Синтаксичке структуре као слике свијета
Review of: Pavlović, Slobodan (2013), Uzroci i mehanizmi sintaksičkih promena u srpskom jeziku, Sremski Karlovci – Novi Sad: Izdavačka knjižarnica Zorana Stojanovića.
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Review of: Pavlović, Slobodan (2013), Uzroci i mehanizmi sintaksičkih promena u srpskom jeziku, Sremski Karlovci – Novi Sad: Izdavačka knjižarnica Zorana Stojanovića.
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This paper deals with the so-called premature pronunciation of some language units. These are units moved from the syntactically appropriate position towards the beginning of the structure they belong to. The basic one among these is the so-called cataphoric object, but there are others too, which have not been fully treated yet.
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This paper analyses the usage of the French preposition of pour within contexts utilising adverbials denoting cause and goal, regardless of the type of its complement (noun phrase of infinitive). With regard to this, French structures are compared to Serbian ones with a view to finding similarities and differences between the two languages. Special attention is paid to syntactic structures that can be interpreted in a twofold manner (causal and final).
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This paper analyses the manner in which native Serbian speakers produce clitic climbing (a shift of a clitic pronoun in a sentence), with a view to a third-person clitic pronoun, functioning as an object or to a doubled/combined third-person pronoun. With regard to this, the analysis focuses on the syntactic structures where clitic climbing is mandatory (auxiliary verb + Past Participle and structures/clauses of result), as well as on the structures where clitic climbing is arbitrary (modal verbs + infinitive and verbs of motion + infinitive). The author aims at clarifying the process of clitic climbing and its correct usage in Italian by native Serbian speakers, while pointing to a possible linguistic transfer from Serbian into Italian at the same time.
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Using a huge corpus, the paper analyzes the possibility or impossibility of adjectives derived from verbs being graded, that is, expressed in the form of a comparative. Taking the Serbian and German linguistic systems into account, the author searches for an answer to the question whether such adjectives in each of these systems belong to the class of relative or absolute adjectives respectively and, if the former is the case, tries to establish the rule defining it. Within the studied subclass of adjectives there are four semantic patterns common for both languages, which, taking the verb as a base on which suffixes are added, form four derivative patterns. In both languages, derivative morphemes in the function of syntactic transposition marking this kind of adjective are determined for each language, with simultaneous determination of correspondents, which do not necessarily belong to the same morphological type.
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Research of this work was carried out on Italian proverbs, which have all the features of the sentence, and some special features that make them different from the usual sentence in everyday communication. The bare nouns in the initial part of the proverbs occur because of the relocation of the informative focus into the initial position regardless of the function that later they carry out. Furthermore the omission of the article is due to various changes in syntactic structure, permutation or omission of sentence constituents, such as verbs and conjunctions. Realizing the most important principles of these changes led us to a better understanding of this phenomenon in Italian proverbs, but also to significant variety of their syntactic structures.
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Taking into consideration the syntactic concept of syntagm, we examine the structural properties of lexical collocations, which have been disregarded within the lexico-semantic approach to lexical patterns. By correlating the concepts of syntagm and collocation, pertinent to two different linguistic descriptions, lexicological and syntactic, it is possible to provide a full account of formal properties of collocations, whose formation is not regulated only by semantic restrictions, implied in the semantic properties of words, but also by syntactic rules, which are system dependent. Judging by the structural types of lexical collocations, classified on the basis of morpho-syntactic features of the words combined, collocation is not only semantically, but also syntactically coherent, which is a phenomenon to be viewed at the syntactic level of word co-occurrences.
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The paper analyses the so-called “zar” sentences in Ivo Andrić’s oeuvre. The sample of 133 sentences is divided into those which appear in dialogues, those which appear in monologues and those which appear close to each other in the same paragraph. This method has enabled analysing the usage of the particle “zar” and the function of “zar” sentences in descriptions of narrated events. Accordingly, the paper argues that Andrić rarely uses the particle “zar” in a standard interrogative sentence which is followed by a response; instead, he tends to use it in the form of a rhetorical question following which there is usually no dialogical response or commentary, which can be found in monologues.
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In this contribution, we will deal with the issue of building a spoken corpus of conversational data that can be easily compared across languages. We will present linguistic codes embedded in Trentino and South Tyrol, where multilingualism (de jure) is the rule. In this area of northern Italy, more than two languages and cultures coexist and are in contact with one another. The corpus includes the major languages Italian and German and minor languages and dialects belonging both to the Romance language group, such as Ladin and Trentino dialect varieties, and from the Germanic language group, such as Cimbrian and South Tyrolean dialects. We will discuss the methodology used to elicit spontaneous spoken data in minor languages and dialects, focusing on the Map Task (Anderson et al. 1991), which has been shown to be an efficient technique for eliciting semi–spontaneous dialogues and providing a representative sample of pragmatic, textual and syntactic contexts that are at least partially expected, and thus comparable (Cerrato 2007: 9). This technique allows the speakers to focus on extra–linguistic context and on a problem–solving task, reducing both the observer’s paradox and the speakers’ monitoring of their linguistic production.
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In this article I analyse semantic, syntactic, strophic and verse rhythm of a poem by Nikoloz Baratashvili (1817–1845), “To chonguri” (1837), and of three of its translations (to Russian – by Boris Pasternak and by Boris Brik, – and to Bulgarian – by Stoian Bakŭrdzhiev). As tool for the analysis of the original text, two literal translations are used (by Irine Modebadze, 2012, and mine, 2017). Analysis of the semantic and syntactic rhythm of the original leads to the following conclusion: while the text switches its focus from past to present to future, on the hind a coming-to-being and then an interiorisation of dialogue as an experience of the lyrical ‘I’ happens. Proceeding towards analysis of the strophic and verse rhythm, I put forth the question of Baratashvili’s poem’s hypothetic precedents: thematic (a poet addressing his musical instrument) as well as strophic (three tri-verse stanzas). I discuss commonalities and differences between “To chonguri” and the following forms: terzina (minding both hypothetic paths of its Georgian reception – via Russian and via Polish mediation), Spenserian stanza, some specimens of Mikhail Lermontov’s lyric and of Anacreontic lyric, Sapphic stanza, psalms, and of particular works in Georgian language from the 18th and early 19th c. displaying close similarity to “To chonguri” at least in their strophic structure. Considering both thematic and strophic levels allows indicating two works of poetry – hopefully known to me and to Baratashvili at the same time – as closest to Baratashvili’s: Horatius’ ode I, 32 and Psalm 136 (137 acc. to the Masoretic numbering). Considering the level of poetic line, “To chonguri” can be viewed as an exact structural equivalent of the form called, with regard to syllabotonic systems of versification, “logaeds” (heterometric ‘prose-poetic’ lines). Considering all three levels – thematic, strophic, and of poetic line (lines are structured as symmetric – 5/5 – decasyllables, combined on strophic level with pentadecasyllables, all shaped as dactyl-trochaic logaeds), – another piece of poetry appears closest to “To chonguri”: “Mastam [Intoxication] about [gown’s] rustle, to be pronounced for [during] the dance mukhaliph” by Giorgi Tumanishvili (1774–1837).
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This paper investigates modality as one of the important issues in critical stylistics. The focus of the investigation is on modals, considering that their use can have hidden ideological meanings. The analysis and interpretation of examples from political, media, and literary discourse show how the choice of a modal verb can become a means of persuasion, but also of manipulation, or a means that enables speakers to represent their role as more or less significant than it is. The speaker’s individual style can also influence the use of modals. In literary discourse, namely in poetry, the choice of a modal can become a stylistically relevant device.
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This study explores interrogative idioms, extracted from the rich phraseological corpus of the local dialect of the St. Mary’s settlement located in the Lower Međimurje region. This analysis shows that the features of interrogative idioms are largely similar to those in other Croatian dialectal phraseology and phraseology of the Croatian standard language. The proper interrogative idioms, with questionability as the only and permanent feature, are confirmed. Also, this paper demonstrates that different meanings can be expressed with the proper interrogative idioms, among which the speaker’s utterance of reproach to the interlocutor prevails. Finally, this analysis confirms that there are idioms among the interrogative idioms of St. Mary’s speech containing two and more sentences (no such idiom has been noted so far in Croatian phraseology). In idioms containing two sentences, both sentences are interrogative or (more often) just one of them is. When only one sentence is interrogative, it is usually at the beginning. There can be one speaker or two of them telling idioms with two and more sentences. Most of these idioms contain rhymes and unexpected lexical connections that give the idioms a humorous tone. While there are some mockery idioms based on personal names among the interrogative idioms of St. Mary’s speech, no such idiom has been noted in Croatian phraseology so far. This research has shown that specificities can be found in local speech that enrich the overall Croatian (dialectal) phraseology. Therefore, this analysis is an invitation to further research and study of phraseological treasure that has been unexplored up to this point.
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In this scientific paper have been treated the grammatical function of PP based on the concept of modern linguistic. According to the concept of valence, thematic roles and the criterion of transitivity we could determine the grammatical function of PP in structure of the sentence. From a syntactic and semantic point of view, in generally, we distinguish the complements that are more closely related to the verb, with the other words, core complements and on the other hand those syntactic unites, whose presence is not necessary. PPs that are related directly to the verb are object of this verb. Their syntactic relations are internal, and the PPs that are not related directly to the category V are adjuncts.
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The modality and categorization of le + subjunctive Le + subjunctive is one of the grammaticalized forms of Albanian language, since its first element le is fixed and has become a grammatical particle. Thus, the grammatical markers of per son, number, tense, and voice are taken by the main verb. This grammatical form in Albanian serves to express different modal meanings, which can be interpreted depending on the context in which it is used. It can be used to express permission, request, proposal, plea, advice, and command. As all these modal nuances expressed through le + subjunctive fall within the more general category of directives (Huddleston and Pullum, 2002: 558), this structure belongs to the category of deontic modality. In addition, it is used to express speaker’s indifference or neglect of an action (situation) or a given person (which in the clause can be identified as subject or indirect object). Another function of this structure is its use in conditional or conditional/ jussive clauses. Therefore, a characteristic feature of le + subjunctive is that it is a grammaticalized form and expresses modality. In grammar these two criteria serve as basic criteria to classify a given form as a verb mood, depending on the modality it expresses. Based on these criteria, Breu (2010: 467) considers jussive mood as one of the verb moods of Albanian language. The modality that le + subjunctive expresses is a characteristic feature of the jussive mood (Breu, 2010). Le + subjunctive is a grammaticalized form constructed on the basis of the subjunctive. In the Albanian language it is characteristicthat within the subjunctive mood some other forms are also grammaticalized, such as do + subjunctive, fully grammaticalized, known as the future form, and mund + subjunctive, which preserves the modality of possibility, but takes its grammatical markers only within the form as a whole (its first element mund does not express direct relations to the subject, so both modality and grammatical markers belong to the form as a whole). A weaker degree of grammaticalization is manifested in duhet + subjunctive, which is not grammaticalized (its first element takes grammatical markers of tense duhej). These structures come together in three important points: they express reference to future time, they are consequently modal, and structurally they are built on the basis of the subjunctive. Therefore, they constitute members of the same group, as structures formed on the basis of the subjunctive (or in the case of duhet + subjunctive it tends to become a grammaticalized form). Their modality differs from that of optative, imperative, and admirative moods; compare: shkofsha/shko/shkuaka and do/le/ mund të shkojë (duhet të shkojë also resembles this group but still functions as a free syntactic structure).
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The relationship between the verb and complement has been studied as a branch of Valency Grammar by researchers in Turkey. Also complement of verb is used as valency term in Turkey and their studies focused on complement with cases particularly. A database consisting of Orkhon, Uigur and Karahan is determined and ur- verb's complements and the change in the meaning with each one of the complements are the topic of this study. The aim of this study is to determine the ur- verb's, which has thirty different meanings today, count of meanings on those three different time periods. Ur- verb is selected because it has multiple meanings. Logical and syntactic types of valency are taken into consideration. According to this; urverb has seventeen different meanings and in these three periods and it takes mostly two or more obligatory valency except one example. We will first emphasize dependency grammar ve valency subjects then about the studies around this subject in Turkey, about the state of case suffixes on those time periods and we will talk about our method and database before starting of our study.
More...Recognising Themes and their Metafunctions in Systemic Functional Framework
An extremely important aspect of functional grammar is the way information is structured in communication. This structure is built with the help of grammar and it generally happens at the level of the clause. In Systemic Functional Grammar there are two parallel and interrelated systems of analysis that concern the structure of the clause regarding the organization of the message. The first one is called information structure, and the second one is called thematic structure and it involves constituents that are labelled Theme and Rheme. The first part of this paper is concerned with the most common difficulties encountered in identifying the Themes and the second part discusses the metafunctions of these Thematic structures.We are going to analyse some of the most common cases: the yes/ no words, the adjuncts, the time expressions, the question words, the relative pronouns, the reference items, the temporal expressions. An important case is represented by the Subject it as unmarked topical Theme. Another problem is represented by the longer Theme units. In the last part of this paper we draw up the tests which should be made in order to identify longer Themes.
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The use of scribal abbreviations in medieval manuscripts was mainly dictated by the need to save space and time as the creation of a medieval book was both extremely costly and time-consuming. One of the types of scribal abbreviations used in medieval manuscripts is abbreviation by superscript letter. In this type of abbreviations one superscript letter indicates the ending of a given word, or, in some cases, a medial position. Both vowels and consonants were used as abbreviations by superscript. They usually denoted, apart from the actual letter written in superscript, the preceding vowel or the letter <r>. According to Cappelli (1929/1982), superscript letters in Latin were used mainly in word-final positions; however, it was not uncommon for a superscript vowel to appear wordmedially. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the use of superscript letters in an early fifteenth-century manuscript of the Wycliffite Bible (Mscr.Dresd.Od.83) on the basis of the Gospel of Matthew. Within the manuscript there are both superscript consonants and vowels. However, in some cases these abbreviations seem to appear in very specific contexts, whereas in other cases the contexts allowing the abbreviations to appear are much broader. The possible reasons behind this situation will be discussed within this paper along with the correspondence between the superscript letter and the spelling conventions used within the manuscript.
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This paper deals with the noun-preposition [N PP] construction in Croatian and compares the construction to its counterparts in English and French. Noun – preposition relations are analyzed as grammatical relations which participate in the formation of the lexicon, i.e. as grammatical devices which are productively used as lexicalization patterns. Based on the corpus analysis, [N PP] constructions in Croatian are identified and contrasted to English and French data. Lexical status of multi-word units in Croatian is discussed, as well as the level of idiomaticity of these constructions as compared to English and French. Whereas French and Croatian employ a similar lexicalization pattern, English uses compounding. The lexicon – grammar continuum is thus observed from the perspective of syntactic structures participating in word-formation.
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Sentential context is believed to have particularly robust effects on the processing of foreign-accented speech (Lev-Ari 2015). However, recent neurolinguistic studies investigating the relation between non-native speech and semantic predictability suggest that anticipation mechanisms are, in fact, hampered during the processing of foreign accents (Romero-Rivas et al. 2016). The current study is an attempt to shed more light on this issue and establish whether the mechanisms responsible for categorical template matching remain active during the processing of non-native speech. The study investigated neural reactions towards high cloze probability template endings (i.e., the endings of fixed phrases selected in a pre-test) and their unexpected counterparts. 120 Polish sentences were recorded by a native Polish speaker and a non-native (L1 Ukrainian) speaker of Polish in order to investigate the reactions towards an easily recognizable foreign accent. The brain activity of 28 monolinguals (L1 Polish) was recorded during the EEG sessions. In native-accented speech, violations of high cloze probability items resulted in a broadly distributed negativity followed by a P600 effect. No comparable effects were observed in the case of foreign-accented speech. These results are compatible with previous findings (Hanulíková et al. 2012; Romero-Rivas et al. 2016) as they confirm that linguistic anticipatory and reanalysis processes are hampered in the case of non-native speech.
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The present paper is part of a larger project which investigates the issue of “syntax-inside-morphology” in the domain of Polish word-formation. In what follows, we explore the thus far unstudied territory of dephrasal adjectives, such as tużpopołudniowy ‘right-after-noon’ and ponadstustronicowy ‘over-one-hundred-page’ built on phrasal bases subjected to suffixation. It is generally acknowledged that the Polish word-formation system is not designed to comprise phrasal compounding – a word-formation type which has come to be considered a flagship representative of the morphology-syntax interface (see Szymanek 2017 and Pafel 2017). Nevertheless, one may come across a number of Polish word-formation patterns, such as the class of nouns derived from PPs (e.g. nausznik ‘earmuff’ [[naP uszyN]PP -nik]N) or synthetic compound words (e.g. bydłobójnia ‘abattoir’ [[bydłN-o-bójV]VP -nia]N) which should clearly be considered legitimate members of the global “syntax-inside-morphology” community (see Kolbusz-Buda 2019a). In what follows, we want to argue that Polish dephrasal adjectives should be recognised as a case of morphology-syntax interplay on a par with the already attested cross-linguistic material. The phrasal character of the Polish data to be discussed in this study is so strong that researching this sui generis type of derivation seems not only a valid linguistic undertaking but also one with important implications. The study may have far-reaching consequences for the descriptive adequacy of the Polish word-formation system and point to new directions in the discussion on the morphology-syntax interface. The morphological structure of the adjectives to be discussed will be juxtaposed with the class of Polish compounds proper, in particular, synthetic compounds – a word-formation type which can be considered the closest in its morphological make-up to the presented material. Offering such a comparative perspective seems necessary as the adjectives to which we choose to refer as products of dephrasal suffixation are casually classified as compounds. Moreover, although Polish does not note any cases of phrasal compounding, the morphological structure of the adjectives in question will be additionally examined to discover potential parallels between the two word-formation types. The reason behind this undertaking is two-fold. Firstly, as has already been mentioned, dephrasal adjectives are classified as compounds; secondly, they contain a phrasal unit. In our analysis, we draw on a revised version of the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis, i.e. Lieber and Scalise’s 2007) Firewall Theory, which belongs to the current of the so-called mixed models of word-formation advanced in the recent years by, for instance, Ackema and Neeleman 2004 and Pafel 2017, allowing for a limited intermodular interaction between morphological and syntactic domains.
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