinities between these verbs. To this end, we measured the principal collocations of these verbs and determined for each verb the most salient ones. This allowed us to determine affinities between French and German verbs according to the time. We also noticed the kind of feelings, which are more connected to feeling auxiliary verbs, notably pain, joy and pleasure, whereas emotion words such as anger and fear are less present.

Le metafore della nozione di musica nella lingua italiana

Author(s): Aleksandra Ritau-Barber / Language(s): Italian Issue: 30/2018

The following paper aims at describing the metaphorical conceptualization of musica in the cognitive approach. The linguistic corpus consists of texts of music theory and music history manuals and texts of interviews with music artists. The chosen methodology, cognitive semantics, allows to explain how the concept of musica is expressed by means of the metaphor of human being. The musica is recognized as a human organism which has its physicality (materiality of body) and psychology (immateriality of mind).

„Рекламно“ измештање реалности

Author(s): Bojana Radenković Šošić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

Postmodern advertising is based on the usage of postmodern conditions in communication with consumers. Every condition has its several manifestations which could be identified on verbal, audio or iconic level of interpretation. In this paper, lexical, syntactic and rhetoric features of Italian advertising slogans were analysed in the context of decentring, a postmodern condition constructed on Derrida's idea of decentralization, method of deconstruction and intertextuality.

Proizvodi mikenskoga zanatstva

Author(s): Dušica Petruševski,Mihailo D. Petruševski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 6/1968

Dans une analyse du texte des tablettes de la série pylienne Ta, les auteurs de l'article précédent ont proposé quelques identifications de mots et de noms mycéniens jusqu'il présent non fixés. Ils se prononcent pour une identification <Γύρκε(σ)βρις de purke-qi-ri de Ta 711 (nom d’un fonctionnaire de la cour pylienne; une identification d üyrßptc, proposée par B. Cop dans Ž. A. VIII, 1958, p. 254, n. 25, étant de même possible) et pour la transcription Aryi-(o)fac = Ary(s)iac ou Αύγρας (nom connu du roi mythique du cycle d' Héraclès) de *85-ke-wa (le syllabobogramme *85 = au étant presque certain). Ils insistent sur la transcription g’elana (βαλάνα, d’où βαλανεύς et βαλανεϊον de qe-ra-na „cruche” et plus particulièrement »vase à baigner« (cf. les termes άρύβαλος et αρύταινα du grec postérieur avec l’étymologie de όρύ-βαλος et peut-être de rattachée au thème du verbe βάλλω connu sous la forme de ξελλειν, έσδέλλειν en arcadien, c.-à-d. d’un thème verbal à vocalisme plein *g el hérité du mycénien!). En ce qui concerne l'attribut wa-na-se-wi-ja (du vase qe-ra-na), ils adoptent la translittération Warnasewia en rejetant la transcription wanassewia comme impossible du point de vue phonétique, étant donné que la syllabe -se-, ainsi que -so- de xva-na-so-i dont wa-na-se-wi-ja représente un dérive, ne peut pas remonter à -kye- (resp. -kyo·) à cause de la palatale -ky- qui est en mycénien toujours rendue par un signe spécial conventionnellement transcrit par z- dans les syllabogrammes za-, ze-, zo- (cf. za-we-te — σάτες, τητες de kyawetes, wo-ze = *wrgyei ερδει, c.-à-d. έργάζει, ka-zo-e = kakyo'es, comp. de κακός me-zo-e = megyo'es, comp. de μέγας etc.). Se serait donc un ethnique resp. un adj. possessif tiré d’un ethnique (=démotique) *wa-na-se-we = fapνάσηΤες non attesté jusqu’ici et dérivé d’une localité Warnasot ou Warnasa attestée à la forme wa-na-so-i qui représente un locatif plur. (v. l'étude Discussions mycénologiques, dans A. XII, 1962, pp. 293—312). La forme a-mo-te-wi-ja serait de même un adjectif-ethnique désignant la provenance de la cruche citée. Ce serait un dérivé d’une localité Armo ou Armota = 'Άρμα (Άρματα) — une localité correspondante étant connue à l’époque historique en Beotie resp. Attique : vec son ethnique’ Αρματεύς qui correspondrait à une forme mycénienne *A-mo-ie-u plur. *A-mo-te- -we qui a servi de base pour le dérivé a-mo-te-wi-ja de Pylos. Il faut se rappeler les ethniques ai-ke-u, *34-ke-u et o-pi-ke-wi-ri-je-u des tablettes Ta 641 et Ta 709&712 désignant la provenance des trépieds.

Did a Getic Language Exist?

Author(s): Svetlana Yanakieva / Language(s): English Issue: 23-24/2017

The paper discusses the hypothesis launched about the existence of a Getic language that was different from Thracian and from the so-called Dacian-Moesian language. The analysis was made on the basis of two criteria: socio-linguistic – the evidence of ancient authors on the speech of the Getae compared to the other Thracians, and internal linguistic – data on the phonetics and lexical material in the onomastic finds from the lands of the Getae, compared to the onomastics from the remaining Thracian territories. It becomes clear from the examples that no substantial differences – either phonetic or lexical – existed between the onomastics of the region inhabited by Getae and the one from the areas inhabited by the other Thracian tribes, which does not give grounds to refer to the Getic language as independent.

Idioms with the Lexemes MOUTH in English and USTA in Serbian: A Cognitive Approach

Author(s): Jelena Lj. Biljetina / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2018

This paper explores the idioms in the English and Serbian language, which contain the lexemes mouth and usta. The idioms are analysed from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, with the main aim of finding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie these idioms and make it possible to understand them. The idioms are grouped according to the concepts they express and are compared and contrasted in order to find similarities and differences among the idioms in the two languages. The analysis results show that there are not many similarities in the way the idioms are lexicalised in English and Serbian, but that there is significant overlapping in their conceptual­isation, which leads to the conclusion that these two languages share universality in conceptualising the world around us.

Базични глаголи емоционалних односа с негативним денотативним значењем у руском и српском језику (ненавидеть : мрзети; ненавидеть друг друга : мрзети се)

Author(s): Tijana Balek / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 18/2018

This paper deals with ‘basic’ verbal lexemes in Serbian and Russian languages denoting emotional relations, as well as with their grammatical derivatives from both the syntactic (emphasis on valence features) and aspectual perspective (aspectual specificities of both motive and derived lexemes). Given the fact that these are ‘basic’ verbs in the languages compared, the analysis is likely to show a significant level of similarity between the corpora studied.