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This paper is an analysis of the expression hospa, which is a part of the name Certyfikat „Super HoSpa” (“Super HoSpa” Certificate), a distinction awarded to the best Polish hospices by the Rak’n’Roll Foundation. The neologism hospa is described in terms of its formal structure (as a contamination compound) and at the conceptual level (as a cognitive amalgam) using G. Fauconnier and M. Turner’s conceptual blending theory. Based on dictionary and corpus data as well as texts concerning hospices with the title “Super HoSpa”, the author reconstructs the representation of a patient-friendly hospice. What serves as a background for the description is the issues of palliative medicine and care and the stereotypical image of hospice established in the society, which the creators of the certificate are trying to “disenchant”, also through language.
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Dans cette étude, nous nous proposons de mettre la lumière sur l’origine des erreurs lexicales dans les productions écrites d’étudiants algériens inscrits en licence de français. À l’aide de typologies des erreurs lexicales issues de la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire, une analyse des erreurs a été effectuée sur un corpus composé de 68 textes rédigés en situation d’examen. Les résultats ont révélé une dominance des erreurs formelles et des erreurs morphosyntaxiques. La méconnaissance de la forme de l’unité lexicale ou de l’une de ces propriétés morphosyntaxiques, l’analogie des constructions et l’interférence constituent les hypothèses les plus avancées afin d’expliquer les formes déviantes relevées.
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Durant le soulèvement populaire qu’a connu l’Algérie depuis le 22 février 2019, les Algérien(ne)s manifestent d’une façon persévérante où chaque manifestant(e) est ainsi amené(e) à élaborer et confectionner des slogans pertinents pour exprimer leurs revendications, leurs idées politiques et/ou définir leur position politique. Pour ce faire, elle/il puise dans leurs connaissances encyclopédiques, historiques, philosophiques, littéraires et leurs croyances religieuses, culturelles, nationales, nord-africaines et universelles. Surtout par le recours à la citation qui lui « permet de se débrouiller, parce qu’elle n’est rien d’autre qu’une convention qui désavoue la loi du langage : "Parler, c’est tomber dans la tautologie ", "Nous ne faisons que nous entregloser", […].» (Antoine Compagnon, 1979 :19)En nous appuyant sur l’étude de plus d’une quarantaine de slogans, et en nous inspirant de la démarche de Baron Dumitra, nous allons à travers cet article constituer des éléments de réponse à la question suivante : quelles sont les formes et les fonctions de présence de l’intertextualité par citation dans les slogans politiques/pancartes révolutionnaires des Algérien(ne)s entre 2019 et 2020 ?
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Wine is a well-known product and is part of human heritage and culture. However, studies indicate that many consumers do not understand the terminology used by wine experts. To understand if and how this applies to European Portuguese (EP), we asked two questions: (i) are non-experts aware of what certain wine descriptors mean when they read them on labels or in magazines?; (ii) what is the degree of proximity of non-expert definitions to expert definitions? We surveyed a group of speakers. Firstly, we asked for: “Define, in your own words, what you understand by [insert wine descriptor].” to see how informants defined in their own words what they understood by a given wine descriptor in a specific context related to wine. Secondly, we searched for the exact wine descriptor in specialized reference works and compiled the definitions presented in those works. The results of this sample allowed us to answer our questions with interesting facts about EP reality and what the non-expert consumer understand about wine descriptors, while providing us with clues to improve definitions in resources design to help non-expert consumers to better understand the wine domain and experts to express more clearly what they what to convey
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The aim of the paper is to analyse a terminological mechanism applied in choosing English words and phrases which are the basis for professional communication between airport aircraft mechanics of various nationalities. Correctly applied terminology facilitates successful communication and can contribute to reducing incidents arising from errors made during aircraft pre-flight preparation. Aircraft mechanics communicate not only by means of specialised terms and acronyms, but also by AECMA/ASD1 standardised Simplified Technical English for technical documentation purposes. Due to frequent text comprehension problems, common specific words have been selected according to the rule “one word – one meaning.” Furthermore, English grammar has been simplified for successful international communication between aircraft mechanics. Thus, a specific communication tool has been created and is currently in global use, which indirectly contributes to flight safety. The author presents common trends applied in the process of terms selection in the working environment. She also emphasises the necessity of using clear and concise terminology in aviation communication. The author’s observations can support aircraft mechanics’ language training, and terminological as well as translation work. The article familiarises the reader with some key concepts of aircraft maintenance terminology.
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The aim of this paper is to contrast the near-synonymous Polish classifiers kupa ‘heap’, sterta ‘pile’, and stos ‘stack’, all of which encode upward-oriented arrangements of objects or substances and thus prototypically combine with concrete inanimate nouns, by means of a collocational analysis conducted on naturally-occurring data derived from the National Corpus of Polish. The results of the empirical investigation point to a tendency for kupa ‘heap’ to combine predominantly with mass nouns denoting amorphous, frequently natural, stuff, whereas sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’ exhibit a pronounced predilection for count N2-collocates referring to artefacts. In a similar vein, while both sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’ typically stand for aggregates formed by a volitional human agent, it is not infrequent for kupa ‘heap’ to classify portions of substances whose shape is a result of the forces of nature or merely constitutes a by-effect of activities intended to achieve goals other than arranging stuff into units. What differentiates between sterta ‘pile’ and stos ‘stack’, however, is that constructional solidity appears a more salient feature of the latter item, hence its capability of applying to vertical collections of entities marked by an orderly internal structure.
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This contribution examines the formation, evolution and use of terms in astronomy. The term planet is discussed in detail through the analysis of specialized contemporary sources, with focus on how the discoveries of Neptune, Uranus and Pluto changed the meaning of planet. Consideration is also given to other bodies originally classified as planets, illustrating a repeating pattern of scientific advancement blurring the boundaries of what planet denotes before linguistic and terminological usage adapts to reflect scientific understanding. Further consideration is given to the qualifier dwarf in denoting bodies both too small and too large to be classified as planets, which constitutes a modern blurring of the lines of planethood in the field of exoplanetology. Through the analysis of three leading astronomical journals, it is shown that despite the lack of a centralised authority actively regulating terminology, the prototype term Hot Jupiter has engendered new series of terms using differing terminological and conceptual regimes to prioritize different characteristics of exoplanets, allowing for efficient communication in specialised and general discourse
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Etymologies are proposed for twelve previously unexplained English words from working-class or underclass English vocabulary. Treated in Part 2 of this study are aloof/aluff, boondoggle, and welch/jew/gyp. Common features are isolation, extended use, pejoration, and treatment by lexicographers with varying degrees of proscriptiveness and by word buffs with enthusiastic amateur etymologizing.
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Etymologies are proposed for twelve previously unexplained English words from working-class or underclass English vocabulary. Treated in Part 1 of this study are cod as ‘dupe’ and codswallop, mollycoddle /mollycot, natty, and yokel. Common features are isolation, extended use, pejoration, and treatment by lexicographers with varying degrees of proscriptiveness and by word buffs with enthusiastic amateur etymologizing.
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The word mazija ‘steel; forging ingot; a kind of ordeal which required plucking red-hot iron from a cauldron of boiling water’ is common in the western part of the Shtokavian dialect continuum. Its area includes the Zeta-Raška, the Eastern Herzegovinian and the Younger Ikavian dialect, the fi rst of the Old Shtokavian and the other two of the Neo-Shtokavian type. There are no attestations of this word earlier than the fi rst half of the 18th century. So far, it has been mainly believed to share a common origin with the homonymous mazija ‘oak gall’ from Turkish mazı id. This stance is hardly acceptable in view of the fact that not only the meanings of the two words but also their geographical distributions strongly diverge, mazija in the oak gall sense being limited to the Kosovo-Resava and Timok-Prizren dialect areas of southern Serbia. The comparison with French mazée ‘refi ned iron’, is even more doubtful, because this term has been attested only since 1824 and with no known etymology, The true origin of màzija < mazȉja (gvožđa) should be sought in the late Greek (5th century AD) μαζί(ο)ν τοῦ σιδήρου ‘iron mass shaped by a blacksmith’; the plural form μαζία σιδήρου occurs in a Greek charter issued in 1347 by the Serbian tsar Dušan to the Great Lavra on Mt Athos. Curiously enough, in two Serbian founding charters of the same epoch there is a parallel passage where among other yearly incomes granted to the monastery iron ingots are mentioned, designated here by the gen. pl. nadь(ь), with complements gvozd(i)ja ‘of iron’ and měr’nyhь ‘of a standard weight’. The term is Slavic nada or nado, derivative from *naděti ‘add onto’, properly ‘iron or steel overlay used as a cover plate in re-tempering a blade’, hence ‘steel’. It has been preserved by a number of Serbian vernaculars, in some of them coexisting with the Graecism mazija. How and when the latter made its way to the western part of the Old Serbian territory, leaving no traces in its eastern parts, remains an open question.
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The miscellanea deals with the use of the title of / address to Imāms, Āhōng (阿訇), among China’s Hui Muslims. The title/address of Persian origin is used by different groups of speakers in various ways of pronounciation.
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The present paper deals with the anglicisms lockdown and shutdown, and their collocates in Slovak and in Hungarian. By performing a quantitative and qualitative analysis of web corpora, we examine the absolute and relative frequency of these nouns from a diachronic perspective. The occurrence of the analysed nouns and collocations in which they act as base words is demonstrated by authentic examples. On the basis of the obtained data, we conclude that the impact of the COVID-19-pandemic can be observed on the lexical level as the studied anglicisms have become established in both languages. Their frequency in Slovak is higher than in Hungarian. The Hungarian language seems to prefer domestic lexemes to their foreign equivalents.
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The author of this paper explains the interpretation of types of homonyms (homophones and homographs), based on the epic Stephen the Little by the Serbian poet Petar II Petrović Njegoš, dating from the epoch of Romanticism. The analysis includes grammatical homonyms, where homonymy is established by individual word forms created through the motion of nouns and their base forms, and paradigmatic homonyms, where homonymy is established by a whole system of word forms created by semantic formation. The analysis also encompasses material from the epics The Mountain Wreath and The Ray of the Microcosm, and certain poems by Njegoš.
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The article approaches a topic that is challenging primarily because of the terminology used in the source and target languages: the correspondence between the Italian relative pronoun cui, which is only used as an indirect object (i.e. a complement of specification, a receiver complement, a topical complement, etc.) and the corresponding Romanian pronoun care, acting as a pronominal modifier in the genitive case, as an indirect object in the dative case (without a preposition) or as a prepositional indirect object in the accusative case.
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I.B. Itkin and S.I. Pereverzeva note in their article “Some clarifications to the interpretation f the data of the Obdorsk Nenets dictionary (reply to the article of P. I. Li “The graphic analysis of the first syllable vowel system in Nenets dictionaries from A. M. Sjögren’s archive” // Ural-Altaic Studies. 2021, 1 (40). P. 47—60) that the position of stress in some words in the Obdorsk dialect found in the materials from A.M. Sjögren’s archive, which were probably copied from the lists collected by G. F. Müller, does not coincide with the data on the Yamal dialect. Hence, the following question is bound to arise: is there any prosodic reality behind the position of stress in the Obdorsk wordlist from A.M. Sjögren’s archive? In this connection, the data from the dictionary of the Gydan dialect of the Tundra dialect of the Nenets language (http://lingvodoc.ispras.ru/dictionary/704/16/perspective/704/17/view), created by M. K. Amelina, seemed quite promising. The search for the etymological cognates of the words from the Obdorsk wordlist under consideration yielded 28 lexemes. Based on auditory perception, in 26 of them, the position of stress coincides with the Obdorsk words. These lexemes were analyzed using Praat, an experimental software package for phonetic analysis. The findings show that Obdorsk words which are stressed on the first syllable have a significantly higher intensity of the first syllable vowel in modern Gydan (5–18 dB higher than that of the second syllable vowel) whereas Obdorsk words with stress on the second syllable have a longer second syllable vowel in modern Gydan (by 0.04–0.11 seconds longer than the first syllable vowel) with differences in intensity between the first and the second syllables being no more than 3 dB, that is, imperceptible to the human ear. These results suggest that a certain phonetic reality corresponded to the position of stress in the Obdorsk wordlist, and it was not assigned by G.F. Müller accidentally.
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This article aims to review the traditional understanding of contrast and negations of nouns or sentences from the perspective of the dual structure of sentences in German, English and Polish (Subject NP+ Predicate VP). The common ground for the revision is the theory of sentence construction by Joachim Buscha and Gerhard Helbig, which continues the dichotomy of the group of the subject and that of the predicate in the sense of Chomsky. In the light of this theory, the glottodidactic objective of VP is not only to legitimize the above logical ratio with a dialectic division for contradictions/contrasts and negations/rejections in their sentential contexts. The problem is then to build the system of the terminology. This approach does involve problems with the semantics of “definite” with its contrast as “not definite” and with the “indefinite” as rejection. The consequence is a problematic terminology for the area in the sentence that is to be rejected
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Language is a living organism in continual change. Lexical innovations are part of thedevelopment of any society and their role is to either depict a reality in its very essence or tocreate a powerful stylistic effect on the readers. Irrespective of their stability or transiency in thelanguage, these terms give zest and grandeur to any historical age.
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This article is a tribute to an outstanding researcher, mentor, and personality that was Kazan Federal University Professor Vera Alekseevna Kosova. Her most interesting and important scientific publications from “Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki” (Proceedings of Kazan University. Humanities Series”) are considered. Before her untimely death in 2021, V.A. Kosova devoted more than 20 years to collaborating with the journal and played an active role in its history. Here, the above-mentioned articles are reviewed in chronological order, thereby casting light on the evolution of V.A Kosova’s research interests. The subject of her works, the methods applied, and the major conclusions are briefly analyzed. It is shown that the articles under consideration develop V.A. Kosova’s derivatological concept, which concerns the problems of word-formation categories and the effectiveness of the onomasiological approach to the study of word-formation semantics. Notably, this concept has been considered to be of high scientific relevance by many researchers. The articles also contain invaluable data on V.A. Kosova’s methodological approach to the analysis of word-formation phenomena.
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Translation techniques used to adapt original song lyrics to other languages were considered. The research is highly relevant, because no methodological basis has been developed for equirhythmics as a special type of translation. A total of 272 cases obtained by the method of continuous sampling among the Russian covers of foreign songs were analyzed. A variety of lexical, grammatical, and lexical-grammatical equirhythmic translation techniques were singled out: generalization, omission, expansion, integral transformation, change of grammatical indicators, etc. The important influence exercised by the equiphonic component on the quality of equirhythmic translation was emphasized. It was concluded that equirhythmic translation is extremely challenging, but it provides a whole number of opportunities for translators to create a highly equivalent and adequate covers of foreign songs.
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