EDUKACYJNY WALOR „SŁOWNIKÓW SPOŁECZNYCH”
Review of: W. Pasierbek, B. Szlachta (red.), Seria: „Słowniki Społeczne”, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Ignatianum w Krakowie, Kraków 2020–2026. https://slownikispoleczne.ignatianum.edu.pl/
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Review of: W. Pasierbek, B. Szlachta (red.), Seria: „Słowniki Społeczne”, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Ignatianum w Krakowie, Kraków 2020–2026. https://slownikispoleczne.ignatianum.edu.pl/
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This paper is aimed at identifying how to accurately understand and interpret idioms related to the parts of the human body. As the human body has many parts, and it is not possible to include them all in one work, the present study only refers to idioms related to the external parts of the human body. Phraseology is an indivisible element of all the languages that speakers use. One of the fundamental aspects of the phraseological unit is idiomaticity. The term idiomaticity serves to designate that specialization or semantic lexicalization at its highest degree. This feature informs us that the full meaning of certain phraseological units is not deducible from the separate meaning of each of its constituent elements. Regarding the denotative meaning shown by the phraseological units, we distinguish between the literal denotative meaning and the translational denotative meaning, that is, idiomatic.
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Semantics (Ancient Greek: sēmantikós = significant) is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words and other linguistic units, as well as their changes and evolution over time. When we talk about a semantic field, we refer to an organized system of semantic relations between various lexemes related in meaning. Linguists are very interested in the study of body parts for a number of reasons. According to the OED, the term eye is one of the 500 most common words in modern written English. There are 63 meanings listed in OED’s entry for the noun eye. Its earliest known use is in the Old English period (pre– 1150) and is inherited from Germanic.
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Discourse is a concept that underlies a large number of linguistic approaches in general, with ramifications in pragmatics, textual grammar, stylistics, literature, philosophy and theology. In philosophy, it is defined by its interplay of relationships, designating less a delimited field of inquiry than a particular mode of language that has creative power. In the present article we will point out that through preaching, discourse has the chance to say something about something, giving it full meaning being expressed in philosophy through meaning and reference. Then we will analyze the meaning and role of the word in discourse having a wide variety of contexts, concluding that the meaning of discourse comes from the conjunction of word and sentence. And in the last chapter we will investigate the two meanings of discourse.
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The paper deals with the key processes behind the interpretation of punning wordplay in Czech advertising discourse and compares the instances of advertising pun recorded by Čmejrková (2000) to more recent ones to discover that the former puns employed predominantly the process of reworking, or relied heavily on relexicalisation based on one homonymous word or an idiom. The recent popularity of pun has been considerably influenced by the shift towards exploitation of several psycholinguistic features and their mutual combinations in order to obtain a single pun. Relexicalisation, as a prevalent process in more recent puns, is aided largely by lexical cascading, a novel phenomenon able to enter paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships within the advertising slogan. It can be used jointly also with the process of reworking to enhance the desired effect.
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The paper deals with a group of lexemes that appeared in the Russian media discourse in connection with the topic of harassment, which became popular after the scandalous events of 2017 in the USA. In 2017– 2018, the topic of sexual harassment and gender inequality was also updated in Russian-language media. The group includes words that were used in Russian before, but in a certain narrow sphere (the word harassment in Russian referred to legal terms and was not known to a broader public), as well as lexical neologisms that appeared as a reaction to new realities. Such neologisms include lexemes Вайнштейнгейт, домогант, митушка, митушный. Attention is paid to the fact that most new lexemes are the hybrid words created within the installation of a language game. On the basis of the analysis, the conclusion is drawn that this lexical group belongs to the emotional-evaluative vocabulary and has a negative connotation. Emotional coloring of the words can be created by derivation means, and also be conditioned by the word’s nominative properties. Negative connotation of the lexical group indicates a trend of negative evaluation of the issue of harassment and the Me Too movement, which prevails in the Russian media discourse. It is suggested that a broad discussion on the topic of harassment indicates changes in the Russian public consciousness.
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The objective of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of functioning and development of the Russian lexeme “PR/пиар” in contemporary Russian in comparison with its use in English and Czech. The material is collected from dictionaries and corpora of the respective languages. The author highlights a high degree of the lexeme´s assimilation in Russian (with two generations of derived lexemes), significant broadening of its semantics (esp. in fixed nominal phrases) and major pragmatization of its semantics as the result of nonverbal factors.
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Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der gegenwärtigen Position und dem Gebrauch der Fremdwörter in der Zeitungssprache. Eingegangen wird auf die Online-Ausgabe des Magazins SPIEGEL ONLINE innerhalb eines konkret gewählten Zeitraumes. Es ist zu vermuten, dass die Online-Versionen der Zeitungssprache nicht weit von der gedruckten Form der Zeitungen entfernt sind, betrachtet man das Lexikum und die verwendeten sprachwissenschaftlichen Mittel, die LeserInnen allerdings nicht wirklich wahrnehmen. Die Zeitungssprache spiegelt täglich die aktuellen Zustände wider, und versucht anhand von verschiedensten sprachlichen Mitteln ihre persuasive Funktion zu erfüllen. Das Korpus der gesammelten Schlagzeilen und die nachstehende Analyse sollen die gegenwärtige Tendenz der sprachlichen Globalisierung und auch die weiterhin steigende Tendenz zu Nominalisierung und Einsparung in der deutschen Sprache bestätigen. Im Mittelpunkt der journalistischen Bemühungen steht, neben der Vermittlung der aktuellen Informationen, das Engagement, die LeserInnen zu fesseln und so auf dem Markt zu den Besten zu gehören. Eine Art von Neuheit stellen Fremdwörter in Kombination mit der heimischen Sprache dar. Interessant zu beobachten ist der relativ hohe Anteil der Anglizismen, die mittlerweile entlehnt werden, und von denen viele langsam in die Standardsprache eindringen. Der Beitrag versucht aufgrund der quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse ein Muster zu ermitteln, das etwas über den neuesten Stand der Zeitungssprache aussagt.
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The functioning of the three official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina represents a very interesting model of preparing texts in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, so documents important to the legal system of our country are published so that each has its three very similar versions. This paper will analyze the document entitled Recommendations on the Recognition of Specific Forms of Learning in Bosnian and Serbian or Recommendations on the Recognition of Specific Views of Learning in Croatian, and the aim of the paper is to single out the observed differences between the versions, examine the relationship between the different and equal use of certain linguistic phenomena , and sheds light on the grammatical justification of the differences shown. This would additionally present the entire process of the creation of the three versions of one document, their normative basis and value, and, finally, point out the path and saudetracks that the official languages in BiH have been walking on for about 20 years.
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In last few years, two new orthography books appeared in the Bosnian language, namely Senahid Halilovic's 2017 Orthography of Bosnian language and Refik Bulić's 2023 Bosnian Orthography. This paper is aimed at excerpting examples from these two orthography books with the aim of their analysis and comparison in order to determine the standardization status of the segment of composed and disassembled word writing in contemporary Bosnian language. The aim is to investigate the paths of standardization of this orthography phenomenon in the last orthography books of the standard Bosnian language, and to determine whether there are any significant differences in them that can lead to different use practices in everyday written communication.
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This article was written collaboratively by a team of authors and focuses on the presentation (with the first attempt to apply it in the Czech Republic) of proprietary methodology of psycholinguistic assessment of thinking. The AxiKOM methodology was developed by a Ukrainian colleague who applied it with a help from his fellow Czech coauthors during classes in an auditorium of college students majoring in economics or technology. The text provides a brief explanation of an individual´s lexical productivity and its methodology, the basic elements of this methodology´s functioning, the key aspects of its practical application and the main results of the project´s initial phase.
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This research aims to explore the evolution of terminology related to the spleen and black bile in Romanian, tracing its origins from ancient Hippocratic writings. The study specifically examines the evolution and various connotations of Romanian terms describing the spleen, extending its analysis to encompass its influence on lexicology, medicine, psychology, and literature throughout history. This research navigates the intricate pathways of melancholy, hypochondria, and the literary expressions of the spleen, weaving them together into a coherent narrative. Furthermore, it delves into their linguistic history over the centuries, identifying significant resonances in the evolution of the Romanian language and culture. The evolution of lexical and semantic transformations is closely intertwined with the development of humoral theories, notably black bile, spanning from ancient Greek and Latin times through the Renaissance, Baroque, and Romantic eras. Starting from the theory of black bile and its associated organ, the spleen, to the various derived meanings of melancholy and hypochondria, the Romanian cultural landscape has undergone transformations influenced by these concepts, shaping the terminology as we recognise it today. Through a meticulous exploration of these intricate connections, this study seeks to unveil the historical, cultural, and semantic transformations associated with the term splină and its related semantic fields in Romania.
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The aim of this article is the delimitation and semantic analysis of language units represented in the contemporary Polish language by the forms ruina (a ruin), ruiny (ruins), rujnować (to ruin). The text is situated in the steam of structuralist linguistics, and more specifically in reduction semantics. The outcome of the conducted analysis is the identification of both verbal units in the form of [ktośi ] zrujnował [kogośj ], [ktośi ] zrujnował się na [cośj ], [ktośi ] zrujnował [cośj ], [ktośi ] obrócił [cośj ] w ruinę and nominal units in the form of ruiny [czegośi ], as well as three expressions associated with the form ruina, namely the specifi c noun ruina and the abstract nouns ruina [kogośj ] and ruina [czegośj ]. The author describes the semantic properties of the distinguished lexemes and formulates an explication of the notions assigned to them.
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This article shows lexemes such as głupi (gwóźdź), debilne (zebranie), idiotyczny (ząb), nieszczęsne (dokumenty) (a stupid/foolish/ridiculous/wretched (nail/meeting/tooth/document)) as a subgroup of metapredicative adjectives with expressive and colloquial markedness. When they moved to the level of speaking about speaking, they lost some of the formal characteristics of typical adjectives (they are non-contrastive, non-negatable, nod-gradable among other features) and the meanings associated with mental impairment, illness, and other misfortunes have changed into the carrier of the evaluation ‘it’s not worth talking about’. This process falls into the research on grammaticalisation. This article provides an overview of dictionary entries of the analysed expressions and the author’s preliminary hypothesis on their capability to reinforce assertion.
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This article is an attempt to make a prescriptive evaluation of phraseological units such as jak byto, co by nie zrobić, kto by nie przyszedf, gdzie by nie spojrzeć, gdzie nie spojrzq, gdzie si% nie ruszysz, etc. They have been present in the Polish language for at least 150 years, but are still evaluated negatively, as unnecessary Russicisms and illogical constructs. The discussions carried out in this text, supported by numerous examples from various types of Polish texts, lead to the conclusion that we are dealing with a phraseological model containing the components by nie as a constructional axis or nie, in sentences that are formally negated yet in fact containing the reinforcement of a judgment. The phraseologised units have demonstrated their functional usefulness and should be accepted in the usage norm of Polish.
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The Greater Polish dialect is one of the least developed ones in Poland in terms of lexicography. There are amateur dictionaries available and thematic dictionaries on individual parts of the dialect have been published, but there is no lexicographic study covering the entire Greater Poland proper. A publication of this type will therefore fill this gap. Moreover, the existence of dictionaries (or works on them) from other regions will enable comparative and general dialectal studies. This text is a conceptual rather than a material, analytical, or synthetic study. Its objective is to present the idea of a dictionary covering the whole Greater Poland.
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The article presents an analysis of Russian proverbs, representing the vital concept of the Russian culture – Health. The cultural meanings of the concept of Health have been revealed by the conceptual analysis method. The linguocultural interpretation of the material is presented graphically and followed by the comments of the results obtained. A set of basic cultural meanings of the concept has identified the priority preferences and ideas of the national experience of the Russian people, their ambivalent attitude towards their own health.
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The text presents a theoretical platform and a case study of a new method for authorship attribution based on an author’s specific low-frequency lexicon. It will be shown that an author’s text is largely context-independent and is constructed by the author’s habit based on the regular repetition of certain topics or modes of expression. The author’s idiosyncratic way of choosing between synonymous linguistic devices in the text happens at a distance of several word forms or sentence units. This means that texts themselves are constructed using a much wider range of repetitions than expected and that the structure of the text above the level of intersentential linking is determined by a specific group of words (functional but above all content words) obligatorily used by the author in the formulation of the text. The newly introduced method can be used to attribute authorship by relying on the specific linguistic imprint of the author in the text (in this context, we talk about parasyntactic linguistic level). The method is compared with a function-word-based method.
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The aim of this article is to introduce a newly accessible source of dialectal lexicon from the area of Transcarpathia (Zakarpattia) and eastern Slovakia. It is the Lexical Database of South Carpathian Dialects Based on Ivan Pankevych᾽s Materials, a digitalized card catalogue for the intended dictionary of Ukrainian South Carpathian dialects, compiled by Ivan Pankevych, his colleagues and students from the early 1920s to the early 1960s. We briefly characterize the materials of the card catalogue and their history and describe the current form of the database and the possibilities of searching and filtering the lexical material. The database is primarily intended for dialectologists; nonetheless, it can prove beneficial and provide important information for ethnologists and ethnolinguists since it contains a significant representation of folk literature, customs, and rituals, as well as a description of various rural realities that reflect traditional ways of life in the Carpathians.
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The study deals with the special usage of masculine virile forms to name music bands in Slovak. The names of music bands are usually classified as a special subtype of chrematonyms which name the artistic groups and are labelled as ergonyms in the theoretical works. Masculine virile forms can be used with a heterogenous range of meanings depending on context which can be understood as result of metonymic transpositions. The study focuses on description of units warranted by proper names which arise in two deproprial processes – transonymization and appellativization. The analysed material comes from web corpus Omnia Slovaca IV Maior. Metonymy is understood as a gradient phenomenon with instantiations that form a continuum on a scale depending on the strength of contiguity. Metonymy gives rise to a variety of readings, which are often difficult to capture and whose meaning has to be specified in the course of interpretation by contextual cues and pragmatic inferences. This fact leads to orthographic instability concerning the usage of capital letters.
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