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The article analyzes two groups of words, which mean different kinds of anger in Russian, Polish and Czech. The author pays special attention to the etymology of these words and reveals peculiarities of these emotion experiences by the Russian, Polish and Czech linguistic personality.
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Începând din anul 2007, ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ prin INSTITUTUL DE LINGVISTICĂ „IORGU IORDAN – AL. ROSETTI” s-a alăturat Consiliului Naţional al Audiovizualului în acţiunea de monitorizare a posturilor de radio şi televiziune privind calitatea limbii folosite în diverse emisiuni. Această colaborare a dus la alcătuirea Raportului de consultanţă care se face public anual şi care, în anul 2010, a stat la baza editării unei cărţi destinate elevilor, în principal. Din echipa de cercetători care a interpetat datele monitorizării fac parte: Blanca Croitor, Andreea Dinică, Adina Dragomirescu, AnaMaria Mihail, Carmen Mîrzea Vasile, Isabela Nedelcu, Alexandru Nicolae, Irina Nicula, coordonator Rodica Zafiu, iar monitorizarea a vizat 12 posturi de televiziune (TVR 1, Antena 1, Pro TV, Realitatea TV, Prima TV, TVR 2, TVR Cultural, Kanal D, Antena 3, B1 TV, OTV şi N24 Plus) şi două posturi de radio (Radio România Actualităţi şi Europa FM), alese în funcţie de: audienţă, acoperire naţională, pondere a emisiunilor informative şi de dezbatere, asumarea unui rol cultural şi educativ.
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La stylistique linguistique est un domaine complexe qui rejoint beaucoup de disciplines dans un réseau discursif très intéressant. La sémantique, la lexicologie, la syntaxe, la morphologie, la psycholinguistique, toutes les sciences se plient sur l’identité littéraire et les idiosyncrasies stylistiques de chaque écrivain. Cette démarche se propose d’identifier et analyser les représentations linguistiques qui caractérisent le style du discours féminin dans To the Lighthouse par Virginia Woolf.
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The study deals with the phonetic, grammatical and lexical changes of the Hungarian language since the transition of the political and economic system in Hungary in 1990. The author believes that three causes are responsible for the changes: information technology, globalism and linguistic economy. The changes are examined along the dimensions of quality, quantity and society.
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The author of the paper gives a sociolinguistic and lexicographic description of a rare group of Slavonic indeclinable adjectives of oriental origin, which have the meaning of colour.
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The author gives a review of the Hungarian studies of the past decades in the field of naming and function of colours in different Slavonic languages. He describes the monographs and papers that were written about the colour topic by specialists in Slavonic philology from Budapest, Szombathely, Szeged, Nyíregyháza, and other Hungarian centres of Slavonic studies. He also gives a review of the scientific papers written by Hungarian specialists in Slavonic philology in co-authorship with those from other countries.
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According to etymological dictionaries of Slavic languages, as well as recently issued ones, there should not be any words of sound symbolic origin in these languages or their amount should be very small. This fact, however, contradicts the typological assumption of primitiveness and universality of phonetically motivated words. The present paper discusses two main points of the etymological analysis of words of sound symbolic origin: how to recognize them and how to define the groups of cognates between them in Slavic languages. In the recognition of sound-symbolic words, the reduplication should be considered as a most reliable criterion.In discussing the possibilities of defining the groups of cognates between words of sound- symbolic origin the following points are emphasized. The continuants of the different sound- symbolic origin in the different languages and dialects can have the same or similar phonetic forms and convey the same meaning, too. Since the similar reduplicated forms can be created as sound symbolic denominations of different meanings, blending of sound-symbolic groups of cognates is possible during the evolution. There exist parallel forms with full and partial re-duplication, which convey the same meaning of sound-symbolic origin. This fact supports the hypothesis according to which partial reduplication is historically simply a reduction of full reduplication.
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In Central and Southern Europe, conscious and planned language reform movements started to unfold in the late 18th century, culminating in the middle of the 19th century. The emergence of specialized terminologies of Czech, Hungarian, and Croatian (as well as, to some extent, of Serbian) shows a number of similarities. Their mental roots can be found in the ideas of the enlightenment. Their fundamental aim was to express, in the respective mother tongues, the new terms of civilization in the broadest sense. That aim was served by the language reform movements whose earliest significant results were embodied in German-based terminological dictionaries of the various Slavonic languages published in the mid-19th century. This paper deals with the reasons, antecedents, and results of those movements.
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On the basis of phonological, semantic and lexico-geographical data the author claims that Hungarian dialect words mont ‘grape pressed at harvest’ and konta ‘dock-tailed (mainly hen or pig)’ are loanwords borrowed from Slavic languages before the second part of 10th c. (cf. Proto-Slavic mǫtъ ‘pressed grape’, kǫcъ ‘dock-tailed [mainly hen or pig]’). The people who transferred these words into Hungarian must have belonged to a White Croatian tribe living at that time on the slopes of the North-East Carpathians closer to Hungary.
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Review of: 1. Вугорска-беларускй слоушк. Пад рэд. Атылы ГОЛАТТТА i Ларысы СТАНКЕВШ. I Прэдзьгаэа, 2007. 280 с. - Magyar-fehérorosz szótár. Szerk. HOLLÓS Attila és Larisza SZTANKEVICS. Nyíregyháza, 2007. 280 p. by: И. И. Савицкая (Минск) 2. BELENTSCHIKOW Renate (Hrsg.): Das Russische in zweisprachigen Wörterbüchern. Internationale Fachtagung, Magdeburg, 18.-22.5.2005. БЕЛЕНЧИКОВА Ренате (ред.): Русский язык в двуязычных словарях. Международная научная конференция, Магдебург, 18-22 мая 2005 г. Band 13. 2006. 392 с. by: Лариса Станкевич (Брест—Будапешт) 3. BORYS Wieslaw: Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Krakow: Wydawnic- two literackie, 2005. 861 S. by: Michael Moser (Wien) 4. WITKOWSKI Wieslaw: Nowy slownik zapozyczen polskich w języku rosyjskim. Wydanie drugie, rozszerzone. Kraków: Universitas, 2006. XXIV + 251 S. by: Michael Moser (Wien) 5. DANYLENKO Andrii: Slavica et Islamica. Ukrainian in Context. (Sagners Slavistische Sammlung 31.) München: Verlag Otto Sagner, 2006. 460 S. by: Michael Moser (Wien) 6. Szűcs Olga: Nyikolaj Bergyajev történetfilozófiája 1901-1924 között írt mű¬vei alapján. Dobroljubov Társadalomtudományi Társaság Közhasznú Egyesület, 2006. 167 p. by: Золтан Фаркаш 7. MARIN EL LI-KÖNIG Gertraud: Russische Kinderliteratur in dér Sowjetunion dér Jahre 1920-1930. Slavistische Beitrage 457. Hrsg. von Peter Rehder. München: Verlag Otto Sagner, 2007. 293+7 S. by: Иштван Фрид 8. Studia Russica XXI. Литература и визуальность. Под ред. Анны ХАН И Жужи ХЕТЕНИ. Budapest: Institut Philologiae Slavicae Orientalis et Balticae, 2004. 436 p. by: Эржебет Каман
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On the basis of Pleteršnik's dictionary and dialectal lexical material collected in his native village of Beltince, Franc Novak compiled a dictionary containing about 8,000 entries. His work was later completed and edited by Vilko Novak. This dialectal dictionary includes a significant number of Hungarian loanwords, lexical elements transferred into the Beltince dialect through Hungarian as an intermediary language, as well as loan translations and words based on a Hungarian model. The present paper describes this lexical material, also discussing problems of phonetic and morphological adaptation these transferred elements undergo. The population of the Porabje region in Slovenia has lived in the natural neighbourhood of Hungarians for centuries. The Beltince dictionary yields a linguistic documentation for this coexistence, contributing not only to research in Slovenian dialectology but also Hungarian-Slovenian language contacts.
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Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie (hereinafter referred to as JE) by Jonas Jaknavičius was released numerous times since 1647. First JE edition, as mentioned, is dated 1647 (JEI), the second 1674 (JEII), the third 1679 (JEIII), the fourth 1690 (JEIV) and the fifth 1705 (JEV). This is very helpful, because same text, released in several decades, may reflect some changes in a language. The object of the article is Slavic-root words in the first five editions of Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie. The aim of the article is to determine how usage of loanwords and hybrids was changing in JE during decades: which loanwords or hybrids in same position were changed to other loanwords and hybrids or indigenous Lithuanian words, and vice versa – what indigenous Lithuanian words were replaced with loanwords and hybrids, and determine is there a connection between origin of loanwords and changes in original Polish texts and the alternation of loanwords and hybrids in first five editions of Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie. To achieve the aim the texts in Lithuanian language in mentioned editions of Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie were compared with Polish original texts. Although number of words of foreign origin as units in all JE editions is almost the same, there are differences in usage frequencies. Furthermore, in some cases the indigenous word in later editions is replaced by loanword, sometimes on the contrary a single loanword is replaced by indigenous word or even by another loanword. All cases of alternation of words in JE can be classified: 1. Word of foreign origin in later editions of JE is replaced by indigenous word; 2. Indigenous word in later editions is replaced by word of foreign origin; 3. Loanword is replaced by other loanword. The analysis of records in JE leads to the conclusion that there is no connection between origin of loanword and its usage in later (1674, 1679, 1690, 1705) editions of JE. Furthermore, alternation of some words in first five editions of JE wasn’t determined by changes in original Polish texts.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the decline of polysemy of the lexeme naslednik (наследник ‘heir’) and its derivatives. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following objectives have been set: to describe the semantic structure of the studied lexeme and its derivatives in the historical perspective for the considered time intervals; to trace the major changes in the morphemic and semantic structure of words; to describe the potential of the studied lexemes in terms of education of phraseology. The following methods have been used to achieve the above objectives: lexicographic analysis, derivational analysis. Particular attention has been paid to the connotative content of the investigated words and to the peculiarities of their use in artistic and religious texts, legal documents and publicism. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions have been made: in the Ancient Rus, the lexeme was polysemantic and used in the domestic and religious spheres. In the 18th – 19th centuries, the polysemy of the lexeme developed in politics and law. In the 21st century, the word again, as in the pre-Petrine era, was basically used in the meaning of preemnik (преемник ‘successor’). The paper gives a number of examples proving that in the era when the title naslednik was common this lexeme acquired a different meaning, i.e., the heir of property, in legal documents. In speech, the usual nominations of naslednik and naslednitsa (наследница ‘heiress’) functioned (heirs to the traditions). The obtained results are important for further study of particular sections of etymology, historical lexicology.
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One question that has emerged from recent studies on sentence processing pertains to the nature of a specific cognitive mechanism implicated in maintenance of unintegrated syntactic information in ongoing sentence processing. In addition to evidence from language, recent research on musical syntax has suggested that processing of musical sequences may require a similar cognitive mechanism. In this paper evidence is discussed for the implication of syntactic working memory (SWM) in processing of language and musical syntax, arithmetic sequences, as well as in complex motor movements used with a specific expressive purpose. The idea is that an anticipatory structure-building component governs interpretation in each of these domains by processing relevant integrations within sequences of structurally dependent elements. The concept of SWM is anchored in representational modularity and the shared syntactic integration resources hypothesis, and empirically supported by neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence.
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Every language reflects a certain kind of perception of the world, a conceptualisation of its organization, or a linguistic picture of the world (Zaliznyak, Levontina, Shmelev 2005: 9). This article deals with the linguistic picture of love in Old Bulgarian and Czech. By applying the comparative method, the similarities and the differences between Old Bulgarian and Czech are revealed. The main semes that form the semantic field of love in Old Church Slavonic and Czech are determined as: 1) wish, need; 2) choice, acceptance; 3) relation, unity; 4) closeness; 5) physical acts of love (caress, hug, kiss); 6) dear, precious; 7) compassion, to feel someone else’s pain; to do good things for the person you love. The productive roots that express the semantics of love in both languages are established as: *lask-, *mil-, *ľub-, *prijat-, *drug-, *rad-, *хoť-,*vol-,*god-,*blag-,*dorg-.
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It is assumed in the history of language that the main phase of infl uences of the Turkish-Tatar languages is the 16th and 17th centuries. They were caused by linguistic and cultural contacts the background of which was largely political and military. The infl uences are indirect borrowings (through the medium of the Ruthenian languages, the Hungarian language, and the German language) or direct ones. An example of the latter is the Turkicism sandżak ‘an administrator of a district in the Ottoman Empire, a military commander’, which – as a result of adaptation processes – was equated with the original Polish form sędziak, constituting an interesting example of lexical heterogenic homonymy.
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Etiketama za obraćanje, ponegdje nazvanim i etiketama za oslovljavanje (Vasić, 1979: 58), smatraju se nazivi za titule, zvanja, profesije, društvene funkcije, činove itd. (Radovanović, 1986: 140), a pojedini, iako ne svi lingvisti, pridružuju im i etikete za obraćanje srodnicima, prijateljima i poznanicima (Vasić, 1979: 62). Smatra se da se ove etikete od ostalih jezičkih sredstava za obraćanje razlikuju relativnom semantičkom markiranosti (Vasić, 1979: 59), a tvrdnja se dokazuje upotrebom etikete mama, kojom je jasno ispoljen odnos solidarnosti, “jer ga već sama etiketa nosi u sebi kao posledicu postojanja srodničkog odnosa” (Vasić, 1979: 59). Osim toga, njima se dodaju i lekseme drug, drugarica, gospodin, gospođa, gospođica i sl. uz eventualnu upotrebu titule. U analizi etiketa za obraćanje neizbježan je osvrt na upotrebu zamjenica 2. lica. No, to nipošto nije nedostatak, nego faktor koji doprinosi boljem osvjetljavanju analiziranog problema.
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It is meaningful to study the medieval Baltic lexicography from the perspective of the Hanseatic linguistic policy and in the context of the Hanseatic lexicographic production (bilingual and utilitarian). Such a direction of research reveals the similarity of composition of closely related vocabularies. The comparative analysis of German-Prussian, Prussian-German and Russian-German vocabularies shows that the protograph of the “Russian books” of the 13th–14th centuries (created in Low German in the office of Novgorod) resembled the Elbing vocabulary of the second half of the 13th century by its layout, scope and composition.The latter source will be useful in reconstructing the protograph of Russian-German vocabularies. The comparison with the Latin-Low German Liber ordinis rerum dating to the late 14th century should be considered remote and abstract. By analogy with the akin “Russian books”, it is proposed to call Elbing vocabulary (Elbinger Vokabular) and the so called Grunau’s vocabulary the “Prussian (Elbing) Book” and the “Littl Prussian Book” respectively.
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The rapid development and globalization of science as well as formation of language varieties related to professional activities, the main layer of which is terminology,makes research into terminology very important. There is a noticeable tendency in recent years to create compounds which adhere to the principles of language economy,precision of naming, monosemy and logicality perfectly well. Compounds are researched in various aspects including semantics, word-formation, motivation, origin and standardization. One of the most popular aspects was the morphological aspect of research, which prevailed in the works of Lithuanian linguists of the first half of 20th century. This aspect is closely related to word-formation and its essence is the understanding of a compound as a combination of morphemes. This point of view is still predominant in Lithuanian linguistics. For instance, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbosgramatika (Grammar of Modern Lithuanian) compounds are classified firstly according to the parts of speech from which their components are derived. In foreign linguistics it is common to research compounds from the semantic-syntactic point of view; there are various classifications based on semantic-syntactic relationship of components of compounds. In Lithuanian linguistics the analysis of solid compounds from the semantic-syntactic point of view is less frequent. Usually compounds are classified into subordinated and copulative compounds without going into more detailed research of the relations between components of subordinated compounds.This paper researches solid compounds from semantic-syntactic point of view. Solid compounds in Lithuanian terminology of construction have been selected as the object of research; due to their abundance and tendencies of development, these terms can to a certain extent represent general regularities of the development of Lithuanian solid compounds. After an overview of the semantic-syntactic typology of compounds by foreign researchers and the point of view in Lithuanian linguistics in regard to relations between components of solid compounds, the paper presents a more detailed analysis of relations between components of compounds which function as generic terms in the terminology of construction. It is suggested to widen semantic-syntactic classification and to classify subordinated compounds further taking into account the variety of relations between components. The suggested semantic-syntactic classification would be less formal and wide than morphological and in addition it would focus less on the second component of the compound (as is common in morphological classification). The research revealed that the second component is the main component in attributive compounds, object-denoting compounds and comparative compounds,whereas adverbial compounds can have either the first or the second component as the main component and in amount-denoting compounds the main component is always the first.The analysis of relations between components of solid compounds which are generic terms of construction showed that there could be five types of relations between components of these determinative compounds: attributive, object-denoting, adverbial,amount-denoting and comparative. Attributive compounds make the largest group of determinative compounds – there were 379 such compounds found in 22 sources.Among the generic terms of construction researched there were also 186 object-denoting compounds, 26 adverbial and 25 amount-denoting compounds. The comparative compounds make the smallest group – only 3 such terms were found. The research also revealed that in all groups there is a certain number of terms having the same main component. The most productive components are akla-, beton-, daug-,dumbl(i)a-, ketur-, -matis, pus-, -tiekis, -traukis, savi-. In comparison with subordinated compounds, copulative compounds are rather rare – 38 terms were found. All such compounds were found in texts about construction materials and they name composite materials.
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Review of: Palmira Zemlevičiūtė, XVII–XVIII amžiaus Mažosios Lietuvos žodynų terminologinė medicinos leksika. Monografija. – Vilnius : Lietuvių kalbos institutas , 2016. – 517 p. I SBN 978-609-411-181-5
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