Additive Enclitic Suffix -Da In Turkish As A Cohesive Device
This study aims to throw light upon the focusing and continuative functions of-dA at the intersentential and intrasentential level focusing on the study by Kerslake (1992).
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This study aims to throw light upon the focusing and continuative functions of-dA at the intersentential and intrasentential level focusing on the study by Kerslake (1992).
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Mood is an unspecified phenomenon whose distinctive features of tense and aspect have not been analyzed so for in traditional grammar books. Therefore, tense, aspect and modality categories are intervowen with mood. -yor was analyzed as a tense morpheme in indicative mood in studies. In this article, we tried to exemplify that this morpheme is an aspectual morpheme with a progressive meaning and which can be used in different moods other than indicative. Sample sentences were examined in terms of their modal properties to show that -yor has a neutral function on the modality value of sentences.
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Появление «Трудов по языкознанию» Ф. де Соссюра (М., «Прогресс», 1977) - событие в нашей научной жизни. Привлекает внимание исключительная добросовестность составителя и переводчиков, уровень комментариев и библиографии. Перед нами, по существу, эталон издательской культуры.
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One of the most characteristic features of IG languages is the “particle of negation” (Verneinungspartikel, Wortnegation: Walde-Pokorny II, 319 f.) *n-, called “alpha steretikon/privativum ” by grammarians, an unstressed form of the propositional negation (Satznegation) nё, ne. (The full form, however, is in Balto-Slavic always, in other IG languages sporadically used instead of *n-, e. g., lat. refas, gr. nekerdos.)
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The present paper treats scientific and fiction texts from the standpoint of regularity of relations among units of "plan de contenu" and "plan d'expression". Scientific text is characterised by obligatory semantic regularity of relations among units of "plan de contenu", which does not allow for any arbitrary interpretation, and by optional morphological regularity among units of "plan d'expression". Fiction text on the contrary possesses optional semantic regularity within "plan de contenu", which makes possible a non-unique interpretation, and obligatory morphological regularity within "plan d'expression". The violation of the obligatory relations leads in both cases to the destruction of the text as a sample of a given type. Further study of these features seems desirable since it would be closely connected with the study of such essential problems as non-contradictoriness of a scientific description, the nature of aesthetic effect, evolution in science and arts, the problem of translatability, intermediate types of texts, etc.
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Основываясь на изложенном и несколько забегая вперед, можно сформулировать вывод: в поэтическом тексте все элементы взаимно соотнесены и соотнесены со своими нереализованными альтернативами, следовательно - семантически нагружены. Художественная структура проявляется на всех уровнях. Следовательно, нет ничего более ошибочного, чем разделять текст художественного произведения на «общеязыковую часть», якобы, не имеющую художественного значения, и некие «художественные особенности».
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The pluperfect is generally defined as a tense denoting an event which is prior with respect to a past reference moment. The paper aims at analysing the forms and the functions of the pluperfect in the modern languages of the Balkan linguistic area (Bulgarian, Greek, Albanian, and Romanian), discussing its morphological markers on a formal aspect, and the contexts of its temporal and modal readings on the functional aspect.
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In this paper we will discuss some linguistic approaches between the Gumenica’s vernacular dialect of Vlora district and the dialects of Bregu i Detit. This paper aims to recognize commonalities and differences between these vernacular dialects, comparing them with standard Albanian. The rites, myths, beliefs and common linguistic features of these dialects are closely related to the common history of the provinces. The attention is focused on the common features of the phonetic and morphological system. Great similarity between these dialects is clearly evidenced by facts and linguistic phenomena which are explained according to the rules of the evolution of phonetic system and morphological structure of Albanian. The methodology of this study includes analysis and comparison. To conclude this paper, we have been based on our study of Gumenica’s vernacular dialect and on other Albanian scholars’ researches about the speeches of Bregu i Detit.
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The article deals with the lexical-semantic aspects of stylistic neologisms. The study provides stylistic neologisms’ phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic levels. Within the framework of the study, stylistic neologisms are considered a lexical category that has a certain status in the lexical-semantic system of the language. The importance of studying occasional neologisms based on the latest trends in modern linguistics is noted. At the same time, giving an overview of scientific concepts and views of individual linguists on the problem of stylistic neologisms in the article, the author expresses his subjective attitude towards them. The designation of stylistic neologisms by different terms is especially noted. The paper comprehensively analyzes the characteristic features of stylistic neologisms as units of language and speech and determines their formation’s theoretical and methodological aspects.
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The idiom Lupac is part of Caraşovaʼs idioms, and it is characterized by some more archaic features, through a lot of phonological, morphological and lexical elements, regarded until recently as being unitary. One of these elements at the morphological level is the adjective.
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The modal is a semantic category that reflects the verb's action, occurrence, and behaviour, in order to express the speaker’s mental state, feelings, intentions, and/or wishes. It reflects an objective attitude, and the modality reflects a subjective perspective. Modality is the semantic grammaticalization of the speaker's attitudes and views against the utterance they produce, and thus constitutes a category unto itself. It moreover explores the relationship between a speaker and their utterance, and can be indicated via a morpheme, lexeme, syntax, or, emphasis. Saltuk-nâme was written in 15th century and has been widely researched. This particular study, we have set out to examine the manuscript in terms modality via suffixes/morphemes, adverbs, nouns, and verbs/lexemes - only to discover that it chiefly takes the form of stereotyped expressions, idioms, and discourse units.
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The verbal system in Bulgarian is extremely rich and complex, especially when compared to the other Slavic languages. Among its many grammatical categories, the aspect has a special position, as it is viewed as a lexical-grammatical category by the majority of Bulgarian linguists. In the paper we make a brief presentation of the way the aspect is perceived and theorized, from the first Bulgarian grammar (1835) until today, as well as the distinction between the verbal aspect and the verbal action mode (Aktionsart). Teaching the Bulgarian verb to Romanian students requires a special approach, since in Romanian language there is no such category and the Romanian speakers don’t have the necessary linguistic intuition. We propose some solutions, types of exercises in order to help students identify the verbal aspect, clarify the content of the perfective/imperfective aspect, understand and learn the semantics of the verbal prefixes.
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Competing plural paradigms found in a segment of the disyllabic and polysyllabic masculine nouns are one of the most interesting features of the Croatian noun declension system. The paper analyzes the competition between the so-called long and short plural forms of 26 masculine nouns divided into three groups: 1) disyllabic and trisyllabic nouns with a “fleeting a”; 2) disyllabic nouns with the short falling accent and a post-accentual length; 3) compounds where the second component is a monosyllabic noun. The presented data paint a picture of a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon and reveal the inconsistencies with respect to how the analyzed nouns are presented in the contemporary Croatian dictionaries. Suggestions are made as to how to make the presentation of such nouns in dictionaries more consistent with the actual usage as reflected in the present corpus findings. The data also revealed the existence of nouns that display what could be called “mixed plural paradigms”, where individual cases within the plural paradigms of such nouns diverge as to their preferences for the forms of the two competing plural paradigms (e.g., a noun may prefer the short plural for one case, and the long plural for the rest of the paradigm). Special attention is paid to the methodology in corpus research of competition in morphology, particularly to the criteria for distinguishing different gradations of competition by making use of frequency bands.
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U Jeziku br. 5. od 2020., str. 195. – 197., prof. Artur Bagdasarov daje iscrpan pregled uporabe imenica blagdan i praznik u hrvatskim jezičnim priručnicima, no ne donosi očekivane zaključke i preporuke za praksu. Iz njegova je prikaza vidljivo da u današnjem hrvatskom jeziku prevladava mišljenje da imenica blagdan pripada i religijskoj i svjetovnoj uporabi, ali da još uvijek ima i onih koji drže da imenica blagdan pripada vjerskomu, a imenica praznik svjetovnomu rječniku.
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Language contacts can be studied in three directions: a) language acquisition; b) language borrowing; c) translation. In this project all three directions are investigated. The process of language borrowing has been analysed on four levels: the phonological, the morphological, the semantic and the syntactic levels. The adaptation of a model (a foreign word) shows two kinds of changes: primary and secondary changes which take place on all four levels. The adaptation on the quoted levels is carried out according to the three types of transphonemization (zero, compromise and free), three types of transmorphemization (zero, compromise and complete) and, according to the, degree of the change of meaning, on the semantic level.
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Începând cu Ferdinand de Saussure şi celebra Şcoală de la Praga, lingviştii au acordat tot mai multă atenţie aspectului verbal, componentă semantică a verbului în complementaritatea mai cunoscutelor categorii specifice, timpul şi modul.
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This article deals with the issues related to the semantics of verbal prefixation. The analysis is based on the use of the terms “empty prefix” and “semantically empty prefix,” which are frequently found in scholarship dealing with the Slavic languages and in handbooks describing these languages. Discussing this term and its (near) synonyms from different points of view and examining its usage contexts in scholarly literature and handbooks, the article explores general issues related to research on verbal prefixes and their classification into various formal and semantic groups. Some suggestions are offered on how to overcome difficulties in prefix research and its practical application.
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The present article treats the process of creating new feminine anthroponymical forms through derivation in Romanian. We are submitting to analysis a number of 43 simple and compound, productive and less productive suffixes that led to the formation of many feminine names in the medieval period as well as in the modern times. The derivatives are presented typologically according to the origin of the name from which they were created as in the example of the feminine names created with the suffix -ina presented as follows: a) Christian names: Costina < Costea, Dorina < Dora; b) names of Slavic origin: Dobrina < Dobra, Stanina < Stana; c) names of Romanian origin: Oprina < Oprea, Păştina < Paşti, Paştea; d) modern names of Latin origin: Victorina < Victoria.
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Im Vordergrund des vorliegenden Aufsatzes steht der kontrastive Vergleich der Wortbildungsmöglichkeiten expressiver substantivischer Personenbezeichnungen im Deutschen und im Serbischen. Beide Sprachen verfügen über eine große Vielfalt an expressiv konnotierten Personenbezeichnungen, die in deren Wortschatz einen wichtigen Platz einnehmen. Wie unterschiedlich die Expressivität in beiden Sprachen zum Ausdruck gebracht wird, beweist, unter anderem, die Gegenüberstellung der Wortbildungsmuster. Obwohl bei dieser Gruppe von Personenbezeichnungen grundsätzlich die gleichen Wortbildungsarten vorzufinden sind, werden sie in unterschiedlichem Umfang genutzt. Die untersuchten Beispiele zeigen, dass bei der Bildung expressiver Personenbezeichnungen im Deutschen neben den suffixalen deonymischen Personenbezeichnungen, auch Zusammensetzungen, insbesondere Possessivkomposita, eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Im serbischen Wortbildungssystem dagegen herrschen suffixale Ableitungen vor. Den deutschen deonymischen Personenbezeichnungen sowie den Possessivkomposita entsprechen im Serbischen vor allem Ableitungen mit den Suffixen der subjektiven Einschätzung, sowie Zusammenbildungen und die Imperativkomposita, die jedoch im modernen Serbischen nicht mehr produktiv sind. Für künftige kontrastive Forschungen beider Sprachen wäre es wichtig, expressive Personenbezeichnungen unter dem Aspekt der semantischen Modifikation zu untersuchen, denn gerade im Metaphorisierungsprozess sowie durch Synekdoche werden zahlreiche expressiv konnotierte Personenbezeichnungen gebildet.
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