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The article presents the manuscript dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 to the public for the first time. The dictionary is stored in the department of History of Šiauliai museum “Aušra”. The structure of the manuscript is discussed as well as the loanwords from various languages (Latin, Greek, German, English, French, Sanskrit) are presented. The transcription of 1910 of the dictionary with postscript to K. Barauske is compared to a dictionary of 1903. The differences of both dictionaries are emphasised. The material from manuscript of The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 is presented in the annexes of the article.
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This article describes the usage of typefaces as well as the basic principles of orthography in Konstantinas Sirvydas’ book of sermons Gospel Points (SP). Orthography of SP was mostly influenced by Latin and Polish. Most of the different diacritics are seldom used, but in most cases they are used consistently. In certain cases these diacritics are used to mark a stressed syllable or were a means of differentiation in homographs and homoforms. Variations in marking fricative consonants and affricates can be determined both by technical reasons in printing and by reflecting changes in the speech of Vilnius’ residents. Typefaces used for marking abbreviations and omissions followed Latin traditions. Three different typefaces were used during printing for marking both the capital letters <I> and <J> in those parts of the text that were in antique cursive. No special letters were used to differentiate long vowels from short vowels. Variations are evident in marking: (1) [e] and [ai] that follow a soft consonant; (2) voiced consonants before voiceless, and voiceless consonants before voiced; (3) the prefix iš-. Principles of combining adjacent words or writing them separately were influenced by prosodical features as well as by basic standards of other languages and also technical features of the printing process and language competence of editors and typesetters. Usage of capital letters is based on Latin and Polish or is taken from quotable sources.
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Based on the theoretical principles of reference linguistics, the article discusses the semantic peculiarities of the lexeme laukas illative forms laukan, laukuosun in the subdialects of the Eastern Auk taitian of Vilnius. It brings forward several questions: a) how the illatives of the lexeme laukas used in different contexts differ from the defined function of this form and b) whether the meaning of the illative, being a paradigmatic case, differs from the principal meanings of the lexeme laukas. It also discusses the issue of adverbialization of the singular illative laukan.
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The paper deals with lexical Lituanisms functioning in Polish dialects on the Polish-Lithuanian-Belorussian borderland. Lithuanian lexical loanwords are characterized with regard to time and the ways of filtering of these words into Polish dialects. The conducted analysis shows that the majority of Lithuanian borrowings penetrated into Polish by the mediation of the Belorussian language, which can be an evidence of the Belorussian background of Polish dialects in Vilnius and its area.
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The article discusses fifty-one oikonyms of Nemajūnai Parish recorded in the 19th century written sources. The analysis of the origin and formation of each name of settlement shows that in the 19th century the parish was dominated by the oikonyms deriving from personal names. The derivatives with the suffix -iškės prevailed. There are less names of settlements with the suffixes -ūnai, -onys, -ėnai deriving from personal names. Several oikonyms which can be traced to appellatives were also found in the 19th century record books of Nemajūnai Parish. By their morphemic structure, the latter can be divided to primary or compound names of settlements. Apart from linguistic knowledge, each oikonym is accompanied by the comments of historical type.
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The purpose of the present study is to summarize and interpret the lexemes of Baltic origin in Saami, in the context of Fenno-Saamic and Fenno-Volgaic relations. Our conclusion is that about 20% of lexical parallels between Baltic and Saamic from about 40 Balto-Fenno- Saamic comparisons are without the Balto-Fennic counterparts. It means that it is probable that the ancestors of the Balts and the Saami were in direct contact.
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The article deals with the analysis of lexemes’ morphological segmentation peculiarities, i.e. methodology of the submorphs discernment. Also, etymological evaluation of the Eastern Baltic Phytonymes is presented. Determination of the structural verges of morpheme is handled as the essential element, which is of the most importance of the etymological analysis of the words. The morpheme structure is tested in accordance with reconstruction-pragmatic method in opposition to atomistic. Reconstruction of morpheme as formal alternative structural element is based on the semanteme significant value.
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The study deals with the topics of etymological analysis and brief nascence (consequently, a hierarchical position in the Baltic pantheon) of the theonym Chaurirari mentioned in Maciej Stryikowski’s work Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmódzka i wszystkiej Rusi (1582). The one and only scientific examination of the issue was carried out by Vladimir Toporov. It must be stated with many regrets that tatpuruṣa composite Lith. *Kaur-aris ‘tawny tint (element of fire symbolism) horse deity’, reconstructed by the author of the hypothesis, is not acceptable due to reconstruction motivation of unauthenticated (in any written source of Baltic mythology and religion) Balt. *aris ‘horse’. Providing that non-existence of a horse-deity cult in Baltic and Slavic religious systems, save totemic vestiges, such an interpretation is doubtful in relation to mythological motivation. Being based on the new theonym etymology and analysis of the deity functions, a proposition has been made that Chaurirari could not be interpreted as ἅπαξ λεγόμενον. The lexeme may be correlated with nomen proprium (theonym) Kaukarius ‘ghats God’, which is mentioned in several Lithuania Minor lexicographical lexicons of the 18th century (Brodowski’s and Milke’s thesauruses).
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De Rada is the greatest arbëresh poet and one of the classical of Albanian literature. His work is of valuable contribution in relation to Albanian history as well. He utilizes archaic words with great interest for their etymology. From a phonetic point of view, the poet reveals dialectal traits found in regions where Albanian is spoken, especially in Arbëresh dialect as well as in other regions, especially the southern ones. Of particular interest are some grammatical forms, which have existed in an early stage of Albanian language and are stored in the work of the great arbëresh poet. These archaic grammatical forms are also found in the works of other old authors; therefore, a comparative study among them helps to sketch the general framework of the development of Albanian in the earliest period of its development.
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Within the circle of phenomena traditionally referred to in Russian grammars as “prisoedinenie” (lit. ꞌadjunctionꞌ), we propose to distinguish between the level of logical-semantic relations and the level of the communicative organization of the utterance. A communicative strategy “comment” is introduced, which consists in the fact that the speaker makes a statement about the content of the statement already made, in the light of which this statement should be interpreted. The analysis of Russian connectors a and da i is proposed, which can be used to implement this communicative strategy.
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In the paper we analyse connectors of immediate precedence (IP) in Russian and French taking into account other means of encoding taxis in the two languages. We discuss the membership and the structure of the class of IP connectors in each language and describe the patterns of variability of their form. Our analysis of translation equivalents at sentence level shows, that in Russian discourse IP connectors are used more often and they are accompanied more often by adverbials meaning ‘immediately’ in the main clause. We hypothesize that this may be connected with the absence in Russian of such verbal means of encoding the taxis of precedence as passé antériеur and other relative tenses.
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The Republic of Serbia applied for the European Union membership in 2009, received full candidate status in 2012 and started the membership negotiations in 2014. The accession process constantly keeps showing a need for high quality translation of the extensive EU documentation. This paper deals with the existing digital resources created from the beginning of the accession process. It focuses on two main projects, developed for translating EU legislation (acquis communautaire) into Serbian: Evronim – multilingual termbase and Evrotekta - bilingual English-Serbian corpus of EU legislation texts. The paper will also bring some reflections on the perspectives of similar digital language resources, as results of language policy and planning activities.
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The article attempts to outline some characteristics of the selected Ukrainian-Russian-Polish-English anthropocentric phraseological units. The author strives to show a significant role of anthropocentric phraseological units in the representation of a cultural mentality, as well as in reflecting the national and cultural identity. The investigated examples are grouped into several paradigms, each reflecting a special human trait. It is the first attempt to draw parallels as well contrasts between phraseologisms in a given semantic paradigm both in related Ukrainian, Russian, Polish and non-related English languages. The attempt has been done to learn and understand the national spirit of the certain ethnic group through anthropocentric phraseological units. This is one of the first attempts when these four languages – Polish, English, Russian and Ukrainian, have been compared in the certain paradigms of anthropocentric phraseologisms reflecting the national and cultural identity in order to capture the spirit of the target language. It is essential for effective cross-cultural communication because the national and cultural factors of a single speech environment significantly affect not only the elements of the communicative code, but they are also important in the communication process with all its components, i.e. principles, maxims, rules of communication, communication strategies and tactics.
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The history of the Czechs in the Middle Irtysh region is closely related to the history of P.A. Stolypin’s reforms of the late 19th – early 20th century. The evidence provided by the language conscious representations has allowed identifying the migration paths of the Czechs, as well as the places where they “exited” the European part of Russia and Europe. The paper traces the formation of the Czech dialect and its development in Siberia. It also underpins the thesis concerning the specific role played by interdialect and inter-linguistic interference in forming the sprachraum of the polyethnic region. The connection of interference and bilingualism has been demonstrated by the example of the development of the Czech dialect in the Middle Irtysh region. The paper also considers theoretical foundations of the research: different approaches to the problem of interference in linguistics, viewpoints on the connection of interference and bilingualism, the author’s point of view has been presented adequately. Based on the material collected by the author, it has been demonstrated that interference appears at all levels of the language system, being especially explicit in lexis. Lexis represents the “power” of the Russian language and of Siberian old-settlers’ dialects, which is reflected in direct lexical borrowings from the surrounding dialects and in adaptation (phonetic, grammatical, derivational, and semantic) of the Czech lexicon seen as particularly important.
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In this article I am surveying several possible loanwords from Koreanic languages (probably Koguryǒ and/or Bo-hai) into the Khitan language. Apart from explaining the origin of some of the Khitan words that have no Mongolic, other Central Asian, or Chinese etymologies, I will demonstrate that these loanwords can shed light on the decipherment of Khitan characters with unknown readings, and therefore advance the reconstruction and reading of the Khitan language itself.
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This paper examines the term ā-rè recorded in mediaeval Chinese historical sources as the title of the ruler of the Yenisei Kirghiz state. The author aims to discover which Old Turkic title this Chinese phonetic transcription corresponds to. By reconstructing the sounds in ā-rè according to Middle Chinese the author argues that the most likely pronunciation of the term was änäl, which he suggests is a phonetic variant of the Old Turkic title inäl. The author also argues that this was a temporary title of the ruler of the Yenisei Kirghiz during their vassalage under the Uyghurs.
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The paper shows the social status of dialects in the eighteenth-century Polish society. The first part of article contains theoretical attentions: findings of researchers and the opinions of witnesses era.It turns out that social scope of dialects was wider and not limited only to the peasants. The second part is an analysis of the names of whippletree. I used material from stock lists of the nobility from the second half of the eighteenth century from Wielkopolska, showing the presence of distinctive and regional vocabulary
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The aim of this article is to introduce a typology of Slavic immigrant dialects spoken in the Russian Federation. The paper deals with two Polish and three Czech varieties located in Siberia,in the case of the Czech ones also at the Black Sea coast of the Northern Caucasus and, partly,with West Ukrainian patois of Siberian Hollanders. The author outlines the current state of their research and analyzes the most eloquent examples of the phonological and grammatical resemblances between them which appeared mainly due to the fact that their original dialectal systems have been similarly influenced by their language surroundings, first of all by Russian. In particular attention is drawn to the problem of penetration of Russian palatalized consonants to phonetic or even phonological systems of those dialects. In morphology, it is shown that the functional sphere of some grammatical categories and forms has changed in the examined dialects not only under influence from Russian, but sometimes also as a result of their independent development in an insular situation.
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In the present paper I aimed to identify and separate the Kipchak (Northwestern Turkic) elements in the 13th – 14th-century Khwarezmian Turkic literary language, primarily drawing on the linguistic material of Gulistān bi’l-Turkī and Nahǰu’l-Farādīs. By comparing the grammars of several Khwarezmian Turkic writings and analyzing the complete vocabulary of the above two works, the relationship between Khwarezmian Turkic and the Kipchak languages becomes more transparent than hitherto thought of. The results may contribute to better understanding the heterogeneous views concerning Khwarezmian Turkic that appeared during the last one hundred years.
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