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A structural and word-formation analysis of the Turko-Tatar oikonyms of the Republic of Tatarstan is carried out. Simple non-derivative and simple derivative names as well as the issues of historical toponymy are studied. Simple derivative names with the most productive oikonym-forming affixes -лы/-ле, -чы/-че are determined to be the most frequent ones in Turko-Tatar oikonymy.
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The paper attempts to reveal and describe some peculiarities of the formation of complex words in the Tatar language, which are used to describe human characteristics. Words belonging to the thematic group are divided into proper complex, paired, and compound words. Most lexemes are dialectal, informal, or colloquial, being characterized as adjectives. The source lexical units involved in the formation of complex words are mostly of the Kipchak-Turkic origin in the Tatar language. Very few of them are actual borrowings from non-cognate languages. Proper complex and compound words are more often formed by connecting the adjective to the noun as a second component. Paired words are mainly formed by using two adjectives. New compound words are formed with the help of such affixes as -ly/-le (-лы/-ле) and -chan/-chän (-чан/-чән).
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The 20–30-s of the XXth century — is the foundation period for the Ukrainian language stylistics as a science and academic discipline and its formation on the verge of other branches of linguistics. In the article the works of Olena Kurylo, Mykola Sulyma, Oleksa Syniavskyi and Serhii Smerechynskyi have been analyzed from the point of view of the stylistic effects reflection. The works of Ukrainian linguists as the foundations of modern stylistic morphology and stylistic syntax have been considered.
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In the paper I make an attempt to determine the subjective structure of scientific texts based on research of the textual category of impersonality. The category of impersonality is understood here as such a choice of means from different levels of the linguistic system (morphological, lexical, syntactical, textual) which allows to degrade or remove the semantic subject from the sentence/text to achieve the highest possible level of objectivity of the academic narration. My assumption is that 1) the subjective field of an academic text can differ from subjective fields of other text types, 2) subjective organization of academic texts is determined by hiding the semantic subject, which allows to distinguish the textual category of impersonality, 3) subjective structure of academic texts is culturally determined. Using the tool of sentence model I present the multilevel subjective organization of Russian academic texts and a list of means which contribute to the impersonality therein. The list of means includes modal and infinitive modifications, passivization, authorization, causation and different types of nominalization.
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Although differences between substantives within the proper name category and those belonging to the appellative group may seem subtle, they are rather significant in terms of morphology and syntax. Apart from the fact that a vast number of substantives belong to the common noun group, most of them are contextual in terms of their character, whereas the ones related to proper nouns have been fully lexicalised and are considered independent lexemes.
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На протяжении нескольких столетий в наших краях проходила интенсивная исламизация славянского населения, примерно с 15 по 19 столетие. В результате этого процесса на Балканском полуострове появились личные имена неславянского происхождения, по большей части арабские, персидские и турецкие. У югославских мусульман лишь изредка представлены славянские личные имена. Этот процесс перенимания чужих личных имён балканскими славянами обнаруживается у нас ещё раньше: в связи с христианизацией южных славян у нас стали давать детям имена греческие и латинские. Автор рассматривает морфологическую адаптацию и приёмы словообразования мусульманских имён (мужских) у носителей сербохорватского языка. Он пришёл к выводу, что .мусульманские личные имена в основном хорошо приспособились системе склонений в сербохорватском языке и не представляют никаких трудностей. Тут мы встречаем почти все те сприёмы словообразования, какие мы раньше застали у личных имён славянского происхождения, а несколько позже у имён греко-латинского происхождения.
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The development of a new literary language requires elaboration of the system of abstract nouns. The use of abstract lexis, of theological terminology, and a big number of compound words differentiates the Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic) literary vocabulary from every Slavic dialect in the 9th century and today. The present study of the abstract nouns formed with suffixes in the Egipetski Paterik sheds light on an early stage of the development of abstract lexis in the Old Bulgarian literary language. Such nouns characterize translator’s style and the challenges he met. This paper discusses the following types of abstract nouns in the Egipetski Paterik: abstract nouns of feminine gender with suffixes -ость, -ъınʜ, -ота/-ета, -тва, -ʜna, -ьва and neuter abstract nouns in -nʜѥ/-тʜѥ, -ʜѥ, -ьство и -ьствʜѥ. The semantics of the lexemes examined is discussed according to the context in which they are used. Further, the use of these lexemes in the Egipetski Paterik is juxtaposed with their use in three types of sources: the so-called classical Old Bulgarian (OCS) corpus from the 10th–11th centuries; texts originating from 10th-century Preslav that survive in later copies; and similar – in style and language – Old Bulgarian translations of paterica.
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Suffixation is one of the most productive word formation processes in terms of derivatives, if not the ultimate one. What singles out this paper on this matter is treating suffixation as a secondary word formation process utilising stems that have already been subjected to the composition (pure, or in combination with suffixation) or lexical-syntactic formation process.
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In der Arbeit wird das Phänomen der Synonymie in der Wortbildung behandelt, und zwar der Synonymie der Ableitungen auf -telj und -lac, am Beispiel der Sprache von bosnisch-herzegowinischen Schriftstellern des 20. Jahrhunderts. Diese Schriftsteller haben in ihrem Wortschatz Worter mit beiden Suffixen, also sind -telj und -lac als Wortbildungseinheiten erhalten geblieben. Die analysierten Beispiele zeigen, dass in der Sprache dieser Schriftsteller synonyme Wortbildungsmodelle der Ableitungen auf -telj und -lac existieren. Es handelt sich um Ableitungen vom gleichen Stamm, aber mit Hlilfe verschiedener Suffixe (z. B. branitelj : branilac u.a.). Sie unterscheiden sich nur in der Form, aber ihre Bedeutung ist gleich. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass es bei biesen Suffixen keinen semantischen oder stilistischen Unterschied zwischen solchen Ableitungen gibt.
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The aim of the research is to highlight the semantics of nominative functions of Latin word-formation with the suffix -rīx on the denomination of female. The achievement of this aim involves such tasks as: to define word – forming semantics of the nouns with Latin suffix -rīx; to regulate the analyzed above-mentioned units in word – building types, to determine the productivity of the word – building suffix. Methods of research. Such methods as: the method of observation, the descriptive method for inventory and interpretation of lexical units, the method of systematization – for ordering lexical units in word-building types were used in our research. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the first attempt to analyze the word-forming types of persons’ names in Latin with the modifying suffix - rīx with the meaning of female on the basis of motivated male nouns names. Conclusions. The suffix -rīx reflects the long-standing tendencies of the feminist system development in Latin. A widespread way of creating nouns on the denomination of female demonstrates its productivity in Latin. The lexical units are united in several word-building types with different shades of meanings, which specify the main thing «the person, the performer of a certain action, its character or result». The suffix -rīx adds a new lexical meaning to the word «female» and points to gender characteristics as well as the psychosocial and socio-cultural roles of women as individuals in the process of socialization. Such nouns are mostly correlated with the names of male. Denomination female names is quantitatively much less that of men, which testifies the secondary status of a woman in the ancient Roman society.
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The article analyzes surname suffixes of Ukrainian origin, present in Polish anthroponymy of Polish-Ukrainian borderlands. Linguists are particularly interested in Polish-Ukrainian borderlands because here Polish culture along with the Polish language has been affected by the local Ruthenian (Ukrainian) culture and language. Therefore, Polish- Ukrainian interference is reflected in the phonetic and morphological structure of analyzed anthroponyms.
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Generally speaking, footwear is something people wear on their feet. The purpose of this paper was to collect as many words for footwear as possible in Serbian and to systematize and analyze them in terms of etymology, semantics, and morphology. Footwear is named after a typical characteristic, the area it comes from, the profession it is connected to, the producer or the material it is made of. The words denoting footwear can be of domestic or foreign origin. The examples in this paper are classified according to the abovementioned criteria. The corpus has been collected using the method of questionnaire. The examinees gave the answers about the types and subtypes of footwear and a short description of each type and subtype. It has been noticed that for some of the subtypes of footwear there are no common words in Serbian, and Serbian has turned out to be very productive in terms of words for footwear. Almost all the words denoting footwear are in feminine grammatical gender and in plural form. The majority of words are single words. The greatest number of examples has been obtained through derivation. The most frequent derivational suffixes are -ka (55,68% of examples) and -ica (20,45% of examples).
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Grammatical structures with aspectual markers are considered here in relation to their cognitive prototypes. Optimal grammatical structures exhibit maximal correspondence with their cognitive models. Such structures are characterized by a minimal strain on the native speaker’s linguistic abilities. In the sphere of grammatical aspectuality, iconic paradigms of perfectivization are optimal. In present-day Russian, they are ousting non-optimal countericonic paradigms of secondary imperfectivization as well as non-iconic syncretic paradigms. In the field of lexical aspectuality, contextual and syntactic markers with a single actional meaning are simpler exponents of aspectuality than morphological markers, the latters combining the information with respect to the aspect and the Aktionsart. That is the reason why grammatical structures with contextual and syntactic indicators of aspectuality are optimal and therefore preferable. As far as the repertoire of the means of expression of aspectuality is concerned, the share of such constructions is constantly increasing in contemporary Russian.
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The study discusses some problems with the theory and practice of morphological analysis in school education (5.-7. Grade). Its place in the teaching of Bulgarian language and the reasons for morphology to be dominant in the curriculum are justified in the study. Two levels (first and second step) are differentiated in the use of morphological analysis and tasks for its implementation are proposed. Parts of speech and some grammatical categories are described in theoretical terms. The high frequency of synthetic exercises in teaching morphology are motivated in terms of their functionality and utility to enhance speech and language competence of the students.
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The aim of the study. One of processing issues of modern linguistics is the categorical approach to the study in the grammatical structure of language. The separation of categorical word formation led to the possibility of studying the formation of word-forming categories by means of word-forming tools, which neutralize the definitive verbal grammatical categories and become morphological word-expressors of noun categories. This also distinguishes the category of evaluation, which is expressed by various word-forming tools. That is why one of the strategic tasks of categorical grammar is the need to clearly interpret the formal content of the category of assessment. Research methods: descriptive – to describe the basic processes of formation of categorical values; comparisons – to analyze, synthesize and summarize basic linguistic theories, as well as the processes that take place during the creation of valuation values; methods of linguistic observation, classification and systematization – to separate the forms and means of creating the category of evaluation, to distinguish the features of subjective values. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the nature of valuation values in modern Ukrainian has been analyzed and summarized. Conclusions. The category of assessment in modern Ukrainian is a category of predominantly accompanying predicate type, since its word-forming affixes create the values of different accompanying predicates of basic structures. Quite often the question arises about the classification of word-forming categories of accompanying predicacy, because in modern linguistics the relation between the terms “evaluative”, “emotional” and “expressive” is quite contradictory.
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The aim of this article is to describe the temperature terms domain in Bashkir. The research is a part of Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm’s project aimed at describing the typology of temperature adjectives. The research revealed that in Bashkir it is possible to distinguish the same kinds of temperature evaluation as in many other languages: tactile temperature, non-tactile temperature and personal-feeling temperature. Although all the three domains are covered with the same four lexemes, they behave differently depending on the particular domain they describe in every particular case.
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The article is devoted to the study of typological peculiarities of morphemic word structure in two languages of different types — analytical English and agglutinative Buryat — in relation to the significance of language’s degree of lexicality and grammaticality as its typological determinant. It proves, in particular, the significance of studying the morphemic word structure when separating semiological classes of words from parts of speech; it also determines the grammaticality index and degree of synthesis of a word, as well as discovers most typical models of morphemic “word-in-general” structure, of semiological classes and of separate parts of speech, particularly nouns and verbs, which form the basic opposition of parts of speech.
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Vučevo is a village situated in the lower basin of the Piva, on the left bank of the river and in the foot of the mountain Vučevo that served to its inhabitants as their katun, i.e. summer pasture with seasonal dwellings for shepherds. After the liberation of the region from the Ottoman Empire by the Primcipality of Montenegro the village was repopulated by settlers from the adjacent highlands (Pivska planina), who supposedly transplanted there a number of microtoponyms from their earlier home. The toponomastic material collected by the author in 2017 is presented here alphabetically; for each name, the accentological information is provided; in many instances, the definition of the object is accompanied by a short comment on its appearance or history.
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Budžak is a region of eastern Serbia located on the western slopes of the Stara Planina mountain in the river basin of Trgoviški Timok next to the Bulgarian border. It consists of fourteen villages, largely and some of them totally depopulated during the last decades of the 20th century. In recent years this process has been slowed down by the development of tourismus, which results in coining new names for touristic objects. During his field expeditions carried out between 1998 and 2017 the author collected rich toponomastic material displaying the features of the local vernacular. The microtoponyms are presented here for each village separately, introduced by its short geographical and historical description. They bear witness to the past of the region, the economy and the culture of its population, and some of them reflect interlinguistic contacts of former times.
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This paper presents the characteristics of the Turkish suffix -luk which is realised in two ways in the Timok language, one is the rarely used (-luk) and the other is the more frequent (-lъk ). The paper also considers the suffix status in Dictionary of the Timok Dialect by Jaksa Dinic, as well as a comparative review on the condition of the lexical units, which were found in relation to the study of Prvoslav Radic and also in relation to some dialect dictionaries as well as literary language. The objective of this paper is to present the frequency of lexemes in Dinic’s Dictionary which contain the suffix –luk in their composition. The paper also considers the status of these lexemes as well as their characteristics in other dictionaries. Using a comparative method we made a review of excerpt formation, classification and analysis of the examples in relation to the formation in other dictionaries. Analysis of the corpus indicated the frequency of this Turkish origin suffix in Dictionary of the Timok Dialect. We found about fifty lexemes which contain this suffix in their formation. We also noted that there are formal and semantic differences when it comes to the realisation of these lexemes in other Serbian language dictionaries.
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